Session Rating Of Perceived Exertion Research Articles

ACUTE EFFECT OF INTERVAL TRAINING SET STRUCTURE ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PERCEPTUAL RESPONSES TO EXERCISE

INTRODUCTION & AIMS A novel method for prescribing maximal aerobic speed (MAS) interval sessions involves the use of rest redistribution (RR). This approach could reduce perceived exertion and fatigue, preventing a decline in performance. This study aimed to compare acute physiological and perceptual responses between traditional (TS) and RR MAS interval training in endurance athletes. METHODS Twenty-five endurance runners (19 males, 6 females; age=31.9±8.5 y; maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max)=54.6±5.7 ml·kg·min-1; height=1.77±0.10 m; body-mass=74.0±13.0 kg) who ran >5 hours/week participated. Participants completed two MAS interval sessions equal in duration (18 min total, 360 s exercise, TS=660 s rest/RR=680 s rest) in a randomised order; TS: 3 sets x 6 repetitions (1 rep=20 s running:20 s rest) at 110% MAS and RR: 18 sets x 1 repetition (20 s running:40 s rest) at 110% MAS. During both sessions V̇O2 and heart rate (HR) were measured after each repetition, and blood lactate (HLa-) measured pre-exercise and after repetitions 6, 12 and 18. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured after repetitions 6, 12, and 18, and overall session RPE 10 minutes post-session. RESULTS Linear mixed effects models showed that TS led to a faster increase in V̇O2 (β=.16, p=.04) and HLa- (β=.09, p<.01), with consistently higher HR than RR (β=5.35, p<.01). Additionally, RPE (β=1.35, p<.01) and session RPE were lower in RR than TS (β=1.13, p<.01). CONCLUSION Results indicate that when session time is similar, TS (1:1 work-to-rest ratio), produces a greater physiological stimulus with higher V̇O2, HR and HLa-. Conversely, RR (1:2 work-to-rest ratio) resulted in lower perceived exertion and metabolic stress. This makes RR an appropriate choice for training periods with lower physiological stress or during periods of fatigue management. The reduced physiological demands in RR can facilitate a more controlled and sustainable training experience while still providing valuable training benefits.

Longitudinal Internal Training Load and Exposure in a High-Performance Basketball Academy.

Lever, JR, Duffield, R, Murray, A, Bartlett, JD, and Fullagar, HHK. Longitudinal internal training load and exposure in a high-performance basketball academy. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-This study describes the longitudinal training exposure (session counts) and internal training load (Rating of Perceived Exertion [RPE] and Session Rating of Perceived Exertion [sRPE]) of youth basketball players at a high-performance academy, based on the training year, training term, and playing position. Historical internal training load and training exposure data were collated from 45 male high-performance youth basketball athletes between 2015 and 2019. Data included session duration, RPE, sRPE, training type, and date. Linear mixed models and pairwise comparisons were performed on the weekly means and categorized by training year (year 1, year 2, year 3), term (term 1, term 2, term 3, term 4), and playing position (Backcourt, Frontcourt). Linear mixed models indicate that the individual athlete had the greatest influence on variance in training load and exposure. Significant differences were observed for increased session count, duration, and sRPE (p < 0.001) in year 2 compared with year 1. These measures also increased within each year whereby term 3 and term 4 (p < 0.001) were significantly greater than term 1 and term 2. No significant differences were observed between playing position (p > 0.05). Training exposure and internal training load increase in year 2 from year 1 for high-performance youth basketball academy athletes. Differences between training load and exposure for terms (i.e., training blocks) suggest the phase of season influences training prescription, while playing position has limited effect.

