Set Of Laser Parameters Research Articles

Effect of mutual interaction of two cosh-Gaussian laser beams on upper hybrid wave excitation and subsequent electron acceleration

This paper presents the excitation of an upper hybrid wave by resonant excitation of two intense cosh-Gaussian laser beams of frequencies ω 1 and ω 2 in a collisionless plasma. The excited upper hybrid wave is used for electron acceleration which accelerates the electrons towards higher energy. The acceleration of electrons through an excited upper hybrid wave has also been studied. This study has been analysed using the Wentzel Kramers Brillouin (WKB) and paraxial-ray approximation, where relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities are employed together. Analytical expressions for the beam width/intensity of the cosh-Gaussian laser beams, the electric field/power of the excited upper hybrid wave and the electron acceleration have been derived, which have been solved numerically for an established set of laser and plasma parameters. The results are also compared to relativistic nonlinearity. It has been observed that the mutual interaction of two cosh-Gaussian laser beams at a difference frequency significantly affects the self-focusing of each beam, leading to an increase in the amplitude/power of the upper hybrid wave as well as energy gain by the electrons. The effect of the magnetic field (ωc) and decentered parameter (b) on the power of the excited upper hybrid wave and the energy gain by the electrons are also explored. The results show that the power of upper hybrid wave and the energy gain by the electrons increase at higher values ​​of b and ω c.

Laser Test Spots: A Scoping Review.

Laser test spots are commonly suggested for the assessment of clinical response and adverse effects, but use by laser operators is not well described. To describe the use of laser test spots in the existing published literature regarding methodology (location, treatment parameters) and objective (clinical efficacy, safety, other). This scoping review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines and included indexed studies performing test spots in human subjects for dermatologic conditions with clinical reassessment at a subsequent visit. Among 5,261 identified publications, 103 studies with 959 test spots were selected for inclusion. Test spots conducted were mostly on lesional skin (89.3%) assessing both clinical response and adverse effects (76.9%). Most test spots used multiple laser parameters with a single wavelength (48.3%). Fluence was most frequently adjusted either alone (30.1%) or in combination with pulse duration or spot size. Other described test spots examined single set of laser parameters, multiple wavelengths with various parameters, or were left unspecified. Laser test spot methodology was diverse and performed for dual objectives of efficacy and safety. The authors have compiled clinical considerations to assist laser operators in deciding whether performing a test spot may be beneficial to their patient.

Melt pool instability in surface polishing by laser remelting: preliminary analysis and online monitoring with K-means clustering

Surface polishing by laser remelting (SP-LRM) is a novel, versatile, high-speed, and low-cost advanced manufacturing technology for producing high-quality surface finishes. The process utilizes a high-power laser that delivers a large amount of instantaneous energy melting a superficial thin layer of material to a molten state. This allows the melt pool to flow driven by thermocapillary and surface tension forces. The target of the process is to melt, reallocate, and resolidify surface peaks into valleys in order to yield a low surface roughness (Sa). SP-LRM, complexity arises from instabilities occurring during laser-material interactions, resulting from non-linear thermodynamics, initial surface topography, overheating, abrupt changes in laser path trajectories involving acceleration and deceleration, and various other factors. These process instabilities significantly affect the attainment of a desired smooth final surface. Presently, the identification of anomalies resulting from a specific set of laser parameters in laser remelting (LRM) is performed offline by assessing the surface topography of LRM using optical profilometer and correlating it with surface non-uniformities that are indicative of process instabilities. This study streamlines the anomaly detection process and identifies the presence of irregularities using an unsupervised clustering machine learning (ML) technique, specifically K-means clustering. During the laser remelting (LRM) process, a high-speed near-infrared (NIR) camera captures relative thermal emission images, which are then classified into a minimum of three clusters using the K-means algorithm. These clusters correspond to positive and negative axial laser beam positions, indicating shifts in the laser spot on the image, and the stability states of laser-material interactions. Preliminary findings show promising results in the employment of artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance LRM as a conventional industrial technology for polishing and structuring tooling surfaces.

