Sesamolin Contents Research Articles

Variability of Fatty Acid Composition and Lignan Content in Sesame Germplasm, and Effect of Roasting.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum) seeds are highly valued for their culinary applications and for producing a premium-quality oil. This study investigated the polyphenol content and fatty acid composition of a set of sesame accessions and examined their association with seed colors. Among the different colors, black-seeded accessions exhibited the highest total lignan content, while white-seeded accessions had average lower levels. Brown-seeded accessions showed relatively lower concentrations of sesamol and intermediate levels of sesamolin and sesamin than other colors. The oil derived from these seeds contained unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs), nutritionally crucial for human consumption. Brown varieties exhibited higher concentrations of these fatty acids. Roasting black and white sesame seeds at increasing temperatures (180 and 250 °C) significantly affected lignan and UFAs concentrations. Higher temperatures resulted in elevated levels of detrimental t-oleic and t-linoleic acids. Furthermore, sesamolin content notably decreased at 180 °C and became undetectable at 250 °C. The temperature also caused a marked increase in sesamol, regardless of seed color. PCA analysis highlighted clusters between white and black varieties according to roasting temperature, displaying the potential application of chemometrics to assess processing effects and ensure sesame quality and safety. This research provides valuable insights for exploiting sesame within agrosystems in Mediterranean climates.

The wild allotetraploid sesame genome provides novel insights into evolution and lignan biosynthesis

IntroductionThe wild tetraploid sesame (Sesamum schinzianum), an ancestral relative of diploid cultivated sesame, grows in the tropical desert of the African Plateau. As a valuable seed resource, wild sesame has several advantageous traits, such as strong environmental adaptability and an extremely high content of sesamolin in its seeds. High-quality genome assembly is essential for a detailed understanding of genome structure, genome evolution and crop improvement. ObjectivesHere, we generated two high-quality chromosome-scale genomes from S. schinzianum and a cultivated diploid elite sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) to investigate the potential genetic basis underlying these traits of wild sesame. MethodsThe long-read data from PacBio Sequel II platform and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data were used to construct high-quality sesame genome. Then dissecting the molecular mechanisms of sesame evolution and lignan biosynthesis through comparative genomics and transcriptomics. ResultsWe found evidence of divergent evolution that involved differences in the number, sequence and expression level of homologous genes between the two sets of subgenomes from allotetraploids in S. schinzianum, all of which might be driven by subfunctionalization after polyploidization. Furthermore, it was found that a great number of genes involved in the stress response have undergone positive selection and resulted from gene family expansion in the wild sesame genome compared with the cultivated sesame genome, which, overall, is associated with adaptative evolution to the environment. We hypothesized that the sole functional member CYP92B14 (SscC22g35272) could be associated with high content of sesamolin in wild sesame seeds. ConclusionThis study provides high-quality wild allotetraploid sesame and cultivated sesame genomes, reveals evolutionary features of the allotetraploid genome and provides novel insights into lignan synthesis pathways. Meanwhile, the wild sesame genome will be an important resource to conduct comparative genomic and evolutionary studies and plant improvement programmes.

Comparison of Phytochemicals in Sesame and Perilla (Seeds and Oils) Grown at Mae Hong Son Thailand

Abstract Sesame and perilla seeds were analyzed for fat, protein, moisture and ash. Their mineral contents, lignan, γ-tocopherol and fatty acid profiles were also determined. The results showed that sesame seeds had higher protein, lipid and mineral contents but lower fiber contents than perilla seeds, accounting for 17.38-20.76%, 42.70-46.18%, 3.07-6.47%, 18.00-21.88%, respectively. Major minerals in the seed were 0.26-0.95% calcium and 0.11-0.23% magnesium. Perilla oil showed lower pH than sesame oil giving it higher acid value. Most lignans were more concentrated in sesame than perilla. Sesamin was the predominant lignin, followed by sesamolin. The sesamin and sesamolin contents in sesame were ranged for 148.30-183.68 mg/100g and 33.96-43.54 mg/100g, respectively. Although black sesame oil had low content of sesamin and sesamolin, it performed high physiological functions due to its high contents of γ-tocopherol and unsaturated fatty acid. Gamma tocopherol of the oils was ranged from 35.81 to 51.64 mg/100g, and perilla oil showed the highest γ-tocopherol content. Fatty acid profiles revealed that the major fatty acids in sesame oils were 44.43-47.21% linoleic followed by 36.40-38.39% oleic, 7.07-9.64% palmitic and 5.09-7.72% stearic acids, giving them high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA). White sesame oil had higher linoleic acid but lower oleic acid than other sesame oils. Perilla oil contained high amounts of 55.27% α-linolenic followed by 19.75% linoleic, 12.70% oleic and 7.38% plamitic acids, giving it high PUFA, but low SFA and MUFA. Keywords: Chemical composition, Minerals, Fatty acid profiles, Lignans, Gamma-tocopherol

Fine Mapping of a Major Pleiotropic QTL Associated with Sesamin and Sesamolin Variation in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.).

