Set Of Norms Research Articles

Co-researching with primary school students to retrace their digital footprint

Young children are extensively datafied today even from before birth where families may share information about them or allow them to use digital technologies at a very young age. Schools typically collect children's data for compliance and to construct a set of norms and deviance in predicting risks and educational outcomes, often without children's knowledge and consent. Yet, children's understanding of their digital footprints is limited by the scope and design of curriculum delivery.This research worked with 62 primary school children between ages 10 and 11 to investigate how they understood and critically viewed their digital footprint. Adopting a co-research approach, children conducted their own research to develop their understanding of their digital footprint. Findings revealed that, while children were knowledgeable about the concepts of data and digital footprint, curriculum design plays a key role in supporting ways children can make meaningful connections between these concepts and children's day-to-day experiences with digital data, both personal and educational.

Regulatory and legal component of administrative regulation of probation

The article examines the normative-legal component of the administrative regulation of probation.Itwasdeterminedthattheadministrative and legal regulation of probation is a set of legal norms and mechanisms that determine the order of organization and implementation of probation measures in the state, the competence of state bodies, their duties and rights regarding control over the implementation of probation measures and interaction in this area with the courts , law enforcement agencies and social services. It is noted that probation is a system of supervision, control and social-educational measures applied by court decision to offenders instead of imprisonment or as a substitute for punishment, includes individual supervision, assistance in resocialization and measures aimed at preventing repeated crimes and ensuring safety society, while integrating the offender into social life without isolation. It is emphasized that the NPA system of administrative and legal regulation of probation includes international legal standards, national NPAs, including Acts of central executive bodies, local normative acts, agreements, methodological recommendations, etc., the norms of which are aimed at the development of alternative punishments, provision of rehabilitation and social support of offenders, regulation of the organization and implementation of probation in Ukraine, determine the legal basis for the activity of probation authorities, and also establish the procedure for providing probation services for persons who have committed a criminal offense. It was determined that the shortcomings of the administrative and legal regulation of probation are: the imperfection of the legislative framework, violation of the probation procedure, clear criteria for assessing the convicted person and the system for assessing the risks of recidivism, the mismatch of resources and the burden on the system, the low level of coordination between subjects of probation, the prevalence of ineffective methods of psychological works; society is not aware of the purpose and mechanism of probation, etc. It has been stated that the prospects for improving the normative-legal basis of the administrative-legal regulation of probation in Ukraine are: harmonization of legislation with international standards, institutional strengthening of the probation system, expansion of various approaches to probation, improvement of mechanisms for rehabilitation and support of offenders, involvement of public organizations, development of electronic monitoring systems , expanding educational programs for probation officers, increasing funding, research and analysis of probation effectiveness, etc.

On the question of administrative-delicit law of Ukraine

The article notes that the active development of social relations affected the renewal of the doctrinal foundations of Ukrainian administrative law, as a result of which there are constant discussions in the modern science of administrative law of Ukraine, including those directly related to administrative-legal relations. And therefore, the prospects of administrative and legal science, as well as the fields of administrative law, are connected with modern tasks that science sets before itself in accordance with social requirements, which must be solved, including through the application of measures. It is emphasized that administrative law regulates a significant number of different social relations, among which a special place is occupied by administrative-delict relations, which cover a variety of relations that are subject to the norms of administrative law, which is currently in the stage of systemic reform and is mostly connected with relations to ensure implementation of human and citizen rights and freedoms, consideration of administrative disputes, application of measures of administrative responsibility, bringing to disciplinary responsibility persons of public law. Attention is drawn to the attempts to reform the administrative-tort legislation, since the codified act of the administrative-tort legislation adopted in Soviet times does not meet the realities and requirements of today. Therefore, the issue of updating the administrative-delict legislation occupies a prominent place in the scientific developments of domestic legal scientists. Existing scientific discussions on the separation of administrative-tort law into an independent branch of law exist to this day, but we must state that administrative-tort law, despite its own specificity, a significant number of various functions (regulatory, binding, permitting, protective, educational etc.), is a sub-branch of administrative law, which has a special subject of legal regulation, which is a set of legal norms that regulate relations arising from the doctrine of administrative tort. It is emphasized that the formation of modern administrative-delict law involves interaction with the institutions of administrative responsibility provided for by the sectoral norms of laws, which may include the procedure of bringing a person to administrative responsibility, completely different from that regulated by the Code of Administrative Offenses, which requires new theoretical views on the establishment of a system of administrative penalties.

