Sesbania Aculeate Research Articles

Dynamic Studies of Nodulation and Morphological Characterization of Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeate L.) Accessions

Sesbania aculeate is a quick growing, succulent, easily decomposable and produces maximum amount of organic matter and nitrogen in the soil. Sesbania green manure after decomposition, increases humus, available nitrogen and lower down the C:N ratio of soil, aeration, permeability, enhance the boron and iron content in soil and also protect the soil from leaching of nutrients. Besides this significance, current study was carried out during rabi 2022 at ADAC&RI, Trichy to characterize the explored Daincha germplasms for their morpho biometric triats, green biomass yield and nodulation. Daincha germplasm Sivagangai local recorded more green biomass yield (19.8t / ha) and superior contributing biometrical traits. The number of Rhizobium colonies was higher in Sivagangai local as compared to Villupuram local, Vellore local & Pant variety. This could further be utilized for their symbiotic effectiveness determination under field condition and can be effectively utilized in hybridization programs for improving more green biomass yield.

Amelioration of biomass character of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) by mitigating abiotic stress with green manure application and organic biostimulant treatment

The present research was undertaken to explore the applicability of Oman's agricultural soil to rice cultivation. The response of the Basmati rice yield and the uptake of soil nutrients to various fertilization regimes was studied. Small-scale pot-based experiments were conducted using Oman's agricultural soil with a randomized block design with biostimulant seed treatment followed by different combinations of green manures such as alfalfa, broad beans and sesbania aculeate and control treatment without fertilizers. Rice yield decreased only in control pots, although favourable yield levels in all other treatments were retained. All organically treated plots demonstrated a greater absorption of added phosphorus control. The findings revealed that the effect of alfalfa on several parameters such as an improvement in grain yield, nutrient content, increased microbial biomass and soil enzymatic activity was more pronounced than that of broad beans and sesbania aculeate. This result can be due to higher organic matter growth and more generous supply and uptake of nutrient cations through the introduction of alfalfa. The research results suggest that green manure with low carbon to nitrogen ratio can improve nutrient availability, soil microbial biomass and therefore can be able to produce good yields in rice cultivation systems.

Assessment of Allelopathic Potential of Selected Legume Leaf Extracts on Seedling Growth of Raphanus sativus L.

The aim of the present investigation was to assess the allelopathic potential of 25 Bangladeshi legume plants against the seedling development of the allelopathic-sensitive plant Raphanus sativus L. Five distinct concentrations of these plant species' aqueous leaf extracts viz., 1:05, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, and 1.25 (w/v) were employed. Every time, distilled water (with no extract) was acted as a control, and the bioassay test was repeated three times. The inhibitory actions relied on concentration and the shoot growth was less responsive to plant extracts than the root development. The shoot growth of R. sativus was less inhibited (70%) by lentil (Lens culinaris) leaf extract whilst African dhaincha (Sesbania aculeate L) at concentration of 1:05 (w/v) provided the highest inhibition (100%). At a concentration of 1:10 (w/v), the root of Krishnochura (Delonix regia), Sada koroi (Albizia procera), Radhachura (Peltophorum pterocarpum), Minjiri, (Cassia siamea), Polash (Butea monosperma), Ipilipil (Leucaena leucocephala), Tripatri shak (Desmodium triflorum), Country bean (Lablab purpureus), Black gram (Vigna mungo), Ground nut (Arachis hypogae), Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata) and African dhaincha (Sesbania rostrata) exhibited the highest level of inhibition (100%) while Bokful (Sesbania grandiflora), had the lowest level of inhibitory activity (87%) at the same concentration. Comparing root growth inhibition (ranged 56–81%) to shoot growth inhibition (ranged 37–77%), the aqueous leaf extracts of legume plants demonstrated a lower level of inhibition on shoot growth. Lentil (Lens culinaris) provided the lowest average inhibition (37%) on the development of R. sativus shoots and Faba bean (Vicia faba) provided the greatest average inhibition (77%). Meanwhile, Tripatri shak (Desmodium triflorum), a herb legume, provided the least average inhibition (56%) on the root development of R. sativus (56%) and Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) offered the greatest (81%) level of inhibition. Compared to the categories of legume species the shrubs had the most limitation on the growth of R. sativus shoots (65%), whereas herb species had the least (60%) of this effect. However, the tree species had the most root growth inhibition (70%) while the herb species had the lowest (68%). According to the findings, African dhaincha (Sesbania rostrata), followed by Soybean (Glycine max), Faba bean (Vicia faba), Blackgram (Vigna mungo), and Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), are prospective candidates among the examined legume plant species that have substantial allelopathic features and may be used for further allelochemical extraction and characterization.