Highly Collimated Monochromatic X-rays Generated by Collision of High-Energy Electrons with Tightly Focused Linearly Polarized Laser Pulse

This article delves into the generation and modulation process of X-rays as high-energy photon sources. Using the principles of classical electrodynamics, this study enables nonrelativistic short pulse lasers to collide with high-energy electrons while the collision center is away from the focal point. This scattering method may produce X-rays with good collimation and monochromaticity, and it progressively approaches inverse Thomson scattering. We studied and analyzed the effects of different electron characteristics and laser parameter settings on the high-energy angular distribution and spectrum of X-rays, especially the setting of the collision center and initial electron velocity, as well as the setting of laser intensity and pulse width. Linear polarized laser pulses with relativistic intensity can generate discrete supercontinuum X-rays with spectral distortion. In addition, the relationships between electronic and laser properties and radiation energy were also studied. Our research can provide valuable insights for manipulating collimated or distorted, monochromatic, or tunable X-rays, as well as understanding their properties.

Thermal damage and the prognostic evaluation of laser ablation of bone tissue-a review.

In recent years, an increasing number of scientists have focused on conducting experiments on laser ablation of bone tissue. The purpose of this study was to summarize the prognosis of tissue and the extent of thermal damage in past hard tissue ablation experiments, and review the evidence for the feasibility of laser osteotomy in surgery. An electronic search of PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Web of Science (WOS) for relevant English-language articles published through June 2023 was conducted. This review includes 48 literature reports on laser ablation of hard tissues from medical and biological perspectives. It summarizes previous studies in which the ideal ablation rate, depth of ablation, and minimal damage to bone tissue and surrounding soft tissues were achieved by changing the laser type, optimizing the laser parameter settings, or adding adjuvant devices. By observing their post-operative healing and inflammatory response, this review aims to provide a better understanding of pulsed laser ablation of hard tissues. Previous studies suggest that laser osteotomy has yielded encouraging results in bone resection procedures. We believe that low or even no thermal damage can be achieved by experimentally selecting a suitable laser type, optimizing laser parameters such as pulse duration and frequency, or adding additional auxiliary cooling devices. However, the lack of clinical studies makes it difficult to conclusively determine whether laser osteotomy is superior in clinical applications.

Ionization in a laser-assisted ion-ion collision

The ionization of a hydrogen-like heavy ion by impact of a charged projectile under simultaneous irradiation by a short laser pulse is investigated within the non-perturbative approach, based on numerical solutions of the time-dependent Dirac equation. Special emphasis is placed on the question of whether the laser- and impact-ionization channels interfere with each other, and how this intereference affects the ionization probability. To answer this question we performed detailed calculations for the laser-assisted collisions between hydrogen-like $Pb^{81+}$ and alpha particles. The results of the calculations clearly indicate that for the experimentally relevant set of (collision and laser) parameters, the interference contribution can reach 10% and can be easily controlled by varying the laser frequency.

In search of ways to improve the properties of a laser-accelerated heavy ion beam relevant for fusion fast ignition

Ion fast ignition (IFI) is one of the proposed options for inertial fusion in which the ignition of nuclear fuel is initiated by an intense ion beam. In this paper, the properties of a laser-accelerated heavy ion beam are investigated for the possible use of such a beam as a fuel igniter in the IFI scenario. Using a two-dimensional particle-in-cell code, detailed studies of laser-driven heavy ion acceleration were carried out to determine the possibility of improving the properties of the heavy ion beam relevant for IFI by the appropriate selection of certain laser and target parameters. In simulations, a 1-ps laser with an energy of 150–250 kJ irradiated targets with a variety of atomic mass numbers, areal densities, thicknesses, and densities. For each of the sets of laser and target parameters considered in the paper, the parameters of the heavy ion beam relevant for IFI were determined and discussed. It was found that for realistic laser driver parameters, the IFI requirements are best met by ion beams with moderate ion mass numbers (A ∼ 50–100), such as the beam of Cu ions. It was shown that by optimizing the laser focal spot, as well as by properly matching the energy and power of the laser to the target areal mass density, it is possible to significantly improve the properties of the heavy ion beam relevant for IFI and, in particular, bring a many-fold increase in the intensity, fluence, and energy of the beam.