Deciphering the genetic basis of quantitative agronomic traits is a prerequisite for their improvement. Herein, we identified loci governing the main sesame lignans, sesamin and sesamolin variation in a recombinant inbred lines (RILs, F8) population under two environments. The content of the two lignans in the seeds was investigated by HPLC. The sesamin and sesamolin contents ranged from 0.33 to 7.52 mg/g and 0.36 to 2.70 mg/g, respectively. In total, we revealed 26 QTLs on a linkage map comprising 424 SSR markers, including 16 and 10 loci associated with sesamin and sesamolin variation, respectively. Among them, qSmin_11.1 and qSmol_11.1 detected in both the two environments explained 67.69% and 46.05% of the phenotypic variation of sesamin and sesamolin, respectively. Notably, qSmin11-1 and qSmol11-1 were located in the same interval of 127–127.21 cM on LG11 between markers ZMM1776 and ZM918 and acted as a pleiotropic locus. Furthermore, two potential candidate genes (SIN_1005755 and SIN_1005756) at the same locus were identified based on comparative transcriptome analysis. Our results suggest the existence of a single gene of large effect that controls expression, both of sesamin and sesamolin, and provide genetic information for further investigation of the regulation of lignan biosynthesis in sesame.

Using solid acid catalysts to improve the oxidative stability of cold-pressed sesame oil

The application of cold-pressed sesame oil (CSO) in the food industry is limited by its weak oxidative stability. The objective was to improve the oxidative stability of CSO by using different solid acid catalysts (SACs) with heat. The effects of SACs on the physicochemical properties, lignan content, oxidative stability and antioxidant capacity of oil samples were investigated. The different oil samples were: CSO without catalyst or heat (L); CSO without catalyst but with heat (CK); and CSO treated with four different SACs, namely hydrogen beta zeolite (Hβ), citric acid (CA), CA loaded on Hβ (CA/Hβ), 12-tungstophosphoric acid (PA) and PA loaded on Hβ (PA/Hβ). In the oil samples treated with SACs, the content of sesamin and sesamolin decreased significantly, and the content of asarinin and sesamol increased accordingly. The oxidative stability and antioxidant capacity of the oil samples Hβ, CA/Hβ and PA/Hβ were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05). The characterization of SACs showed that CA and PA were distributed uniformly inside the framework of Hβ. In summary, using SACs with heat effectively converted lignan into asarinin and sesamol, and enhanced the oxidative stability of CSO. This information should be useful for exploring the potential industrial applications of CSO.

Genetic studies on sesamin and sesamolin content and other yield attributing characters in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Sesamum (SesamumindicumL.) is an important ancient oilseed crop known to mankind, which is considered as Queen of Oilseed crops. Lignans a group of secondary metabolites present in seeds which are responsible for the therapeutic value, especially sesamin and sesamolin possess various biological properties attributing to its health promoting effects. Four low lignan lines and four high lignan lines were selected and hybrids synthesized in Line x Tester mating design. These hybrids were raised during Kharif 2019 in RCBD design with three replications. The genotype JLS-57 was identified as good general combiner for seed yield, the total number of capsules, plant height, the number of primary branches and the number of secondary branches, sesamin and sesamolin content showing a significant GCA effect. The tester GUN-18 and PKDS-12 shows significant GCA effects towards seed yield, plant height, sesamin and sesamolin content. The cross (KRISHNA x PKDS-12) shows high and negative SCA effects towards sesamin and sesamolin content. The cross (JLS 57 x PKDS 12) was high and positive SCA effects towards earliness and 1000 seed weight, but low towards yield and sesamin and sesamolin content. The crosses (JLS-57 x GUN-18), (SI-3099 x PKDS 12) and (IC-205071 x GUN-18) shows high SCA effects towards sesamin and sesamolin content. These crosses will be evaluated in further generations for isolating high sesamin, sesamolin content and high yield.