Performance and emission study of sesbania aculeate biodiesel in a VCR diesel engine

The increasing energy demand and pollution due to fossil fuels influence the necessity of finding a appropriate alternative fuel for a cleaner environment and to sustain the usage of diesel engines in the automobile sector. This research focuses on such exploration of new alternative fuel (biodiesel) and to study its effect on emission and the performance parameters at a 1500 rpm constant speed on a 4-stroke, single-cylinder, variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine. The biodiesel from the sesbania aculeate seed oil is produced through the transesterification process. The blends of sesbania aculeate oil methyl ester (SAOME) with diesel mixture SAOME10, SAOME20, SAOME30, and SAOME40 are used as fuels at various engine loads (20% to 100%) and different compression ratios (CR) (16.5, 17.5 and 18.5). The emission and performance indicators of the proposed biodiesel are analyzed and an evaluation is made with diesel. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that for SAOME20, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) are respectively 12.3% lesser and 8.21% higher than diesel under peak load at CR 18.5. Also the experimental investigation confirms a significant emission decrease in NOX, HC, and CO when there is an increase in CR and load.

Impact of different processing treatments on techno and biofunctional characteristics of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeate).

Impact of different processing techniques (wet heating, microwave processing, dry heating, soaking, and extrusion) on the techno-biofunctional characteristics of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeate) was investigated to ascertain the most effective method for processing dhaincha to improve its potentiality for utilization. All the processing techniques improved the cooking quality of dhaincha seeds. Thermal processing techniques were effective in reducing antinutrients and enhancing the antioxidant activity in comparison to soaking. Microwave and extrusion processing completely inactivated lectin and trypsin inhibitor activity and reduced 13.48% and 23.68% saponins, respectively. Extrusion treatment resulted in the maximum increase in total phenols (21.94 to 28.48 GAE mg/g) and flavonoids (0.94 to 1.41 QE mg/g) with consequent highest increase in ABTS· + RSA (161.21 to 261.27 TEAC μmol/100g), FRAP (34.97 to 39.04 TEAC μmol/g), reducing power (12.18 to 17.05 AAE mg/g), and metal chelating activity (2.65 to 3.76 mmol EDTAE/100g). Furthermore, extrusion treatment improved techno-functional characteristics and exhibited improvement in the freeze and refrigeration thaw stability in comparison to other methods of processing. Extrusion processing was the most effective method to process dhaincha for improving its techno-biofunctionality.

Thirty-one Years Study of Integrated Nutrient Management on Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil Under Rice–Wheat Cropping System

ABSTRACT Long-term sustainability is the concern of today’s agriculture. A long-term field experiment (since 1983) comprising of 14 treatments with different combinations of inorganic (NPK) and organic fertilizers (such as farmyard manure, wheat cut straw and Sesbania aculeate as green manure) was conducted to evaluate their effect on soil physico-chemical properties under a rice–wheat system. There was significant (P < .05) reduction in bulk density and soil strength but significant (P < .05) increase in infiltration rate and water retention with the use of organic manures along with chemical fertilizers. Organic C, nitrate-N, ammonical-N, and nutrient content were significantly (P < .05) higher in integrated nutrient management treated plots as compared to control. The highest carbon sequestration rate over the 3 decades was recorded in T6, i.e., 50% recommended NPK dose through fertilizers + 50% N through FYM in kharif and 100% recommended NPK dose through fertilizers in rabi (0.29 Mg C ha−1 year−1) as compared to chemically fertilized plots T5, i.e., 100% recommended NPK dose through fertilizers (0.13 Mg C ha−1 year−1). A positive and significant correlation was observed between organic carbon and soil physico-chemical properties barring bulk density, soil strength, pH, and electrical conductivity. The results clearly suggest that integrated use of balanced chemical fertilizers in combination with organic manures on long-term basis improves soil physico-chemical properties and soil carbon sequestration thereby having the potential to enhance soil sustainability.