When No Speech Norms Exist: Observations From Sinhala.

A well-established set of language-specific norms for phonological development is imperative in the assessment of child speech sound difficulties. Currently, English norms are used clinically (in the absence of norms for local languages) to determine if a child displays age-appropriate, delayed or disordered speech patterns in Sinhala. This preliminary exploratory study aimed to document phonological processes observed in typically developing Sinhala-speaking children aged 3;0-6;11 (years;months). The Test of Articulation and Phonology-Sinhala, a picture-based assessment, was devised by the researchers and administered to 102 Sinhala-speaking children from three geographical locations (Colombo, Kandy, and Gampaha). The quantitative measures included percent consonants correct, percent vowels correct, and percent phonemes correct, while the qualitative analysis identified phonological processes. The quantitative results showed a marked influence of age on phoneme production accuracy with over 75% consonants correct by 3 years 6 months. The qualitative findings demonstrate common typical phonological processes and less common phonological processes in Sinhala compared to the speech pathology and cross-linguistic literature. Common phonological processes included fronting, stopping, and weak syllable deletion widely documented in linguistic and speech-language pathology literature. Many shared phonological processes were observed between Sinhala and Sri Lankan Tamil, the two main local languages, including fronting of retroflex sounds and lateralization. The phonological process of denasalization of prenasalized stops was observed in Sinhala, with no documentation of the phonological process found within the mainstream speech-language pathology literature. These findings reinforce the need to document and use language-specific typical phonological processes in Sinhala given the implications for early and accurate identification of speech difficulties and intervention. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27068173.

AI (Artificial Intelligence) culture in the context of the culture of working society

A problem-thematic analysis of the most important problems associated with the appearance of a chatbot with generative artificial intelligence (ChatGPT) in human life is presented. The process of formation of the ChatGPT culture over the past few years, its sources and prospects are considered. The concept of the culture of a working society is outlined — a set of values, norms, traditions and institutions that emphasize the importance of labor, production and interaction between people in many respects for the organization of society and the satisfaction of its needs. Through the lens of working society culture, the author postulates, firstly, that ChatGPT reinforces the growing trend of the end of working society. Secondly, the emergence of ChatGPT has activated the development of a culture of artificial intelligence (AI). Thirdly, the AI culture formed by man is, in fact, a counterversion to the culture of the working society formed over the last five hundred years — the culture of a “non-working society”. The author comes to the conclusion about the need to rethink the utopian and communist future proposed by thinkers and philosophers.

Taxation in insolvency (bankruptcy) procedures of legal entities

Subject. The article analyzes a set of norms related to the legal regulation of personal income tax, corporate income tax, VAT, and other taxes, as well as the order of their collection (payment) from a bankrupt, depending on its organizational and legal form. The choice of the research object is due to the presence of problems related to ambiguous issues in taxation in bankruptcy proceedings.The purpose of the study. The article attempts to comprehensively analyze the legal support of the current measures regulating the taxation of bankrupt organizations and individuals, current law enforcement practice, and the legal positions of the country's highest courts.Methodology. The leading research method is a formal legal one.Conclusions. The article reveals and concretizes a number of legal problems. The authors argue their own point of view on the taxation of bankrupt organizations and individuals, taking into account the practice of the highest judicial authorities, which, according to the authors.It is concluded that there are grounds to talk about the formation of such a new legal institution of financial law as "public bankruptcy law".