Applicability of a supramaximal high-intensity interval training program for older adults previously not engaged in regular exercise; analyses of secondary outcomes from the Umeå HIT Study

This analysis of secondary outcomes investigated the applicability of supramaximal high-intensity interval training (HIT) with individually prescribed external intensity performed on stationary bicycles. Sixty-eight participants with a median (min; max) age of 69 (66; 79), at the time not engaged in regular exercise were randomized to 25 twice-weekly sessions of supramaximal HIT (20-min session with 10 × 6-s intervals) or moderate-intensity training (MIT, 40-min session with 3 × 8-min intervals).The primary aim was outcomes on applicability regarding; adherence to prescribed external interval intensity, participant reported positive and negative events, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE 6–20), and affective state (Feeling Scale, FS -5–5). A secondary aim was to investigate change in exercise-related self-efficacy (Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale) and motivation (Behavioural Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire-2).Total adherence to the prescribed external interval intensity was [median (min; max)] 89 % (56; 100 %) in supramaximal HIT, and 100 % (95; 100 %) in MIT. The supramaximal HIT group reported 60 % of the positive (112 of 186) and 36 % of the negative (52 of 146) events. At the end of the training period, the median (min; max) session RPE was 15 (12; 17) for supramaximal HIT and 14 (9; 15) for MIT. As for FS, the median last within-session rating was 3 (−1; 5) for supramaximal HIT and 3 (1; 5) for MIT. Exercise-related motivation increased (mean difference in Relative Autonomy Index score = 1.54, 95 % CI [0.69; 2.40]), while self-efficacy did not change (mean difference = 0.55, 95 % CI [-0.75; 1.82]), regardless of group.This study provide support for supramaximal HIT in supervised group settings for older adults.

A single dose multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement enhances upper body resistance exercise performance.

Multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements (MIPS) are commonly used by individuals looking to enhance exercise performance and augment adaptations to training. However, the efficacy of commercially available MIPS is largely dependent on the ingredient profile, and new formulations should be investigated to determine their effectiveness. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a commercially available MIPS product on performance during an upper body resistance exercise protocol. Twenty resistance-trained participants (10 men, 10 women) volunteered to complete this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study consisting of 3 visits. Visit 1 consisted of body composition, 1-repetition maximum (1RM) testing, and familiarization. Visits 2 and 3 consisted of supplementation with either MIPS or placebo (PLA) 1 h prior to completion of an upper body resistance exercise workout during which power output, repetitions completed, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and perceived recovery were recorded. Assessments of reaction time, isometric mid-thigh pull, and perceived levels of focus, energy, fatigue, and "muscle pump" were also completed before supplementation, 1 h after supplementation, and immediately after exercise. Statistical analysis revealed significant main effects of trial for reaction time (p < 0.001) and bench press peak power (p = 0.026) indicating better performance during the MIPS trial. Furthermore, total number of repetitions completed significantly increased (p = 0.003) during the MIPS (96.90 ± 21.31 repetitions) trial compared to PLA (89.50 ± 18.37 repetitions). Additionally, overall session RPE was significantly lower (p = 0.002) during the MIPS (7.6 ± 1.2) trial compared to PLA (8.3 ± 0.9). These findings suggest that acute supplementation with this MIPS improved upper body resistance exercise performance while reducing participant RPE. Further research should investigate the efficacy of chronic supplementation with this MIPS as the acute response provided an ergogenic benefit.

A Feasibility Study Investigating an Exercise Program in Metastatic Cancer Based on the Patient-Preferred Delivery Mode.

Feasibility of exercise in patients with metastatic cancer is still a challenge. This study aimed to determine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an exercise intervention based on a patient-preferred delivery mode in patients affected by metastatic cancer. Forty-four patients with a confirmed diagnosis of metastatic cancer were recruited in a 3-month exercise program. Whereas the exercise program consisted of aerobic and resistance activities performed twice a week, the participants may choose the mode of delivery: home based, personal training, or group based. The primary endpoint was the feasibility, defined by recruitment rate, attendance, adherence, dropout rate, tolerability (comparing the session RPE with the target RPE), and safety (using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 5.0). Secondary endpoints included cardiorespiratory fitness (six minutes walking test), muscle strength (handgrip strength test and isometric leg press test), flexibility (the back scratch and chair sit and reach tests), anthropometric parameters (body mass index and waist-hip ratio), quality of life (EORTC QLQ C-30 questionnaire), and amount of physical exercise (Godin's Shepard Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire). Descriptive statistics, Student t test, and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to analyze data. The study recruitment rate was 81%. Out of 44 recruited patients, 28 chose the personal training program, 16 chose the home-based program, and none chose the group-based program. Nine dropouts occurred (20%), 6 in the personal training program, and 3 in the home-based intervention. The median attendance rate was 92%, adherence was 88%, tolerability was 100%, and 9 nonsevere adverse events were registered during the exercise sessions. An increase in cardiorespiratory fitness (P < .001) and flexibility (P = .011 for chair sit and reach; P = .040 for back scratch) was observed at the end of the intervention, while no changes in anthropometric values and muscle strength were detected. Different quality-of-life domains were improved following the intervention, including physical (P = .002), emotional (P < .001), and role functioning (P = .018), fatigue (P = .030), and appetite loss (P = .005). A 3-month exercise program based on a patient-preferred delivery mode is feasible in patients with metastatic cancer and may improve physical function and quality of life. NCT04226508.