Tillage and residue management practices affect soil biological indicators in a rice–wheat cropping system in north‐western India

AbstractAgricultural productivity relies on a wide range of ecosystem services provided by the soil biota. Sustainable management practices, such as tillage and residue management, can influence structure and function of the soil microbiota, with direct consequences for the associated ecosystem services. Although there is increasing evidence that different tillage regimes alter the soil biological indices, we only have a limited understanding of their temporal changes in a rice (Oryza sativaL.)–wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cropping system. We evaluated the effects of combinations of tillage, crop residue management and green manuring on soil biological indicators after 5 years of the practising rice–wheat system (RWS). Four main plot treatments in rice included the following: (a)PTRW0, puddled transplanted rice with no wheat straw retained; (b)PTRW25, puddled transplanted rice with 25% anchored wheat stubbles retained; (c)PTRW0+Sesbania aculeateL. green manure (GM); and (d)PTRW25+GM, puddled transplanted rice with 25% anchored wheat stubbles retained+GM. There were three subplot treatments in the subsequent wheat crop: (a)CTWR0, conventional tillage wheat with rice residue removed; (b)ZTWR0, zero tillage wheat with rice residue removed; and (c)ZTWR100,ZTWwith 100% rice residue retained as mulch. ThePTRW25+GMtreatment, followed byZTWR100, significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon, basal soil respiration, microbial quotient and mineralization quotient measured during wheat‐growing season. These biological indicators were higher at vigorous vegetative wheat growth stage than at flowering stage and decreased at maturity. The principal component analysis of the assayed variables showed that all the variables significantly contributed to the variability in parameters examined and were more related to maximum tillering stage of wheat growth than to maturity or at sowing of wheat. Three highly effective biological indicators were microbial biomass carbon, microbial quotient and mineralization quotient, which responded significantly to changes in tillage and residue management practices in theRWS. We conclude that crop residues and green manure have significant to improve soil biochemical processes by improving soil organic carbon and soil biological indicators in rice–wheat cropping system.

Selecting Optimal Combination of Operating Parameters of VCR Diesel Engine Adopting AHP

Objective: To select the optimal combination of Variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine operating parameters using Sesbania aculeate biodiesel. Method/Statistical Analysis: The Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP)approach is a mathematical approach used to find the optimal combination of VCR diesel engine operating parameters and the best blend of Sesbania aculeata biodiesel. Findings: It provides the alternatives and also the visualization of various criteria and their interrelations. The alternatives are ranked by measuring the criteria and their relative importance. The permanent concept helps for the better appreciation of criteria and considers the problem selection as it contains possible criteria components and their relative importance. It was found that the optimal combination of 100% load, 17.5 compression ratio and SAOME20 blend is the optimal combination of operating parameters of the VCR diesel engine. Novelty/Improvement: The best combination of operating parameters can be found systematically and logically using AHP. Keywords: Matrix, Permanent Index, Sesbania Aculeata Biodiesel, VCR Engine, AHP

Effect of nutrient management on soil organic carbon sequestration, fertility, and productivity under rice-wheat cropping system in semi-reclaimed sodic soils of North India.