Inheritance, heritability and association of agronomic traits and sesamin and sesamolin contents in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Inheritance, heritability and association of agronomic traits and sesamin and sesamolin contents in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Characterization and Oxidative Stability of Cold-pressed Sesame Oil Microcapsules Prepared by Complex Coacervation.

Although cold-pressed sesame oil (CPSO) possesses high nutritional value, its application in the food industry is limited due to its poor oxidative stability. The aim of this study was to enhance the oxidative stability of CPSO by complex coacervation microcapsule technology with gelatin and gum Arabic as wall materials. The characterization of CPSO microcapsules were evaluated by a particle image analyzer, a laser particle size distribution analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The encapsulation efficiency (EE) reached 90.25%. The average particle size of the microcapsules was approximately 117.1 μm and many oil droplets were encapsulated by complex coacervation to form a multinuclear spherical microcapsule. The FTIR study confirmed that the process of complex coacervation was formed between gelatin and gum Arabic by electrostatic interactions. The TGA study suggested that the microcapsules had good heat resistance. The fatty acid composition, the content of sesamin, sesamolin and vitamin E in CPSO were determined before and after microencapsulation. It showed that the microencapsulation process had almost no effect on the fatty acid composition, sesamin and sesamolin, only Vitamin E was slightly lost during the microencapsulation process. The accelerated storage test showed that microencapsulation significantly increased the oxidative stability of CPSO.

Research on oxidative stability of protein-fat mixture based on sesame and flax seeds for use in halva technology

The analysis of the main methods of modeling the formulations of protein-fat mixtures for special purposes has been conducted. Considerable attention is paid to the choice of methods for stabilizing their lipid component from oxidative damage. The urgency of increasing the oxidative stability of the protein-fat mixtures due to natural antioxidants is emphasized. The feasibility of comprehensive studies of their effect on the stability to oxidation of the most labile biologically active substances of protein-fat mixtures is substantiated. The content of furan antioxidants in the sesame seeds of Ilona, Kadet, Boyarin varieties has been determined. The correlation between the content of free and bound sesamol (sesamolin) has been determined. The content of a-linolenic acid and tocopherols in seeds of Southern Night, Kivik, Sympatik flax varieties has been also investigated. The choice of sesame and flax varieties for the creation of protein-fat mixture for special-purpose, which is a source of w-3 group polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants (sesamol and sesamolin), is justified. The effect of sesamolin content and moisture in the seeds of Ilona variety sesame on the oxidation resistance of its lipid component has been studied. A mathematical dependence describing such effect has been obtained. A regularity of increasing oxidation stability of sesame lipids with increasing its moisture content from 4.0 to 9.5 % has been revealed. This can be explained by sesamolin hydrolysis intensification with the release of sesamol and samin antioxidants. The stabilization effect of a-linolenic acid of flaxseed (Southern Night variety) by free sesame sesamol in the protein-fat mixture for special-purpose has been studied. It has been proved that a rational ratio of w-3 fatty acids and sesamol has a significant effect on the inhibition of lipid oxidation of the protein-fat mixture for special purposes. The content of the protein-fat mixture for special-purpose in sunflower halva at the level of 20 % has been substantiated using a sensory evaluation method. The oxidative stability, organoleptic and physicochemical quality control parameters of the product have been investigated. It has been determined that the oxidation stability (and, accordingly, the predicted shelf life) of model samples of sunflower halva depend on the content of protein-fat mixture in them

Using Turmeric Oil as a Solvent Improves the Distribution of Sesamin-Sesamolin in the Serum and Brain of Mice.

Accumulation of amyloid-β peptide is associated with Alzheimer's dementia. Previously, we reported that sesamin and sesamolin inhibited β-secretase activity in vitro, and each was transported to the serum and brain in mice after oral administration. However, the bioavailability of sesamin and sesamolin was poor in mice. In this study, we aimed to improve the bioavailability of sesamin and sesamolin. We found that the levels of sesamin and sesamolin in mouse serum and brain were higher after the administration of a mixture of sesame extract and turmeric oil (MST) than those after administering sesame extract alone. Serum sesamin and sesamolin contents in the MST-treated group were 23-fold and 15-fold higher, respectively, than those in the sesame extract-treated group. Brain sesamin and sesamolin contents in the MST-treated group were 14-fold and 11-fold higher, respectively, than those in the sesame extract-treated group. These results suggest that turmeric oil is an effective solvent to enhance the bioavailability of sesamin and sesamolin.