A comparison of three different work to rest periods during intermittent sprint training on maintaining sprint effort performance

Background/objectivesTeam sports are characterised by repeated maximal intensity bursts of activity, requiring significant energy contribution from the phosphagen pathways. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different rest periods on repeated maximal intensity efforts. MethodsThe effect of three different recovery periods (60 s, 90 s and 120 s) during a 10 × six-seconds intermittent sprint training protocol performed on a cycle ergometer was investigated. Thirteen part-time female athletes from two sports, Rugby Sevens and Netball competing for their state participated in the study. Peak Power (PPO), Mean Power (MPO), “total work” in the form of calorie expenditure, performance decrement, repetitions over 95% PPO, blood lactate, and RPE were recorded. ResultsThere was a significant effect of condition on MPO and calorie expenditure (p < 0.050). MPO was significantly lower for 60 s compared to 90 s (710.4 vs 734.4 W, ES = 0.27–0.42) and 120 s (710.4 vs 743.3 W, ES = 0.36–0.47). Calorie expenditure was significantly lower for 60 s compared to 90 s (4.41 vs 4.56 cal, ES = 0.25–0.46) and 120 s (4.41 vs 4.59 cal, ES = 0.40–0.48). There was a significant effect of time (60 s 11.7, 90 s 11.1.120 s 10.9 mmol/L, p < 0.010) but not condition (p = 0.617) for blood lactate accumulation, and a significant difference in session RPE between 60 and both 90 s and 120 s (60 s 15.5, 90 s 14.2. p = 0.034 120 s 13.9, p = 0.039). ConclusionShorter recovery durations resulted in decreased mean power and calorie expenditure, but higher RPE when compared to longer recovery periods. All three recovery periods may have fallen between the fast and slow phases of PCr resynthesis of approximately 20 and 180 s resulting in partial but not complete recovery. Total training time should be a consideration when determining what protocol to implement.

The eTRIMP method for bodybuilding training load assessment: A review with a case study

Objective: The objective of this study is to know if the method of calculating full training load session eTRIMP using pulse monitors would be able to demonstrate a monotony like the total internal load model through the session-RPE using workload method in a resistance athlete. Methods: This is a one-week observational study that evaluated time, heart rate, and session RPE in a 32-year-old adult during prescribed resistance training to compare Internal Training Load (ITL) using the eTRIMP method with traditional assessment methods that use session RPE multiplied by training session duration, known as session workload calculation. Results: The total load for the week varied between models due to the method of obtaining the result being different, 417 au for the weekly summation based on eTRIMP versus 3321 au using the workload method. However, the monotony of the weekly training prescription was similar, observationally evaluated, between the groups (2.4 for the workload method versus 2.9 for the eTRIMP method). Conclusion: The internal load evaluated by the eTRIMP model seems to show a monotony value like the value calculated by the weekly load using session-RPE and workload. Therefore, evaluating resistance training using the eTRIMP by pulse monitoring model seems to be a useful tool in analyzing training week monotony to maintain high loads favoring the hypertrophy and fat-burning process.