The ever shrinking agricultural land availability and the swelling demand of food for the growing population fetch our attention towards utilizing partially reclaimed sodic soils for cultivation. In the present investigation, we compared six treatments, like control (T1), existing farmers' practice (T2), balanced inorganic fertilization (T3) and combined application of green gram (Vigna radiate) with inorganic NPK (T4), green manure (Sesbania aculeate) with inorganic NPK (T5), and farmyard manure with inorganic NPK (T6), to study the influence of nutrient management on soil organic carbon sequestration and soil fertility under long-term rice-wheat cropping system along with its productivity in gypsum-amended partially reclaimed sodic soils of semi-arid sub-tropical Indian climate. On an average, combined application of organics along with fertilizer NPK (T4, T5, and T6) decreased soil pH, ESP, and BD by 3.5, 13.0, and 6.7% than FP (T2) and 3.7, 12.5, and 6.7%, than balanced inorganic fertilizer application (T3), respectively, in surface (0-20cm). These treatments (T4, T5, and T6) also increased 14.1% N and 19.5% P availability in soil over the usual farmers' practice (FP) with an additional saving of 44.4 and 27.3% fertilizer N and P, respectively. Long-term (6years) incorporation of organics (T4, T5, and T6) sequestered 1.5 and 2.0 times higher soil organic carbon as compared to the balanced inorganic (T3) and FP (T2) treatments, respectively. The allocation of soil organic carbon into active and passive pools determines its relative susceptibility towards oxidation. The lower active to passive ratio (1.63) in FYM-treated plots along with its potentiality of higher soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration compared to the initial stock proved its acceptability for long-term sustenance under intensive cropping even in partially reclaimed sodic soils. Among all the treatments, T4 yielded the maximum from second year onwards. Moreover, after 6years of continuous cultivation, the observed EWY (2011-2012) was found to be 41.9 and 33.1% higher in T4 as compared to FP (T2) and T3, respectively. Thus, for maintaining higher yield coupled with improved SOC sequestration and nutrient availability, T4 followed by T6 treatments would be the suitable options for long-term intensive rice-wheat system in partially reclaimed sodic soils of northern India.

Sesbania aculeate biomass hydrolysis using magnetic nanobiocomposite of cellulase for bioethanol production

Cellulase bound magnetic nanoparticles was used as nanobiocatalyst for the hydrolysis of Sesbania aculeate biomass in the present study. The characteristic peak at 1624 cm−1 in FT-IR spectrum confirmed the presence of cellulase on MNP. The particle size of the nanobiocatalyst was found in the range of 90–100 nm and it was structurally found to be cubic in nature. The paramagnetic behavior of nanobiocatalyst was confirmed by VSM analysis. The optimal parameters are 1.5% (w/v) of nanobiocatalyst concentration, biomass concentration of 4% (w/v) and temperature at 30 °C. The maximum bioethanol yield of 5.31 g/l was obtained using Sesbania aculeate biomass hydrolysate under optimal conditions. The produced bioethanol was confirmed by GC-MS analysis. Reusability study was analyzed and proved that the nanobiocatalyst was efficient for the feasible production of bioethanol.

Production strategies of organic basmati rice in Tarai region of Uttarakhand, India

Field experiments were conducted at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India, during rainy season 2012 to 2014 to explore possible outcomes of sustainable production of organic basmati rice in terms of productivity, water use efficiency and methane emission reduction in North Western Himalayas of India. Six sets of nutrient management and production technology treatments were taken in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Traditional basmati rice variety type 3 popularly known as Dehraduni Basmati was taken for study. Dry matter production, crop growth rate and effective tillers were found higher in green manuring (GM) + vermicompost (VC) during all the 3 years. Overall highest grain yield of basmati rice (average over 3 years) was found in GM + VC with Sesbania aculeate (3209 kg ha−1) followed by System of Rice Intensification (SRI) (3174 kg ha−1), while lowest grain yield of basmati rice was recorded in organic control (2871 kg ha−1). However, only four treatments were considered to quantify methane (CH4) flux. Maximum CH4 flux was observed at panicle initiation stage (55 days after transplanting (DAT)). Across the crop growth period, GM + VC, farmyard manure (FYM) + VC, SRI and chemical control produced an average CH4 flux of 20.19, 13.00, 9.83 and 5.53 mg m−2 h−1, respectively. This shows that among the nutrient sources, CH4 emission was higher in organically fertilized plots as compared to chemically fertilized with urea at initial stages; however, at later stages, not much variation was observed in CH4 emission for different nutrient sources. Even with in organic system, less CH4 was emitted from SRI field where water was maintained through alternate wetting and drying system.