Three-Dimensional Pulse-Based Modelling of Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Metals: Validation with Grooves

The femtosecond (fs) laser ablation of metals is a precise method used to create microfeatures on the surface of the material with a minimized heat-affected zone (HAZ). Despite its many advantages, fs laser ablation often requires extensive trial-and-error experimentation before finding the optimal laser strategy for a desired geometry with minimal HAZ. The pulse-based two-temperature model (TTM) can significantly shorten this process by predicting the ablated geometry based on a set of material and laser parameters. However, this model has only been validated for percussion drilling and single lines. In this study, the pulse-based TTM is tested against parallel line experiments and subsequently modified to include geometry-dependent material parameters. More specifically, the threshold fluence and reflectivity of the material are modified to incorporate the temperature increase inside the standing features between parallel lines. The introduced geometry-dependent factors are fitted with experimental data and their inclusion in the model is shown to have a positive impact on the simulation results. The results show a clear amelioration in the shape and depth of the simulated profiles, with the error on the average depth and width of the modified TTM being lower than the average standard deviation on the experiments.

Effects of pulsed laser ablation with various patterns on non-oriented electrical steels magnetic properties

Surface laser treatments can help improving soft magnetic materials properties through iron losses reduction which allows to increase the efficiency of electrical machines comprising Grain-Oriented Electrical Steels (GOES). What about surface laser treated Non-Grain-Oriented Electrical Steels (NOES) that remain very scarcely studied? In this work supported by experimental results, a laser process called ablation created with advanced Ultra-Short Pulse Laser (USPL) is studied and valued. Several sets of laser parameters and dot patterns are tested with the aim to investigate potential laser impacts unlocked by such technology on power losses and magnetic properties of a NOES grade. Experimental measurements are synthetized through a parametric study which led to find the optimized configuration amongst tested ones. The detailed analysis of the latter shows that improvement of magnetic properties of NOES using an USPL process is possible and may be compared to loss reductions obtained on laser treated GOES if absolute values are considered.

Cyclic plastic material behavior of 316L manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M)

In laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M), the influence of laser parameters on the static mechanical properties is well known. Different laser parameters result in a higher or a lower tensile strength. Only little is known about the influence of the laser parameters on the cyclic plastic behavior at high strain amplitudes. Different laser parameters may result in a significant change in the stress levels during cyclic loading. In this study, the cyclic plastic material behavior at high strain amplitudes of up to 3.0% of AISI-316L manufactured by PBF-LB/M is investigated. Two different laser parameter sets are applied. One laser parameter set is outside the stable melting zone and the other one is inside the stable melting zone according to [1]. Metallographic analyses and static, as well as strain-controlled fatigue tests with a strain ratio of R = −1 were conducted. The plastic material behavior is dominated by softening, which is reduced with increasing strain amplitude due to mechanical twinning. Indeed, for strain amplitudes >2.5% twin-induced strain hardening is observed. A correlation between the twin-induced strain hardening behavior and the resulting maximum stress curve per endured cycle is observed. The laser parameters influence the generated stress level during cyclic plastic loading. It is shown, that the porosity highly affects the fatigue life in the low-cycle fatigue range. Finally, the strain-life curve is determined and approximated by the Manson-Coffin fatigue parameters. • A higher porosity leads to a lower number of cycles until failure resulting in an early failure of the specimens. • From a strain amplitude of 2.0% and above, the primary softening rate decreases. • From a strain amplitude of 2.0%, a secondary hardening behavior is partly observed regardless of the laser parameters. • The secondary hardening behavior can be traced back to strain induced mechanical twinning. • It is assumed that the twinning induced hardening, resulting from a higher strain, leads to a slower softening rate.

GeV Electron Acceleration by Trapezoidal Laser Pulse Envelope Under Combined Effect of Frequency Chirp and Axial Magnetic Field in Vacuum

In the present article, we have investigated efficient electron acceleration by employing trapezoidal laser pulse envelope under the combined effect of linear chirp and external axial magnetic field in vacuum. In this envelope, the electric signal linearly rises to a certain level, stay there, and then falls back to its initial level. So, there will be an opportunity to increase the interaction time between laser pulse and electron for efficient energy transfer, which has been reflected in this study. A few megaelectronvolt electrons have been injected axially to the front of a trapezoidal short laser pulse. In all calculations, the front end of each laser pulse captures electron at <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t= 0$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . The dynamics arise from analytical and numerical solutions of Newton–Lorentz force equations of motion. Electron energy gain has been calculated for initial laser phase varying from 0 to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> . For the optimum set of laser parameters, we have observed electro’s energy gain of the order of GeV.