Responsive Constitutionalism in Australia

Responsive constitutionalism is a theory of constitutionalism that starts from the idea that democracy involves two overlapping commitments — to a relatively thin ‘minimum core’ set of norms and institutions and thicker, more contestable set of rights and deliberative commitments. It then proceeds to affirm a commitment both to legal and political constitutionalism. This article explores the relevance of this theory for Australian constitutionalism and suggests that it in fact has strong resonance with the Australian constitutional tradition. First, the capital ‘C’ Constitution gives strong legal protection to the ‘minimum core’ of democracy in ss 7, 24 and the High Court’s decisions on the implied freedom of political communication and access to the franchise. Second, the small ‘c’ constitution adopts norms that help protect the democratic minimum core and advance a responsive approach to thicker democratic commitments to rights. Third, there are important connections between the idea of responsive constitutionalism and limits on the scope legal constitutionalism and judicial review in Australia. Yet, there are also ways in which a responsive approach points to potential reforms of the Australian constitutional model — to include more robust rights-based constitutional protections, albeit in ways that are premised on a notion of shared legal and political authority and enforcement, and therefore involve a ‘weak-form’ national rights charter or extended principle of legality.

Religion in the Highway: Qualitative Exploration in Muslim Youths’ Moral Reasoning and Development on Traffic Rules

ABSTRACT As a set of rules and teachings, it is interesting to see how religion plays a role in traffic issues. Thus, this article qualitatively explores Muslim youths’ reasoning and moral development in the context of traffic rules and how they see it from the perspective of Islamic teachings. The study provided informants with dilemmatic case-based questions while driving and open-ended questions that explored their perceptions of traffic rules from Islamic teachings. The results illustrate that Muslim youth have diverse reasoning about traffic rules. Some see it normatively, functionally, as a personal image, and some see it as something flexible. Regarding its relation to religious teachings, almost all participants considered traffic rules closely related to religion as something that regulates order and social conduciveness on the road. Thus, religion as a set of teachings and norms can promote traffic order through the command to behave well, which considers the rights of others and the common good on the road.

Constitutional and legal foundations of territorial integrity in federal states: historical and legal analysis

The article explores the constitutional and legal foundations of the territorial integrity of the federal states, focusing on historical and contemporary examples. The authors examine cases of successful and unsuccessful secession, as well as legal mechanisms used to prevent separatism. We take Spain, the USA, Canada, India, and Germany, as the examples to analyze the role of constitutional provisions in maintaining state unity. A key aspect of the study is the distribution of competencies between federal structures and federation subjects, which ensures a balance of interests and prevents internal conflicts. A great attention is paid to the principle of subsidiarity and the role of federation subjects in governance, contributing to the preservation of territorial integrity. The authors emphasize the importance of integration mechanisms and constitutional guarantees in maintaining the stability of the federal states. The article establishes that the territorial integrity of federal states is ensured through a set of constitutional and legal norms that regulate the relations between federal authorities and the subjects of the federation. These norms include a clear distribution of competencies, where federal authorities are responsible for national issues such as defense and foreign relations, while the subjects of the federation have powers in local governance. The principle of subsidiarity involves the participation of the federation’s subjects in state governance, ensuring a balance of interests and preventing internal conflicts. Additionally, the supreme legal authority of the federal constitution, mechanisms of federal intervention in case of threats to integrity, and the unity of the economic space all contribute to the stability and unity of the federal state, effectively countering separatist movements. It is determined that the participation of federation subjects in the process of constitutional amendments guarantees their representation and protection of interests, preventing unilateral changes in the state structure. The state language plays an important role, promoting national unity and preventing ethnic conflicts, which is critical for multinational federations. Furthermore, the representation of federation subjects in the national parliament ensures their influence on key decision-making, promoting more balanced policies and strengthening ties between the central government and the regions.

The Impact of Organisational Culture on Transportation Behaviours: An Exploratory Analysis

By annually accommodating a growing number of students, higher education institutions contribute significantly to the daily flow of individuals. This flow exerts a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions caused by transportation. Several studies have addressed promoting sustainable transportation at the individual level, while little attention has been drawn to examining the impact of organisations in this realm. This paper proposes a model of organisational influences on pro-environmental behaviours. Therefore, we thus identify a set of variables within organisations that expect to influence these behaviours. Among these variables, organisational culture appears as a major predictor. Organisational culture is a set of values, norms, beliefs, meanings and behaviours. Based on this definition, we propose to study organisational culture through measurable elements such as the organisation's values, norms and perceived practices. Additionally, we have identified variables directly influenced by organisational culture, such as leadership and organisational trust. Further variables, including personal norms and facilitating conditions, interact with the organisational culture and provide a more precise understanding of pro-environmental behaviours. This framework will be used to investigate student transportation behaviours. The results are expected to provide valuable insights for developing a culture of sustainable transportation at the organisational level.