Drought stress influenced sesamin and sesamolin content and polyphenolic components in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) populations with contrasting seed coat colors

Ten sesame genotypes planted under two irrigation regimes of 60% and 90%, as the maximum allowable depletion (MAD), were used to investigate the effects of drought stress on certain quantitative and qualitative characters of sesame seeds with four contrasting coat colors. The polyphenolic components, sesamin, sesamolin, total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), radical scavenging activity (RSA), seed yield, and oil content of the seeds were also examined. Results revealed that drought decreased seed yield, oil content, sesamin, and quercetin but increased TFC, TPC, and RSA as well as most of polyphenolic components and sesamolin. The drought-tolerant genotypes including Markazi1 exhibited higher chlorogenic, ellagic, and p-coumaric acids as well as TFC, RSA, and rutin. While the dark-seeded sesame genotypes contained higher caffeic, ferulic, ellagic acids as well as TPC and RSA, the light-seeded ones were richer in sesamin and sesamolin as well as p-coumaric and gallic acids. The findings of the study provided basic information on the changes in some seed secondary metabolites when sesame was subjected to drought stress. The results also confirmed not only the presence of considerable amounts of antioxidants in sesame seeds but also differences in secondary metabolite levels among the sesame seeds with different seed coat colors.

Quantification of bioactive lignans in sesame seeds using HPTLC densitometry: Comparative evaluation by HPLC-PDA

Sesamin and sesamolin constitute the main bioactive secondary metabolites of sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L., Pedaliaceae). In the present work, a rapid HPTLC-based methodology was developed in compliance with the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia for the quantification of these two lignans in sesame seeds. A comparative study was simultaneously performed with HPLC-PDA for assessing the sesamin and sesamolin content of diverse samples. Both methods were validated and the results were subsequently subjected to statistical analysis in order to compare their performance as well as to investigate possible correlations. The methods were shown to be adequately correlated in terms of performance, as revealed by Pearson’s rank correlation coefficients (>0.99 for sesamin and >0.98 for sesamolin) and Bland-Altman analysis (relative method bias 0.06–0.21, SD of bias 0.05–0.07). HPTLC densitometry could thereby serve as a valid and reliable tool for the rapid determination of the major lignans in sesame seed samples.

Quality properties of puffed corn snacks incorporated with sesame seed powder.

Puffed corn snacks are tasty and affordable cereal‐based food products which have a relatively poor nutritional quality. Sesame seed is a rich source of essential amino and fatty acids, phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and antioxidants. In this study, puffed corn snacks were produced by incorporating sesame powder at 0% (control sample), 5%, 10%, and 15% levels in its formulation and stored at room temperature (24°C) for 60 days. Fatty acid composition, tocopherol, sesamin and sesamolin, phenolic compounds, peroxide value (PV), acidity (AV), and sensory evaluation of the samples were determined. The results indicate that oleic acid content increased and palmitic acid decreased significantly (p < .05) in all the samples at 10% and 15% inclusion levels. The content of phenolic compounds, γ‐tocopherols, sesamin, and sesamolin had significant increases in all the formulated samples. PV results indicated that the formulated samples had a higher stability when the ratio of sesame powder was increased, while the AV values showed a significant increase during storage. Incorporation of 10% sesame powder in the snack formulation had a positive effect on the stability, sensory, and nutritional quality of the product. This approach can be used to modify nutritional quality of this food product and introduce to food market as a relatively healthy snack.

The Contents of Lignans in Sesame Seeds and Commercial Sesame Oils of China

AbstractIn this study, the concentrations of three lignans in 100 sesame seeds and 56 sesame oils were determined using a newly developed method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with a UV/Vis detector. Total lignan contents in sesame seed and oil samples ranged from 2.52 to 12.76 and 3.38 to 11.53 mg/g, respectively. Black sesame seeds showed higher sesamin content (range 1.98–9.41 mg/g, mean 4.34 mg/g) and sesamolin content (range 1.06–3.35 mg/g, mean 1.92 mg/g) than the other three varieties of sesame seeds. Black sesame oils had higher contents of lignans than the white sesame oils, although remarkable differences were not observed. Hot pressed and small mill sesame oils expressed higher contents of sesamol, sesamin, and total lignans than the cold pressed and refined sesame oils. The results revealed that there is extensive variability in lignan concentration in sesame oils and seeds.