Femtosecond-laser-enabled simultaneous figuring and finishing of glass with a subnanometer optical surface.

We demonstrate simultaneous figuring and surface finishing of glass using a femtosecond laser. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we have achieved deterministic material removal with nanometer precision and maintained sub-nanometer surface roughness without inducing any mid-spatial-frequency errors to the initial surface. A dynamic pulse propagation model is established to predict the interaction process, including plasma generation and surface temperature. The interactive modeling and the experiments enable the selection of a set of laser parameters to achieve controllable optical figuring and finishing. This demonstration shows the potential for using femtosecond lasers for advanced freeform optic forming, finishing, and reduction of detrimental mid-spatial-frequency errors, and laser-ablation-based patterning used for fabrication of integrated photonics and lasers.

Effect of self-focusing of an intense cosh-Gaussian laser beam on second harmonic generation in a collisionless plasma: Higher-order paraxial theory

This paper presents the study of second harmonic generation in a collisionless plasma by an intense self-focused cosh-Gaussian laser beam under the combined effect of relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities. The second harmonics of a cosh-Gaussian laser beam is generated by the excitation of an electron plasma wave at the pump frequency. The excited electron plasma wave coupled with the pump laser beam and generate the radiation of double frequency. This study is carried out in a higher-order paraxial ray approximation where higher order terms are taken into account in the expansion of the dielectric function and the eikonal. Nonlinear differential equations have been established for the self-focusing of cosh-Gaussian laser beam in the plasma, the generation of electron plasma wave at the pump frequency, and the second harmonic generation. Numerical simulations have been carried out to investigate the effects of laser and plasma parameters such as decentred parameter (b), incident laser intensity (a), and relative plasma density (ωp0/ω0) on the self-focusing of the cosh-Gaussian laser beam and the electric field associated with electron plasma wave and second harmonic wave. A well-established set of laser and plasma parameters have been used in numerical analysis. The results show that the focusing of the cosh-Gaussian laser beam leads to an increase in the electric field of the electron plasma wave and the second harmonic wave. The results are also compared to the paraxial-ray approximation. The focusing of the cosh-Gaussian laser beam in the plasma is strengthened in the higher-order paraxial region, which increases the electric field of both the electron plasma wave and the second harmonic wave at high values of b, a, and ωp0/ω0.

Experimental investigation into ultrafast laser ablation of polypropylene by burst and single pulse modes

Experimental investigation into ultrashort laser ablation by burst and Single Pulse (SP) modes on Polypropylene was performed. Isolated craters with different set of laser parameters were produced on flat polymer samples to assess the influence of the temporal separation between pulses on surface quality, removal rate (time needed to remove a certain volume) and ablation efficiency (pulse energy needed to remove a certain volume). The laser parameters that allow the development of structures with minimum redeposited material splashed around them and maximum removal rates were identified. Pulse energies of 2.5 μJ and 6 μJ were identified as the removal pulse energy threshold and the value from which a structure depth saturation starts, respectively.The use of bursts provides improved quality and higher removal rates compared to the Single Pulse mode when the same number of pulses of identical pulse energies were emitted in both cases, even though the total eliminated volume is higher in the SP mode. The advantages of using bursts of 3 pulses are reported. Increasing the number of pulses per burst to 4 do not increase the removal rate when compared to bursts of 3 pulses.