Evolution of Value Systems in the “Era of Great Changes”: General Challenges and Problems

The article examines the evolution of the system of traditional values in the era of fundamental changes in the social system. Values of different levels are considered: formational, belonging to a certain social system and changing with the change of the system, as well as civilizational, deep values, generated in a certain religious and cultural space and preserved in the system of ideals and norms of behavior of many generations.Values reflect and express a certain state of the whole society. With the change of the social system through formational evolution in the West or through “catch-up modernization” in non-Western countries, changes occur in the system of values as an interconnected set of ideals, ideas and norms. Traditional values, as a rule, retreat before the values of “today”, generated by society itself or borrowed from outside. Conflicts of identity and self-identity of the individual and society arise.In the first decades of the 21st century, in the context of the beginning of the change of the world order, new meanings of development are being developed and sought. The processes of globalization (technological revolution, global migration, flows of goods and information), as well as the West’s desire to maintain the dominant order, while nonWestern countries strengthen their importance in the world system, give rise to conflicts of values at different levels. However, not every civilizational challenge becomes a threat to traditional values. In non-Western societies, there is an adaptation of their value system to changed conditions while maintaining fidelity to the ideals and norms of their cultural and religious tradition.

Convergence of reputations under indirect reciprocity

Previous research has shown how indirect reciprocity can promote cooperation through evolutionary game theoretic models. Most work in this field assumes a separation of time-scales: individuals’ reputations equilibrate at a fast time scale for given frequencies of strategies while the strategies change slowly according to the replicator dynamics. Much of the previous research has focused on the behaviour and stability of equilibria for the replicator dynamics. Here we focus on the underlying reputational dynamics that occur on a fast time scale. We describe reputational dynamics as systems of differential equations and conduct stability analyses on their equilibria. We prove that reputations converge to a unique equilibrium under a solitary observer model for each of the five standard norms and whether assessments are public or private. These results confirm a crucial but previously understudied assumption underlying the theory of indirect reciprocity for the most studied set of norms.

Editorial for the special issue on "Prediction, Creativity, and Cultural Evolution in Music Cognition".

Music making across cultures arguably involves a blend of innovation and adherence to established norms. This integration allows listeners to recognise a range of innovative, surprising, and functional elements in music, while also associating them to a certain tradition or style. In this light, musical creativity may be seen to involve the novel recombination of shared elements and rules, which can in itself give rise to new cultural conventions. Put simply, future norms rely on past knowledge and present action; this holds for music as it does for other cultural domains. A key process permeating this temporal transition, with regards to both music making and music listening, is prediction. Recent findings suggest that as we listen to music, our brain is constantly generating predictions based on prior knowledge acquired in a given enculturation context. Those predictions, in turn, can shape our appraisal of the music, in a continual perception-action loop. This dynamic process of predicting and calibrating expectations may enable shared musical realities, that is, sets of norms that are transmitted, with some modification, either vertically between generations of a given musical culture, or horizontally between peers of the same or different cultures. As music transforms through cultural evolution, so do the predictive models in our minds and the expectancy they give rise to, influenced by cultural exposure and individual experience. Thus, creativity and prediction are both fundamental and complementary to the transmission of cultural systems, including music, across generations and societies. For these reasons, prediction, creativity and cultural evolution were the central themes in a symposium we organised in 2022. The symposium aimed to study their interplay from an interdisciplinary perspective, guided by contemporary theories and methodologies. This special issue compiles research discussed during or inspired by that symposium, concluding with potential directions for the field of music cognition in that spirit.

The War in Ukraine and Russia’s Quest to Reshape the World Order

Moscow is actively using the conflict in Ukraine to advance its vision of a different international order. This vision emphasises a world fragmented into spheres of influence centred on a handful of ‘civilisational states’ embodying distinct political cultures not necessarily compatible with liberalism and democracy. Russia uses its own sphere of influence in Eurasia as the incubator of an alternative set of norms and institutions that it seeks to socialise globally. This Russian vision appeals to other revisionist powers, notably China and Iran, which support Russia’s war in Ukraine largely out of a desire to diminish US influence and consolidate their own regional spheres. Elements of it also appeal across the Global South, now a key arena for competition over the future global order. The outcome of Russia’s war in Ukraine is perhaps the most important determinant of what the coming world order will look like.