Comparison of the contents of benzo(a)pyrene, sesamol and sesamolin, and volatiles in sesame oils according to origins of sesame seeds

The objective of the present study was to compare the contents of antioxidants (sesamol and sesamolin) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), as well as the volatile profiles in sesame oil obtained from sesame seeds cultivated in four different areas in Korea, and those cultivated in other countries, including Ethiopia, India, and China. The sesamol content was lower in Korean sesame oils than in Ethiopian, Indian, and Chinese sesame oils, whereas sesamolin content was higher in sesame oils derived from Korea than those in sesame oils derived from other countries. There was also a difference in the contents of BaP in the sesame oils obtained from seeds in different cultivated areas. The volatiles that allowed Korean samples to be discriminated from those of other countries were mainly pyrroles and sulfur-containing compounds such as 1-ethyl-1H-pyrrole, 2-ethyl-4-methyl-1H-pyrrole, 2,4-dimethylthiazole, and 5-ethyl-4-methylthiazole.

Effects of adsorbents on benzo(a)pyrene, sesamol, and sesamolin contents and volatile component profiles in sesame oil

Effects of adsorbent treatments used for reduction of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) levels in volatile profiles and sesamol and sesamolin antioxidant contents in sesame oil were evaluated. Charcoal-based activated carbons with different mesh sizes and celite were used as adsorbents. Treatment with activated carbons led to reductions in BaP contents of sesame oil. A small charcoal-based activated carbon particle size was more effective for removal of BaP. Celite; however, did not show an effect on the BaP content of sesame oil under the experimental conditions. Volatile profiles of sesame oil were not influenced by addition of any adsorbent, and the sesamol and sesamolin contents were reduced by all adsorbents.

Quantitative dissection of antioxidative bioactive components in cultivated and wild sesame germplasm reveals potentially exploitable wide genetic variability

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oilseed crops grown in India and worldwide. This oilseed crop has high nutritional value due to the presence of antioxidants such as lignans and tocopherols. Screening of oilseed germplasm for important nutritional attributes is of prime importance in quality breeding programs. In the present study, the content of lignans (sesamin and sesamolin) and tocopherol homologues (α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol) was determined using reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) in 143 sesame lines collected from diverse agro-ecological zones of India. Exploitable levels of sesamin, sesamolin, γ-, and δ-tocopherol was observed in the studied sesame lines. Sesamum indicum cultivar CO 1, introgressed line MKN 9, and Sesamum malabaricum showed high values for sesamin. Exotic and indigenous accessions of S. indicum (EC 542283 and IC 132176, IC 204681, IC 204773) showed high sesamolin contents. Cultivars, AKT 64, AKT 101, Phule til 1, and Tapi A showed high values for γ- and δ-tocopherol. The average content of sesamin and sesamolin was 0.86 and 0.50 mg g−1 seed, respectively. The average tocopherol content (292 μg g−1 seed) found in this study indicates the presence of a high amount of tocopherol in Indian sesame germplasm. Superior genotypes of sesame reported in this study could be utilized in sesame breeding programs for enhancing oil yield and nutritional attributes.