On the role of volumetric energy density in the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The volumetric energy density (EV) is considered as a comprehensive index to evaluate the complex parameters in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) of metallic parts. This work aims to investigate the influence of varying laser power and scanning velocity coupling under a specific EV value on the microstructure, texture, and tensile properties of L-PBF Ti-6Al-4 V (Ti64) alloy to illustrate the limitation of EV. Three sets of laser parameters under a specific EV of 58.8 J/mm3 were employed to fabricate dense parts. Analyses by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the same EV in the L-PBF process can result in distinct thickness of α′ lath, crystallographic texture and tensile behavior. The α′-lath was refined from 0.89 µm to 0.66 µm while laser power increased from 180 W to 240 W. Meanwhile, the crystallographic orientation of prior-β grains was oriented < 111 >β direction to parallel building direction (BD) from < 001 >β//BD, which determined the orientations of α′ lath. Tensile test results exhibit that the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation to fracture all increase with the linearly increases in laser power and speed. An excellent balance between yield strength of ~1042.2 ± 37.1 MPa and total elongation of ~ 10.8 ± 1.1% was obtained after the variant optimization. The finite element analysis shows that even under a constant EV value, varying laser power and scanning velocity coupling will carry out distinct thermal histories, leading to the grain refinement and higher dislocation density. This work shows the limited significance of EV in the guidance of the L-PBF process with complex physics. More efforts should be made on microstructural control via the combination of specific laser parameters.

Efficacy of the Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Application Versus the Conventional Method in Periodontal Flap Surgery: A Split-Mouth Randomized Control Trial.

Introduction: the Er,Cr:YSGG laser has a suitable wavelength for the ablation of both hard and soft tissues of the periodontium and can be considered as a potential tool in periodontal surgeries. The current study aimed at evaluating the application of this laser versus conventional instruments in periodontal pocket reduction flap surgery. Methods: Eight patients (16 dental arches) requiring periodontal surgery were included (Trial registration number: IRCT201711129014N199). Using a split-mouth study design, two posterior sextants of a dental arch were randomly allocated into either a test group, open flap debridement periodontal surgery using the Er,Cr:YSGG laser or a control group using the conventional method. Laser parameter settings of a 2780 nm wavelength, H mode (60 µs pulse duration), 25-50 Hz, 2-3.5 W output powers and Air-20%, Water-60-80% were applied and adjusted individually for each step of the flap surgery procedure. Baseline, 1 and 3-month measurements of plaque index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), gingival recession (GR), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded for comparisons. Data were analyzed by a linear model for correlated data using the generalized estimating equations (GEE) method and the least significant difference (LSD). Results: In both treatment groups, reductions in PI and GI were observed in the 3-month follow-up period. These indices were significantly lower in the laser-treated sides compared to the conventional group (P<0.05). The Mean PD and CAL were lower at 1 month and 3 months compared to the baseline in both groups (P<0.05). However, these parameters were not statistically different in the treatment groups during these follow-up timelines. An increase in GR was observed from the baseline to 1 month and 3 months with less recession in the laser-treated sides (P=0.016). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the Er,Cr:YSGG laser assisted periodontal flap surgery resulted in similar treatment outcomes to the conventional method and may be considered as a safe and effective treatment modality.

Terahertz Radiation Generation by Frequency Mixing of Hermite–Cosh–Gaussian Laser Beams in Density-Modulated Cold Magnetized Plasma

We report a theoretical investigation for extremely bright terahertz (THz) radiation generation by mixing of dichromatic Hermite–Cosh–Gaussian (HChG) laser beams in periodically rippled density plasma in the presence of external dc magnetic field. The magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the direction of propagation and to the polarization states of laser beams. THz field amplitude significantly increases with applied dc magnetic field. Our investigations reveal that frequency resonance shifts with the applied magnetic field. As a result, THz frequency tuning is possible with applied magnetic field. The electron neutral collisions have no effect on resonance condition but THz amplitude and efficiency decreases with increase in frequency of electron neutral collisions. We find that THz field profile strongly depends on laser parameters like Cosh decentred parameter $b$ and order of Hermite function $s$ , and independent of applied magnetic field. Our theoretical investigations predict that GV/m THz field with efficiency ~7% for laser field ~50 GV/m and 80-kG applied dc magnetic field can be obtained for optimized set of laser and plasma parameters.