Grundnorm and Grounding A modern Metaphysics for Hans Kelsen’s Pure Theory?

Abstract This article explores the possibility of reconstructing Hans Kelsen’s neo-Kantian theory of the basic norm (Grundnorm) with the help of the theory of (metaphysical) grounding. First, we outline Kelsen’s theory of the basic norm as an integral part of his neo-Kantian transcendental idealism and give a sketch of grounding theory; we then try to fit these theories together. As it turns out, grounding theory has some internal flaws. More importantly, several of the features of a metaphysical ground are not compatible with the roles which Kelsen ascribes to the basic norm – its roles as a keystone of the legal hierarchy and as a transcendental-logical condition of legal cognition. Finally, an alternative conception is examined, according to which the legal system is grounded not by the basic norm but by social facts, with the basic norm serving as a bridging principle. However, this alternative is flawed as well; its main problem seems to be that it violates the dualism of ‘Is’ and ‘Ought’. The argument is relevant for the concept of personhood, because Kelsen treats the term ‘person’ in law as a mere expression for the unity of a specific set of legal norms, so that the identity of persons is ultimately dependent on the identity and function of the basic norm of the legal system.

System of legal regulation of international air transportation

The Warsaw Convention of 1929 for the unification of certain rules of international air transport is the basis of the legal regulation of international air transport. Agreements supplementing the Warsaw Convention: Hague Protocol of 1955, Guatemala Protocol of 1971 amending the Warsaw Convention, Guadalajara Convention of 1961, Montreal Protocol for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air (1975). The Montreal Interim Airline Agreement of 1966, the Montreal Agreement of 1999. The set of norms of these agreements as a whole constitutes the Warsaw System of Regulation of International Air Transport. IATA – a special non-governmental organization, an association of airlines of ICAO member states – is responsible for determining the specific conditions of international air transportation. On May 28, 1999, a significant event took place in the field of international private air law: as a result of the three-week work of the Diplomatic Conference on Air Law held at the ICAO headquarters with the participation of representatives of 121 states and 11 international aviation organizations, the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of International Aviation Law was adopted of air transportation (Montreal Convention of 1999), which defines the basic legal conditions of international air transportation in the 21st century. Scientific and technical progress, the rapid development of international air transport, the increase in the safety of its operation made it necessary to expand the scope and more clearly regulate the responsibility of the carrier. This international Convention is designed to provide firm legal guarantees and an adequate level of compensation to persons injured as a result of aviation events, to create a uniform and clear legal regime of responsibility of air carriers for failure to preserve cargo, baggage and delay during their transportation on international lines. On November 4, 2003, the Montreal Convention entered into force. Among the participants of the Convention are such countries as the USA, Japan, Canada, China, the countries of the European Union, including Ukraine. The article examines the early development of the aviation industry and the role of the Warsaw Convention in the construction of rules and mechanisms aimed at protecting the interests of both the carrier and the passenger or cargo owner. The development of the norms of the Warsaw Convention in various protocols is revealed. Such as the Hague Protocol (1955), the Guadalajara Convention (1961), the Guatemala City Protocol (1971) and the Montreal Four Protocols (1975), which significantly modernized the provisions on air transport regulations, as seen in the Montreal Convention (1999).

A Longitudinal Study of Cultural Consonance, Personal Agency, and Psychological Distress in Urban Brazil.

The relationship between culture, as a set of norms that structure human social practice, and agency, as the human capacity to act, has been debated for decades. Achieving clarity in how these constructs intersect has been hampered by difficulty in measuring either one, and theory has not suggested how a model linking culture and agency might be specified. We present a model in which culture is measured as cultural consonance, or the degree to which individuals actually incorporate prototypes for behavior encoded in cultural models into their own behavior. This measurement is then integrated with a measure of individuals' sense of personal agency. In a previous study in urban Brazil, we found that personal agency was associated with higher cultural consonance, which in turn was associated with lower psychological distress; however, those data were from a cross-sectional survey, thus limiting the causal inference. Here we present the results of a follow-up study in which a subset of respondents was re-interviewed on average four years later. These data are consistent with a model in which cultural consonance is the proximate causal influence on psychological distress, while personal agency is a distal or exogenous influence. The implications of these results for the relative roles of culture and agency as influences on subjective well-being are discussed.