Physical demands and psychophysiological stress in young athletes team sports

Training monitoring is important in the development process of the athlete. The objective of the study was to characterize the psychophysiological response and physical demands of soccer, basketball, handball, and volleyball with young athletes. The sample consisted of 61 young athletes of both genders and members of team sports, 10 training sessions for each modality were monitored. The psychophysiological responses were monitored by the session rating perception of exertion (Session RPE) and training impulse (TRIMP). The physical demands were, distance covered (DC), DC by speed zone (DC_Z1, DC_Z2, DC_Z3, DC_Z4, DC_Z5), number of sprints, and duration of the session. In addition, the recovery status (TQR) was also collected. Differences were noted between duration (p&lt;0.001), DC_Z1 (p&lt;0.017), DC_Z2 (p&lt;0.05), DC_Z3 (p&lt;0.05), DC_Z4 (p&lt;0.003), DC_Z5 (p &lt; 0.05), sprints (p &lt; 0.001), TRIMP (p&lt;0.02), Session RPE (p&lt;0.05) and TQR (p&lt;0.007). In psychophysiological responses, handball showed more time in zones 4 and 5 than other modalities. According to physical demands, basketball, and handball had a higher number of sprints and also higher values in DP_Z5. Therefore, the simultaneous monitoring of physical demands and psychophysiological responses provides supplementary information in monitoring young athletes.

Psychophysiological responses during the microcycle with the start of the national championship: A case study of a volleyball team

The aim of the study was to monitoring psychophysiological responses among volleyball players in the microcycle with a high-performance competition game scheduled. Methods: Ten male athletes (26.6 ± 5.3 years) from an adult volleyball team participated in the study. The variables session Rating of Perceived Exertion (Session RPE), Total Quality of Recovery scale (TQR), Well-being questionnaire (WB), testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol Ratio (T:C ratio) were evaluated during the microcycle before the game. Results: Differences were observed in the daily training load (F = 23.776; p < 0.001), TQR (F = 10.687; p < 0.001), WB (F = 6.736; p < 0.001), cortisol (F = 8.253; p < 0.001) and T:C ratio (F = 3.862; p = 0.01). Conclusion: The behavior of the variables fluctuated with factors such as training load, number of training days and time off, and due to the psychophysiological stress of the match.

The Coachs Predicted Training Load in Relation to Football Players Internal and External Load

The shift from a conventional approach to a more game-based and tacticalapproach when coaching football has placed an increased emphasis on the monitoringof training sessions and has consequently influenced, to a considerable extent, the furtherdevelopments of tools and technology. With the growth of this field of practice, it becameapparent that there is a gap in scientific understanding of the relationship between thecoachs predicted and players perceived training load. The training load that is predictedand perceived by football coaches and players respectively was compared in twenty-twotraining sessions with a semi-professional football team participating in the Maltese PremierLeague during the 2019/20 season. This was done through the session ratings of perceivedexertion (Session RPE) and global positioning system (GPS). The participants consistedof twenty-one players and their coaches (coach and physical trainer). Athletes respondedto the scale of perceived exertion using the BORG scale (scores from 0 to 10) after thetraining sessions, while the coaches completed the scale pre-session (predicted load) andpost session (estimated load). Apart from that, the players were monitored with a PlayertekGPS (10hz) throughout all training sessions. These methods were used to collect both theinternal load (Session RPE) and external load (GPS). There was little disagreement betweenthe predicted and estimated training load (coaches) and that perceived by the playersas high correlations were established. Findings suggest that the coaches predicted andestimated loads strongly correlate with the load as perceived by the football players duringan ongoing season between December 2019 and February 2020. A strong correlation alsoexists between the coaches predicted and estimated loads and the GPS load.

Drop-Set Resistance Training versus Pyramidal and Traditional Sets Elicits Greater Psychophysiological Responses in Men.