Comparison of various potting media for their influence on nutrients supply, germination, and growth of muskmelon (cucumis melo L.) seedlings

ABSTRACTPeat moss is used as potting mix for growing muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seedlings. However, it is not economical for most of the farmers in developing countries. The objectives of the present study were to compare various sources of composts as substitutes for peat moss, evaluate their physicochemical properties, and their effects on germination and growth of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seedlings under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included pure peat moss (control), and composts prepared from guar (Cyammopsis tetragonoloba L.), jantar (Sesbania aculeate L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L) straw, at three air-filled porosity (AFP) levels (10, 15, and 20%) and rice (Oryza sativa) hulls at 10% AFP level. The second factor was the addition and devoid of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers. The addition of fertilizers in all potting media at 10% AFP level showed a small increase in total nitrogen, extractable phosphorus, and potassium. In the guar and jantar compost at 10% AFP, the values of total N (92.43 and 85.32%), extractable P (68.13 and 76.65%), and K (63.33 and 49%) were higher than in peat moss. It is concluded that composts of guar, jantar, wheat straw, and rice hulls at 10% AFP level can be used as a substitute of peat moss for growing muskmelon seedlings, but the addition of N, P, and K fertilizers is required in wheat straw and rice hulls compost for better nutrition of muskmelon seedlings.

Enhanced antioxidants and physico-chemical properties of aromatic rice under long term organic nutrient management

The effects of long term organic nutrient management (after 10 years of organic farming) on rice quality, especially with reference to the antioxidant properties of an aromatic indica rice cultivar Geetanjali were investigated during wet and dry season of 2012–13. Seven different combinations of organic manures were applied as a nutrient source. The estimation of total phenolic content, DPPH antioxidant activity and total flavonoids were carried out by spectrophotometer and γ-oryzanol content (GO) by HPLC. All other physicochemical parameters were measured by standard laboratory methods. It was observed that total antioxidant capacity (88.38% inhibition of DPPH), γ-oryzanol (417.4 μg/g) and total phenolic content (277.67 μg/g) were higher in farm yard manure (FYM) + green manure (GM with Sesbania aculeate) treatment, whereas flavonoids, soluble protein and crude oil content were highest under only GM treated field. The physico-chemical and cooking properties of grain did not vary significantly among the treatments except amylose content (AC) and gel consistency (GC). The nutritional quality in terms of antioxidant compounds, protein and crude oil content was depleted after cooking of the grains. Therefore, application of FYM+GM (with Sesbania aculeate; 1: 1 N basis) or at least GM application instead of any other combinations of organic manure at the time of land preparation may be useful for improving nutritional quality of rice under long term organic nutrient management.

Effects of CaCl2 and NaHCO3 on the physical and mechanical properties of Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) cement-bonded particleboard

Laboratory size (30.00 × 20.00 cm2) wood–cement boards with a thickness of 14 cm were produced using wood particles of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeate). The effects of cement setting accelerator calcium chloride (CaCl2) and combination of CaCl2 and sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) on board properties were examined. The highest MOR and MOE values of the board were obtained from boards containing combination of CaCl2 and NaHCO3 as cement setting accelerator at a wood–cement ratio of 1:2.2. The thickness swelling values of boards were improved by using CaCl2 and NaHCO3 as cement setting accelerator compared to boards with no accelerator and only CaCl2 accelerator. This suggests that CaCl2 and NaHCO3 contributed to better particle-to-particle contact as a result of improved bonding ability with cement. The properties of certain boards are comparable to those of boards made from other raw materials. It is concluded that dhaincha with cement setting accelerator can be an alternative source to produce cement board with satisfactory properties.