The application of a panel PLS-SEM model to determine the relationship between the institutional factors and the innovativeness of EU economies

The ability of domestic enterprises to invent, introduce and diffuse innovations has been a driving force of the development of modern economies. This paper focuses on the institutional determinants of innovativeness of European Union economies. Institutions are defined as a universal, relatively persistent set of social norms rooted in society, shaping both human behaviour and all relations in the economy. The institutional factors seem to be especially significant nowadays, in an era dominated by the open innovation model. The aim of the study discussed in the article is to measure the quality of institutions and the level of innovativeness of EU economies (26 EU economies, excluding Greece due to data deficiency) and to identify the relationship between these directly unobservable categories. The research applies the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) method. On the basis of data for the years 2010 and 2020 extracted from Eurostat, Freedom House, the Fraser Institute, the Heritage Foundation and the Legatum Institute, a panel PLS-SEM model was constructed and an empirical analysis was performed. The latter demonstrates that the correlation between the quality of institutions and the level of innovativeness of EU economies was positive, strong and statistically significant both in 2010 and in 2020. Taking into account the theoretical aspects and the results of research of other scientists, this relationship might be considered not only as correlational, but also as causal.

Affordance norms for 2825 concrete nouns.

Objects are commonly described based on their relations to other objects (e.g., associations, semantic similarity, etc.) or their physical features (e.g., birds have wings, feathers, etc.). However, objects can also be described in terms of their actionable properties (i.e., affordances), which reflect interactive relations between actors and objects. While several normed datasets have been developed to categorize various aspects of meaning (e.g., semantic features, cue-target associations, etc.), to date, norms for affordances have not been generated. We address this limitation by developing a set of affordance norms for 2825 concrete nouns. Using an open-response format, we computed affordance strength (AFS; i.e., the probability of an item eliciting a particular action response), affordance proportion (AFP; i.e., the proportion of participants who provided a specific action response), and affordance set size (AFSS; i.e., the total number of unique action responses) for each item. Because our stimuli overlapped with Pexman et al.'s, Behavior Research Methods, 51, 453-466, (2019) body-object interaction norms (BOI), we tested whether AFS, AFP, and AFSS were related to BOI, as objects with more perceived action properties may be viewed as being more interactive. Additionally, we tested the relationship between AFS and AFP and two separate measures of relatedness: cosine similarity (Buchanan et al., Behavior Research Methods, 51, 1849-1863, 2019a, Behavior Research Methods, 51, 1878-1888, 2019b) and forward associative strength (Nelson et al., Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(3), 402-407, 2004). All analyses, however, revealed weak relationships between affordance measures and existing semantic norms, suggesting that affordance properties reflect a separate construct.

Norm Setting in Times of Crisis: A Time-Series Analysis of the Dynamics Between Media Reporting and Perceived Norms in the Context of the COVID-19 Vaccination Roll-Out

ABSTRACT Social norms have great potential for mitigating crisis as people align their prevention behavior with the norms they perceive. However, there is insufficient knowledge of how normative perceptions are formed to exploit this potential. Drawing from agenda-setting theory, the present study examined norm-setting processes of media reporting on perceptions of vaccination norms during the COVID-19 pandemic. It combined data of a continuous content analysis of the salience and valence of the vaccination issue and a weekly repeated cross-sectional survey on perceived descriptive (i.e. perceived prevalence of willingness to get vaccinated) and injunctive vaccination norms (i.e. perceived approval of getting vaccinated) in the Swiss population, from February 2021 to February 2022. Time-series-based regression modeling did not support the hypothesized first-level norm setting—the transfer from issue salience in media to perceived descriptive norms in the population. However, we found evidence for second-level norm setting: Changes in issue valence predicted changes in perceived injunctive norms in the Swiss population. The findings provide unique insights into norm-setting processes and highlight the relevance of monitoring media reporting and public perceptions as a basis for evidence-based crisis communication.