We compared the effects of resistance training (ResisT) to pyramidal and traditional weightlifting sets on men's psychophysiological responses. In a randomized crossover design, 24 resistance-trained males performed drop-set, descending pyramid, and traditional ResisT in the barbell back squat, 45° leg press, and seated knee extension. We assessed participants' rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and feelings of pleasure/displeasure (FPD) at the end of each set and at 10, 15, 20, and 30minutes post-session. No differences were detected across ResisT Methods in total training volume (p = 0.180). Post hoc comparisons revealed that drop-set training elicited higher RPE (M 8.8 SD 0.7 arbitrary units) and lower FPD (M -1.4 SD 1.5 arbitrary units) values compared to descending pyramid (M Set RPE 8.0 SD 0.9 arbitrary units and M Set FPD 0.4 SD 1.6 arbitrary units) and traditional set (M Set RPE 7.5 SD 1.1 arbitrary units and M Set FPD 1.3 SD 1.2 arbitrary units) schemes (p < 0.05). In addition, drop-set training elicited higher session RPE (M 8.1 SD 0.8 arbitrary units) and lower session FPD (M 0.2 SD 1.4 arbitrary units) values than descending pyramid and traditional ResisT (p < 0.001). Similarly, descending pyramid training elicited higher session RPE (M 6.6 SD 0.9 arbitrary units) and lower session FPD (M 1.2 SD 1.4 arbitrary units) than traditional set (M Session RPE 5.9 SD 0.8 arbitrary units and M Session FPD 1.5 SD 1.2 arbitrary units) training (p = 0.015). No differences were found in the temporality of post-session metrics, suggesting that testing 10 and 15 minutes post-ResisT was sufficient to assess session RPE (p = 0.480) and session FPD (p = 0.855), respectively. In conclusion, even with similar total training volume, drop-set training elicited more pronounced psychophysiological responses than either pyramidal or traditional ResisT in resistance-trained males.

Validity and Reliability of Facial Rating of Perceived Exertion Scales for Training Load Monitoring.

van der Zwaard, S, Hooft Graafland, F, van Middelkoop, C, and Lintmeijer, LL. Validity and reliability of facial rating of perceived exertion scales for training load monitoring. J Strength Cond Res 37(5): e317-e324, 2023-Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is often used by coaches and athletes to indicate exercise intensity, which facilitates training load monitoring and prescription. Although RPE is typically measured using the Borg's category-ratio 10-point scale (CR10), digital sports platforms have recently started to incorporate facial RPE scales, which potentially have a better user experience. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of a 5-point facial RPE scale (FCR5) and a 10-point facial RPE scale (FCR10), using the CR10 as a golden standard and to assess their use for training load monitoring. Forty-nine subjects were grouped into 17 untrained (UT), 19 recreationally trained (RT), and 13 trained (T) individuals Subjects completed 9 randomly ordered home-based workout sessions (3 intensities × 3 RPE scales) on the Fitchannel.com platform. Heart rate was monitored throughout the workouts. Subjects performed 3 additional workouts to assess reliability. Validity and reliability of both facial RPE scales were low in UT subjects (intraclass correlation [ICC] ≤ 0.44, p ≤ 0.06 and ICC ≤ 0.43, p ≥ 0.09). In RT and T subjects, validity was moderate for FCR5 (ICC ≥ 0.72, p < 0.001) and good for FCR10 (ICC ≥ 0.80, p < 0.001). Reliability for these groups was rather poor for FCR5 (ICC = 0.51, p = 0.006) and moderate for FCR10 (ICC = 0.74, p < 0.001), but it was excellent for CR10 (ICC = 0.92, p < 0.001). In RT and T subjects, session RPE scores were also strongly related to Edward's training impulse scores ( r ≥ 0.70, p < 0.001). User experience was best supported by the FCR10 scale. In conclusion, researchers, coaches, strength and conditioning professionals, and digital sports platforms are encouraged to incorporate the valid and reliable FCR10 and not FCR5 to assess perceived exertion and internal training load of recreationally trained and trained individuals.

Influence of Cluster Sets on Mechanical and Perceptual Variables in Adolescent Athletes.