The Efficacy of Phototherapy for the Treatment of Onychomycosis: An Observational Study

(1) Background: Onychomycosis accounts for 50% of nail pathologies and is a therapeutic challenge due to an increase in resistance to antifungal agents. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of 1064 nm diode laser irradiation for the treatment of Onychomycosis and establish a new set of laser parameters for effective and safe treatment; (2) Methods: An exploratory, single-blinded study was conducted on forty-five patients with toenail Onychomycosis. Digital images and nail clippings were taken for Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and fungal microscopy and culture (MC&amp;S). Group 1 received 5% topical Amorolfine lacquer to apply to affected nails. Group 2 received 1064 nm diode laser treatment at 10 mW/s, hallux 790 J/cm2 and lesser digits 390 J/cm2 (standard treatment). Group 3 received 1064 nm diode laser treatment at 10 mW/s, hallux 1 100 J/cm2 and lesser digits 500 J/cm2 (new treatment parameters). After laser treatment, nail temperatures were taken with a surface thermometer; (3) Results: PAS staining was more sensitive in identifying Onychomycosis (91.1%), compared to Fungal Microscopy (44.4%). Comparing treatment requirements over a period of 24 weeks, there was a statistical significance, p ≤ 0.01 (**), for standard laser treatment and, p ≤ 0.001 (***), for new laser parameter treatment, indicating treatment needed over time decreased. No adverse effects were noted with new laser therapy. An 86.7% visual improvement was noted in Group 3 after 24 weeks; (4) Conclusions: Phototherapy, or photo thermolysis, was the best treatment option for Onychomycosis. A new protocol for the standardization of laser irradiation with the possible inclusion into the Scoring Clinical Index for Onychomycosis treatment plan, was proposed.

Thermal modeling of laser surface micro-texturing: Investigation on effects of laser parameters on dimple-texture dimensions and aspect ratio

Micro-texturing on the rake/flank face of the tool to obtain higher service life has emerged as a promising area of research. Micro-texturing assists in reducing contact area, and in-turn lowering wear and frictional heat. There are several methods to obtain micro-textures on tools. However, the quality of micro-texture depends largely on the manufacturing method used. Laser-induced surface texturing has been found more accurate and a cost-effective solution to enhance tribological properties and efficiency of the cutting tool. Ultra-short laser pulses can produce controlled ablation and micro-textures. However, obtaining accurate and ultra-clean micro-textures on cutting tools depends on the type of laser source, set of laser process parameters, and physical and mechanical properties of the cutting tool material. Several ablation models have been developed to predict the optimized set of laser parameters. This paper illustrates the simulation of laser surface texturing with the help of the finite element model and its experimental validation with a fiber laser. Thermal modeling and 2-D laser ablation have been presented for tungsten carbide (WC) tool material. Dimple textures have been created on the side rake face with equidistant spacing. Laser parameters like frequency and power have been varied to investigate their effect on texture dimensions and aspect ratio. Sample experimental validation results have also been discussed presenting the degree of agreement to simulation results.

Two-Photon Polymerized Poly(2-Ethyl-2-Oxazoline) Hydrogel 3D Microstructures with Tunable Mechanical Properties for Tissue Engineering.

The main task of tissue engineering (TE) is to reproduce, replicate, and mimic all kinds of tissues in the human body. Nowadays, it has been proven useful in TE to mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) by an artificial ECM (scaffold) based on synthetic or natural biomaterials to regenerate the physiological tissue/organ architecture and function. Hydrogels have gained interest in the TE community because of their ability to absorb water similar to physiological tissues, thus mechanically simulating the ECM. In this work, we present a novel hydrogel platform based on poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s, which can be processed to 3D microstructures via two-photon polymerization (2PP) with tunable mechanical properties using monomers and crosslinker with different degrees of polymerization (DP) for future applications in TE. The ideal parameters (laser power and writing speed) for optimal polymerization via 2PP were obtained using a specially developed evaluation method in which the obtained structures were binarized and compared to the computer-aided design (CAD) model. This evaluation was performed for each composition. We found that it was possible to tune the mechanical properties not only by application of different laser parameters but also by mixing poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s with different chain lengths and variation of the crosslink density. In addition, the swelling behavior of different fabricated hydrogels were investigated. To gain more insight into the viscoelastic behavior of different fabricated materials, stress relaxation tests via nanoindentation experiments were performed. These new hydrogels can be processed to 3D microstructures with high structural integrity using optimal laser parameter settings, opening a wide range of application properties in TE for this material platform.