Set Of Formal Criteria Research Articles

КОГНИТИВНЫЕ ОСНОВАНИЯ ВАРИАТИВНОСТИ РЕКУРРЕНТНЫХ ЖЕСТОВ В ЭКСПЛАНАТОРНОМ ДИСКУРСЕ: «ОТКРЫТАЯ ЛАДОНЬ ВВЕРХ» И «ОТКРЫТАЯ ЛАДОНЬ ВНИЗ»

The paper provides the results of the analysis of recurrent gestures (palm-up-open-hand and palm-down-open-hand) used in Russian spoken explanatory discourse. It is argued that mimetic schemas which imitate various manipulations with objects and are directly linked to embodied cognition, can be used as efficient tools for cognitive analyses of gesture variation. Following a set of formal criteria (configuration of the palm, a static / dynamic phase in the stroke, direction of the hand movement, boundedness or unboundedness of a gesture), the authors differentiate between general and specific mimetic schemas that form the cognitive basis for the palm-up-open-hand and the palm-down-open-hand gestures and their variants (subtypes). With the help of qualitative and quantitative methods and procedures, correlation between cognitive (mimetic) and functional features of the gestures is investigated. The authors demonstrate that there is significant difference in distribution of the mimetic PUOH and PDOH schemas and their subtypes, and there is direct and strong correlation between the mimetic schemas and the functions realized through them in the explanatory discourse.

Scalable Query Answering Under Uncertainty to Neuroscientific Ontological Knowledge: The NeuroLang Approach.

Researchers in neuroscience have a growing number of datasets available to study the brain, which is made possible by recent technological advances. Given the extent to which the brain has been studied, there is also available ontological knowledge encoding the current state of the art regarding its different areas, activation patterns, keywords associated with studies, etc. Furthermore, there is inherent uncertainty associated with brain scans arising from the mapping between voxels-3D pixels-and actual points in different individual brains. Unfortunately, there is currently no unifying framework for accessing such collections of rich heterogeneous data under uncertainty, making it necessary for researchers to rely on ad hoc tools. In particular, one major weakness of current tools that attempt to address this task is that only very limited propositional query languages have been developed. In this paper we present NeuroLang, a probabilistic language based on first-order logic with existential rules, probabilistic uncertainty, ontologies integration under the open world assumption, and built-in mechanisms to guarantee tractable query answering over very large datasets. NeuroLang's primary objective is to provide a unified framework to seamlessly integrate heterogeneous data, such as ontologies, and map fine-grained cognitive domains to brain regions through a set of formal criteria, promoting shareable and highly reproducible research. After presenting the language and its general query answering architecture, we discuss real-world use cases showing how NeuroLang can be applied to practical scenarios.

Earth Systems, Human Agency, and the Anthropocene: Planet Earth in the Human Age

A proposal to designate a new geological epoch of our own making—the Anthropocene—is being considered by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), part of the International Union of Geological Sciences. Based on a set of formal criteria, there is growing consensus for a Holocene–Anthropocene boundary set at some point in the last 200 years. A number of scientists have questioned the utility of such a designation because it overlooks the millennia-long history of human impacts on the planet and fails to focus on the causes of human domination of the Earth in favor of the effects. I review these debates and synthesize a variety of proposals for an Anthropocene beginning 10,000 years ago to as little as 50. I then review a number of parallel debates focused less on the geosciences and more on the political, social, and institutional implications of the Anthropocene. I demonstrate how and why formal ICS criteria for the designation of geological time units may be inadequate for effectively meeting the underlying rationale for designating a human-induced geological epoch and the role it is currently and, potentially, will continue to play in the court of public opinion.

The King Is Dead, Long Live the King? A Reply to Matthias Goldmann

Matthias and I clearly agree on a great deal: a voluntarist approach to defining public international law is unsatisfactory; any rule of recognition in international law must provide a basis for a link between legality and legitimacy; one of the central contributions that law can make to international society is procedural in nature. However, our respective positions on the utility of a binary distinction between law and not-law have significant impacts on our approaches. We are both concerned, I think, with preserving the autonomy of politics – with ensuring that politics (or, more specifically, international public authority) do not come to be invaded by law. My own concern with preserving the autonomy of law leads me to two conclusions with which Matthias would take issue: that international public authority must be constituted by law; and that the rules which those authorities administer must be treated differently, depending on whether or not they meet a set of formal criteria that legal rules must satisfy. I will also address Matthias's discussion of Lon L. Fuller's internal morality of law and Benedict Kingsbury's concept of publicness in international law. I believe that both sets of concepts may be useful to Matthias's argument and deserve further attention. First, however, I would like to explore what it means, or could mean, to cut off the head of the king.

Pulsed electromagnetic energy in management of chronic wounds: a systematic review

Objectives: To assess the evidence regarding effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic energy (PEME) on the healing of chronic wounds; to explore whether there is an optimum treatment regime with regards to total current, pulse amplitude, pulse duration, and duration and frequency of treatments.Methods: A computerised literature search of the Cochrane Library, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EMBASE and PubMed was performed. Only randomised clinical trials (RCT), controlled trials, and clinical trials that studied a population aged 18 years of age or more and investigated the effects of a type of PEME in the management of a chronic wound were included. The methodological quality of the included trials was assessed qualitatively using a set of formal criteria as recommended by van Tulder et al.Results: Eleven studies (n=360) out of 40 were included of which six were of high methodological quality. Methodological scores ranged from one to nine (maximum 11) with a mean score of 5·5 (SD=1·73). For venous ulcers, there is strong evidence that PEME is more effective than sham PEME. For pressure and plantar ulcers, there is moderate evidence that PEME, in combination with conventional wound care is better than conventional wound care alone. The heterogeneity in duration, frequency, voltage and magnetic field made it difficult to make detailed comparisons or specific recommendations regarding its application.Discussion: Further research should focus on controlling baseline recruitment parameters within an RCT, studying vital outcomes, and exploring combinations of parameters regarding optimum usage of PEME.