Cluster sets (CS) are effective in maintaining performance and reducing perceived effort compared to traditional sets (TRD). However, little is known about these effects on adolescent athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of CS on the performance of mechanical and perceptual variables in young athletes. Eleven subjects [4 boys (age = 15.5 ± 0.8 years; body mass = 54.3 ± 7.0 kg; body height = 1.67 ± 0.04 m; Back Squat 1RM/body mass: 1.62 ± 0.19 kg; years from peak height velocity [PHV]: 0.94 ± 0.50) and 7 girls (age = 17.2 ± 1.4 years; body mass = 54.7 ± 6.3 kg; body height = 1.63 ± 0.08 m; Back Squat 1RM/body mass: 1.22 ± 0.16 kg; years from PHV: 3.33 ± 1.00)] participated in a randomized crossover design with one traditional (TRD: 3 × 8, no intra-set and 225 s interest rest) and two clusters (CS1: 3 × 2 × 4, one 30 s intra-set and 180 s inter-set rest; and CS2: 3 × 4 × 2, three 30 s intra-set and 90 s inter-set rest) protocols. The subjects were assessed for a Back Squat 1RM for the first meet, then performed the three protocols on three different days, with at least 48 h between them. During experimental sessions, a back squat exercise was performed, and mean propulsive velocity (MPV), power (MPP), and force (MPF) were collected to analyze performance between protocols, together with measures of countermovement jump (CMJ) and perceptual responses through Rating of Perceived Exertion for each set (RPE-Set) and the overall session (S-RPE), and Muscle Soreness (DOMS). The results showed that velocity and power decline (MVD and MPD) were favorable for CS2 (MVD: -5.61 ± 14.84%; MPD: -5.63 ± 14.91%) against TRD (MVD: -21.10 ± 11.88%; MPD: -20.98 ± 11.85%) (p < 0.01) and CS1 (MVD: -21.44 ± 12.13%; MPD: -21.50 ± 12.20%) (p < 0.05). For RPE-Set, the scores were smaller for CS2 (RPE8: 3.23 ± 0.61; RPE16: 4.32 ± 1.42; RPE24: 4.46 ± 1.51) compared to TRD (RPE8: 4.73 ± 1.33; RPE16: 5.46 ± 1.62; RPE24: 6.23 ± 1.97) (p = 0.008), as well as for Session RPE (CS2: 4.32 ± 1.59; TRD: 5.68 ± 1.75) (p = 0.015). There were no changes for jump height (CMJ: p = 0.985), and the difference between time points in CMJ (ΔCMJ: p = 0.213) and muscle soreness (DOMS: p = 0.437) were identified. Our findings suggest that using CS with a greater number of intra-set rests is more efficient even with the total rest interval equalized, presenting lower decreases in mechanical performance and lower perceptual effort responses.

Within-week and between-week variability of external and internal load demands of professional male volleyball players

Purpose.The aim of the present study was to analyse the within-week variations according to the internal (rate of perceived exertion [RPE], and session-RPE) and external (jump height average, minimum jump, maximal jump, range of jump, number of jumps and density) intensity.Methods.Twelve male elite/international volleyball athletes from the Portuguese 1st division (age: 21.7 ± 4.19 years of age; experience: 6.2 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 85.7 ± 8.69 kg; height: 192.4 ± 6.25 cm; body mass index: 23.1 ± 1.40 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) participated in this study. The players were monitored over 26 microcycles, 101 training sessions, and 20 matches. To assess the workload, the CR10 Borg scale and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) were used.Results.According to the internal workload, RPE revealed significant differences between MD-4 and MD-2, MD-4 and MD1, MD-3 and MD-1, and MD-2 and MD-1 (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). In the same line, session RPE showed significant differences between MD-4 and MD-2, MD-4 and MD-1, MD-3 and MD-2, MD-3 and MD-1, and MD-2 and MD-1 (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). On the other hand, the external load demands revealed statistical differences regarding the number of jumps (MD-4 and MD-2, MD-4 and MD-1, MD-3 and MD-1, and MD-2 and MD-1) and the density of the training sessions (MD-4 and MD-1, and MD-2 and MD-1).Conclusions.The primary findings of this study suggest that higher-intensity training sessions tend to occur during the middle of the week, with a tapering effect observed as the competition date approaches.

The Association between External Training Load, Perceived Exertion and Total Quality Recovery in Sub-Elite Youth Football

Background: Moderate to very large correlation between internal training load, external training load, and recovery status have been reported in elite youth football. However, little is known about subelite youth football training environments. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the association between training load and recovery status in young subelite football players. Methods: Twenty under-15, twenty under-17, and twenty under-19 players were monitored over a 6-week period during the first month of the 2019-2020 competitive season. The global positioning system technology (GPS) was used to collect external training load variables. The internal training load variables were monitored using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale and session RPE (sRPE). The recovery status was assessed by the total quality recovery (TQR). A total of 18 training sessions and 324 observation cases were collected. Results: Small to moderate correlation between internal and external load was observed (r = -0.316 to 0.136, p &lt; 0.05). Correlations between recovery status and external load were moderate for U15 (r = -0.326 to -0.240, p &lt; 0.05), U17 (r = -0.316 to 0.136, p &lt; 0.05) and U19 (r = -0.301 to 0.282, p &lt; 0.05). The association between perceived exertion and external training load is only significant for U19 subelite football players. Conclusion: Current research suggested that subelite youth football players were more likely to have lower capacity to judge training exertion. Additionally, recovery status was positively correlated with acceleration and deceleration movements. This study provides a new overview about training load and recovery in subelite youth training environment. Future researche should examine the between- and within-individual nonlinearity across training load and recovery variations.