Leaf fodder production in Mulberry by organic farming practices

A study was conducted to investigate the suitable organic components of eco-friendly nature in tree type of mulberry cultivation. The S-146 tree plantation, planted during 2002 were utilized for the study. Cultural operations like pruning, digging, weeding, etc. were adopted as per the recommended packages. Different combinations of input were applied and one control was also kept where no input was applied. The experiment was repeated thrice in both seasons (spring and autumn) and leaf yield was collected by randomly selecting 3 plants from each replication. It was found that in T2 treatment (application of Sericulture waste @ 10 t/ha/yr) + green manuring with Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeate) seeds inoculated with Rhizobium bacteria + FYM (10t/ha/yr) + vermicompost (05 t/ha/yr) + rock phosphate (50 kg/ha/yr) + liquid Biophos and Biopotash (500ml each/ha after mixing in 200 litre water) recorded maximum leaf yield (9.93 t/h/yr) as against 6.37 t/h/yr in control (without input). The leaf produced by application of different organics in T2 treatment was found improved total soluble protein (15.85%) and fibre (11.68%) as against 14.29 and 10.24 in control respectively. The cocoon quality also improved in treatment T2, by recording more silk ratio (SR%) 19.89, filament length (1025 m) and non-breakable filament length (1025 m) as against 18.33%, 995 m and 856 m respectively in control (T6 where no NPK was applied). This package is eco-friendly in which low external inputs involved and local resources are effectively recycled.

Integrated Nitrogen and Phosphorus Management in Rice Under Flood-Prone Lowland Situation

ABSTRACT Crop survival as influenced by integrated N management (INM) in rice variety ‘Gayatri’ was studied following 10 days of complete submergence at maximum tillering stage during 2003 and 2004 in the Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India. Organic N sources such as farmyard manure (FYM) and Sesbania aculeate were included in INM along with fertilizers N and P. Crops with the combined organics of FYM and Sesbania survived better after submergence, which was attributed to higher biomass production, less tiller mortality, greater root development, and higher critical N content in leaf, as compared with other treatments. These crops produced significantly higher grain yield (2.97 and 3.09t ha−1 in 2003 and 2004) compared with those with application of FYM (2.48 and 2.61 t ha−1), use of Sesbania (2.24 and 2.35 t ha−1) and chemical fertilizer N (1.98 and 2.07 t ha−1) alone. In both the years, application of P also led to higher grain yields (2.40 and 2.52 t ha−1) compared with no application of P (2.19 and 2.29 t ha−1). Interaction of INM with P showed that application of P with the combined organics increased grain yield by 13.1–13.7%, followed by that with FYM (10.16–12.2%), Sesbania (8.37–8.89%), and fertilizer N (7.33–8.04%). In both the years, greater nutrient utilization as evidenced by N use efficiency (29.2 and 29.7 kg grain per kg N ha−1), N uptake (54.0 and 57.0 kg ha−1), and N recovery (35.0 and 41.5%) was attributed to the crops with combined organics. P use efficiency (10.5 and 11.5 kg grain per kg P ha−1), P uptake (14.9 and 16.5 kg ha−1), and P recovery (28.5 and 31.5%) were higher in the treatments with applied P. Thus the study revealed that application of both FYM and Sesbania in combination with fertilizers N and P in rice improved crop growth resulting in increased grain yield and nutrient utilization in flood-prone situations. Therefore, it is recommended to follow INM that included FYM and Sesbania in combination with both fertilizers N and P in rice cultivation for increasing grain yield in flood-prone lowland situations.