참깨 원산지 및 재배지역에 따른 리그난 함량 변이

본 연구는 참깨 유전자원 핵심집단과 주요 품종 및 우량계통의 세사민과 세사몰린, 지방 함량변이를 분석하여 리그난 함량이 높은 참깨 품종육성을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 본 시험에 이용된 참깨 유전자원 143점의 리그난 함량 범위는 2.33 mg/g에서 12.17 mg/g으로 나타났다. 그 중 터키에서 수집된 IT184615은 리그난 함량이 12.17 mg/g으로 가장 높아 리그난 함량 개량을 위한 유전자원으로 활용성이 높은 것으로 판단되었다. 참깨 유전자원을 14개의 수집원산지별, 4개의 종피색(백, 황, 갈, 흑)별, 4개의 SSR마커그룹으로 분류하고 리그난 함량과의 유의성을 검정한 결과 세사민, 세사몰린 함량은 수집원산지, 종피색 간에 유의한 차가 인정되었다. 러시아(10.0 mg/g), 네팔(9.08 mg/g)에서 수집된 유전자원은 다른 국가에서 수집된 유전자원보다 평균 리그난 함량이 높았다. 세사민 함량은 세사몰린 함량과 정의 상관관계가 있어 리그난 함량이 높은 참깨 품종 육성을 위해서는 두 성분을 동시에 높이는 방향으로 선발되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 참깨 주요 품종과 우량계통의 리그난, 지방 함량의 지역간, 연차간 변이를 분석하여 품질특성에 미치는 환경의 영향을 분석한 결과 리그난과 지방 함량은 지역간, 연차간에 고도로 유의적인 차이가 인정되었고 지역간 변이가 계통 간 변이보다 커서 유전변이보다 환경변이의 변이의 폭이 넓었다. 따라서 리그난, 지방 함량이 높은 참깨 품종 육성을 위해서는 함량이 높은 유전자원을 육종재료로 활용함과 동시에 리그난 축적에 관계되는 재배환경에 관한 연구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다. Sesame lignan, including sesamin and sesamolin has been reported to have various content according to accessions and environmental factors. The objective of this study were to analyze the lignan variation of 143 sesame accessions from core collection in Korea and to test the effects of growing years and locations on lignan and lipid content of Korea sesame elite lines. The results showed that the core sesame germplasm in Korea has broad variation of lignan content from 2.33 to 12.17 mg/g with an average 8.18 mg/g. Among tested sesame accessions, the IT184615 had the highest lignan content of as 12.17 mg/g. So this accession will be a good genetic resource for developing a high lignan sesame variety. The sesamin and sesamolin content for sesame accessions across origin had significant difference. The average lignan content of accessions collected from Russia (10.0 mg/g) and Nepal (9.08 mg/g) were relatively higher than other countries. The sesamin and sesamolin content for sesame accessions across seed coat color had significant difference. The average lignan content of sesame with white, brown and black seed coat color was 8.61, 7.51, and 5.49 mg/g, respectively. The variation of lignan and lipid content was significantly different across elite lines, locations and growing years. Therefore, it is important to find sesame accessions having high lignan content with environmental stability.

Association analysis of sesamin and sesamolin in the core sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) germplasm

In this study,a core sesame germplasm consisting of 215 accessions from 8 provinces along the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valley were used to analyze the content of sesamin and sesamolin. The results showed that the sesamin content ranged in 0. 88- 11. 05mg / g with an average of 5. 24mg / g,and the coefficient of variation was 38. 56%. The sesamolin content varied from 0. 93 to 6. 96mg / g with an average of 3. 30mg / g,its coefficient of variation was 22. 68%. The two components are correlated with each other positively and significantly, and both of them exhibited normal distribution in content. Association analysis was performed to detect the potential loci that related to the two components with SSR,SRAP,AFLP markers. By GLM model,a total of 33 loci significantly were associated with sesamin and sesamolin with 26 associated with sesamin and 8 assosiated with sesamolin respectively. In contrast,the MLM model detected fewer loci with 4 associated with sesamin and 4 associated with sesamolin respectively. Among these loci,there were 4 associated with sesamin,and 4 associated with sesamolin by the two models respectively. Locus SSI182- 3 was significantly associated with sesamin and sesamolin in the models,which may be one of the useful markers for maker- assisted selection.

Penicillium sp. mitigates Fusarium-induced biotic stress in sesame plants

Fusarium-infected sesame plants have significantly higher contents of amino acids (Asp, Thr, Ser, Asn, Glu, Gly, Ala, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, Lys, His, Try, Arg, and Pro), compared with their respective levels in the healthy control. These higher levels of amino acids induced by Fusarium infection were decreased when Penicillium was co-inoculated with Fusarium. Compared with the control, Fusarium-infected plants showed higher contents of palmitic (8%), stearic (8%), oleic (7%), and linolenic acids (4%), and lower contents of oil (4%) and linoleic acid (11%). Co-inoculation with Penicillium mitigated the Fusarium-induced changes in fatty acids. The total chlorophyll content was lower in Fusarium- and Penicillium-infected plants than in the healthy control. The accumulation of carotenoids and γ-amino butyric acid in Fusarium-infected plants was slightly decreased by co-inoculation with Penicillium. Sesamin and sesamolin contents were higher in Penicillium- and Fusarium- infected plants than in the control. To clarify the mechanism of the biocontrol effect of Penicillium against Fusarium by evaluating changes in primary and secondary metabolite contents in sesame plants.