Individual and situational factors affecting the movement characteristics and internal responses to Touch match-play during an international tournament

ABSTRACT Purpose To examine the influence of individual and situational factors on the movement characteristics and internal responses of players to an international Touch tournament. Methods Using 47 International Touch players (25 men and 22 women), the associations between the movement characteristics and internal responses with individual (sprint, glycolytic test, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 [Yo-Yo IR1], jump performance and well-being) and situational (sex, squad, position, competition day, points scored/conceded, result, and opposition rank) factors were examined using linear mixed modelling. Results Yo-Yo IR1 distance was associated with all movement characteristics and internal responses (r = −0.29 to 0.37), whilst sprint and glycolytic times only influenced mean heart rate (HRmean) (r = 0.15) and high-speed distance (r = 0.10), respectively. Sex influenced high-speed distance (r = −0.41), whilst squad was associated with playing time and HRmean (r = −0.10–0.33). Other associations included: playing position with all movement characteristics (r = −0.67–0.81); points conceded with relative distance (r = −0.14); winning with high metabolic power and session RPE (r = −0.07–0.09), and opposition rank with HRmean and RPE (r = 0.11–0.35). Conclusions Individual and situational factors can influence the movement characteristics and internal responses to Touch and should be considered when developing the characteristics of players and interpreting responses to match-play.

Affective and Perceptual Responses During an 8-Week Resistance Training to Failure Intervention at Low vs. High Loads in Untrained Women.

Anderson, AlOK, Voskuil, CC, Byrd, MT, Garver, MJ, Rickard, AJ, Miller, WM, Bergstrom, HC, and Dinyer McNeely, TK. Affective and perceptual responses during an 8-week resistance training to failure intervention at low vs. high loads in untrained women. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 546-554, 2023-This study examined the effects of resistance training (RT) to failure on the perceptual and affective responses, intent-to-continue RT to failure in a self-initiated session, and affect-intent relationship. Twenty-three untrained women (mean ± SD : age 21.2 ± 2.2 years; height 167 ± 5.7 cm; body mass, 62.3 ± 16.2 kg) completed an 8-week, full-body RT to failure intervention at a low (30% 1RM; n = 11) or high (80% 1RM; n = 12) load. The Borg's rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale was used to assess the acute (aRPE) and session (sRPE) RPE immediately after repetition failure and each training session, respectively. Immediately, 15-minute, and 60-minute postsession affective responses were assessed using the feeling scale (FS; -5 to +5), and intent to continue to RT was assessed on a scale of 0-100% intention. During week 4 (W4) and week 8 (W8), aRPE (W4: 18 ± 2, W8: 18 ± 2; p ≤ 0.032) and sRPE (W4: 17 ± 2, W8: 18 ± 1; p ≤ 0.018) were greater than that during week 1 (W1; aRPE: 17 ± 2; sRPE: 16 ± 2). The FS responses increased from immediately to 60-minute postsession during W4 ( p ≤ 0.019) and W8 ( p ≤ 0.049). The correlation between affect and intent-to-continue RT increased from W1 ( r = 0.416) to W8 ( r = 0.777). Regardless of load, untrained women reported similar perceptual, affective, and intention responses. These variables should be considered to improve RT program adoption and adherence in women.