Integrated Nutrient Management For Sustainable Rice Production

The concerns for sustainable soil productivity and ecological stability in relation to the use of chemical fertilizers have become an important issue. The fertilizer consumption of the nation is 74 kg/ha whereas it is 13 kg/ha in northeastern region (as high as 44.4 kg/ha in Manipur and as low as 1.7 kg/ha in Arunachal Pradesh). The marginal farmers in northeastern region are more than 60% of the farming community who are unable to use the inorganic fertilizer and hence the productivity of rice has been very poor (less than 1 tonne/ha) in the region. Organic manures are reported to enhance the fertilizer efficiency and reduce the requirement of inorganic fertilizers. Traditional green manures (Sesbania aculeate), organic manures (FYM) and problematic weeds (Ipomoea Carnea and Gliricidia maculata) may serve as alternative source of nutrients to the plants and may supplement any chemical fertilizers. Most of the green manure plants contain from 0.3 to 0.8% nitrogen (Khan et al., 2000). Integrating fertilizer nitrogen with legume green manure as alternative source of nutrients can aid development of sustainable agricultural management system. A series of experiments was conducted from 1993 to 1999 for integrated nutrient management by using the different sources of organic manures, green manures and chemical fertilizers and their combinations to study the effect on productivity of rice (cultivars CR-1009 and CR-1018, ‘Gayatri’) under rainfed lowland and varying irrigation regimes. The experiment was conducted during kharif season at Water Technology Deras Research Farm, Mendhasal (Bhubaneswar). Green—manuring with Sesbania aculeata increased rice yield by 7 q/ha. An increase of 3 q/ha was observed in comparison to beushening (Beushening is a cross ploughing in standing water under lowland rice ecosystem when rice plants are approximately 45 days old) without fertilizer and green manure treatment—which is a farmer's practice in this coastal region. Grain yield was higher in continuous submerged (5 ± 2 cm) treatments in comparison to intermittent irrigation (where irrigation was given to a depth of 7 cm and was reflooded after 2 days of disappearance of ponded water) treatments. However, the treatments of inorganic fertilizer (urea) in split dose gave a better yield under intermittent irrigation. Both sources of nitrogen i.e. organic or inorganic or their combination proved better than control (no nitrogen). Application of organic manures like Sesbania aculeate and Ipomoea carnea or their combination with urea was found superior to other green and organic manures. Gliricidia maculata gave higher grain yield in comparison to control (no nitrogen).

Chemistry of Leachates Collected During Phytoremediation of Calcareous Saline-sodic Soil with Sesbania (Sesbania aculeate)

Chemistry of Leachates Collected During Phytoremediation of Calcareous Saline-sodic Soil with Sesbania (Sesbania aculeate)

Maximizing yields in rice–groundnut cropping sequence through integrated nutrient management

Integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers can improve crop productivity and sustain soil health and fertility. The present research was conducted to study the effects of application of green manures [sesbania ( Sesbania aculeate Poiret) and crotalaria ( Crotalaria juncea L.)] and farmyard manure on productivity of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and its residual effects on subsequent groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) crop. Rice and groundnut crops were grown in sequence during rainy and post-rainy seasons with and without green manure in combination with different fertilizer and spacing treatments under irrigated conditions. The results showed that application of green manures sesbania and crotalaria at 10 t ha −1 to rice compared to no green manure application significantly increased grain yield of rice by 1.6 and 1.1 t ha −1, and pod yields of groundnut crop succeeding rice by 0.25 and 0.16 t ha −1, respectively. There was no significant difference between the application of crotalaria or farmyard manure at 10 t ha −1 on grain yields of rice, but pod yields of subsequent groundnut crop were greater with application of green manure. There was no significant effect of different spacing 20×15,15×15,15×10 cm 2 (333 000; 444 000; 666 000 plant ha −1, respectively) on grain yield of rice. Pod yields of groundnut were significantly greater with closer spacing 15×15 cm 2 (444 000 plants ha −1) as compared to spacing of 30×10 cm 2 (333 000 plants ha −1). Maximum grain of rice was obtained by application of 120:26:37 kg NPK ha −1 in combination with green manures, whereas maximum pod yield of groundnut was obtained by residual effect of green manure applied to rice and application of 30:26:33 kg NPK ha −1 in combination with gypsum applied to groundnut crop.