TRAINING LOAD THROUGH HEART RATE AND PERCEIVED EXERTION DURING CROSSFIT®

ABSTRACT Introduction: Monitoring of CrossFit® training load should be considered to facilitate training outcomes and avoid overtraining. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine the heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and internal load responses to each segment of a CrossFit® training session. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional design was used in this study. Fifteen healthy male recreational athletes with at least six months experience in CrossFit® training participated in this study. Seven non-consecutive CrossFit® training sessions consisting of mobility, warm-up, skill, and workout segments were performed with a minimum of 48 hours between sessions. Exercise modalities within sessions were constantly varied according to the CrossFit® training programming template. HR was measured every two minutes throughout each session. Peak HR, average HR, RPE after each segment, and session RPE were recorded. Results: HR significantly increased during each segment of the training sessions (p &lt; 0.01), except between the warm-up and skill segments (p = 0.180). Mean total session HR was 65.1 ± 5.4% HRmax and peak HR was 95.3 ± 4.1% HRmax. RPE and internal load increased significantly in each segment (p &lt; 0.05). While intensity measurements increased during CrossFit® training, the HR responses differed from the RPE and internal load. Conclusion: When switching from one segment to another, HR fell below the HRpeak of the previous segment, which shows that the time spent switching between the training segments influenced the average HR of the entire session. Level of evidence III; Case control study; Investigating the results of treatment.

Inter-Set Voluntary Hyperventilation-Aided Recovery Does Not Improve Performance of Bench Press and Squat in Recreationally Trained Individuals

Introduction: To examine the effects of voluntary hyperventilation (VH) between sets of bench press (BP) and squat (SQ) at 70 and 90% 1RM on repetitions to failure, power, bar velocity, blood lactate, session RPE (sRPE), and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2). Methods: Fifteen recreationally trained (2.92 ± 2.18 yrs. of resistance training experience) college-aged males (20.27 ± 1.39 yrs., 182.40 ± 7.42 cm, 82.23 ± 10.84 kg) performed 3 sets of BP and SQ to failure at 70 and 90% 1RM on separate days with normal breathing (CON) or 30 sec of VH during inter-set rest periods. Results: There were no significant differences between conditions for repetitions, power, velocity and sRPE (p’s &gt; 0.05) at either intensity. VH resulted in a slight attenuation of blood lactate accumulation between sets 2 and 3 of SQ (p = 0.037). There was a significant condition and intensity interaction for SmO2 of the pectoralis (p = 0.034) with VH producing higher SmO2 at 90% 1RM and lower SmO2 at 70% 1RM than the CON. Conclusions: Voluntary hyperventilation did not produce an ergogenic effect in recreationally trained individuals which, when considering current evidence, suggests other factors including training experience, may influence the effectiveness of VH.

The influence of maturity on recovery and perceived exertion, and its relationship with illnesses and non-contact injuries in young soccer players.

A high training load could increase the risk of injury in soccer players. However, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the effect on young athletes, in whom a different maturity status could lead to different physiological responses to training. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association of internal load markers and recovery status with risk of illnesses and non-contact injuries in young soccer players characterised by different maturity status. Twenty-three U14 soccer players were monitored during a full season and categorised according to years from peak height velocity (PHV). Based on the estimated values, athletes were divided into three different groups: Pre-PHV, Circa-PHV and Post-PHV players. The following internal load markers were monitored: rating of perceived exertion (RPE), session rating of perceived exertion (S-RPE), weekly load (WL), cumulative loads for 2, 3, and 4 weeks (WL2, WL3, WL4), acute to chronic workload ratio for 2, 3 and 4 weeks (A:C2, A:C3, A:C4) and week-to-week percentage variation (%WL). Recovery status was quantified using the total quality recovery (TQR) scale. Z-score transformation was adopted for TQR and RPE values and the difference between the parameters was calculated (Z-TQR-RPE). The Kruskal-Wallis test was adopted to evaluate differences in TQR and RPE with respect to maturity offset. A multinomial regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between internal load markers and risk of illness and non-contact injuries. The variables that showed a significant association were included in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The results revealed that RPE was significantly higher (p < 0.01) and TQR significantly lower (p < 0.05) in Post-PHV compared to Pre- and Circa-PHV. Moreover, RPE, A:C4, TQR and Z-TQR-RPE showed a significant (p < 0.01) association with non-contact injuries. The internal load markers included in ROC curve analysis showed poor predictive ability (AUC ≤ 0.6). A rapid increase in training load together with a decrease in recovery status may produce higher susceptibility to illnesses and non-contact injuries. The contrasting physiological responses found in relation to maturity status could explain the different injury predisposition in young soccer players.