Services In Thailand Research Articles

Attitudes and perceptions of Thai medical students regarding artificial intelligence in radiology and medicine

IntroductionArtificial Intelligence (AI) has made a profound impact on the medical sector, particularly in radiology. The integration of AI knowledge into medical education is essential to equip future healthcare professionals with the skills needed to effectively leverage these advancements in their practices. Despite its significance, many medical schools have yet to incorporate AI into their curricula. This study aims to assess the attitudes of medical students in Thailand toward AI and its application in radiology, with the objective of better planning for its inclusion.MethodsBetween February and June 2022, we conducted a survey in two Thai medical schools: Chiang Mai University in Northern Thailand and Prince of Songkla University in Southern Thailand. We employed 5-point Likert scale questions (ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree) to evaluate students’ opinions on three main aspects: (1) their understanding of AI, (2) the inclusion of AI in their medical education, and (3) the potential impact of AI on medicine and radiology.ResultsOur findings revealed that merely 31% of medical students perceived to have a basic understanding of AI. Nevertheless, nearly all students (93.6%) recognized the value of AI training for their careers and strongly advocated for its inclusion in the medical school curriculum. Furthermore, those students who had a better understanding of AI were more likely to believe that AI would revolutionize the field of radiology (p = 0.02), making it more captivating and impactful (p = 0.04).ConclusionOur study highlights a noticeable gap in the understanding of AI among medical students in Thailand and its practical applications in healthcare. However, the overwhelming consensus among these students is their readiness to embrace the incorporation of AI training into their medical education. This enthusiasm holds the promise of enhancing AI adoption, ultimately leading to an improvement in the standard of healthcare services in Thailand, aligning with the country’s healthcare vision.

Practices of community pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic: potential barriers and views on providing pharmacy services in Thailand

Practices of community pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic: potential barriers and views on providing pharmacy services in Thailand

The Effects of Electronic Word of Mouth, Customer Attitude, and Service Quality on Revisit Intention of Wellness Tourism

This study aimed to investigate the effects of digital marketing tools (e.g., electronic word of mouth) on customer satisfaction and revisit the intention of wellness and spa tourism from the viewpoint of international tourists visiting Thailand after COVID-19. Due to the rising awareness of health and wellness, the authors intended to explore wellness tourism from the perspective of international tourists. In addition, the current research also investigated the effect of service quality and tourist attitude toward wellness/spa tourism on tourist satisfaction and revisit intention. Data collection was from 403 international tourists visiting Thailand, and one of the primary purposes of their visits was to participate in wellness or spa services in Thailand. The results showed that satisfaction, service quality, and electronic word-of-mouth significantly influenced the intention to revisit wellness tourists. In contrast, attitude and service quality significantly affected the satisfaction of wellness tourists. The discussions, conclusions, and practical recommendations were also provided to offer the guidelines for further development of the wellness tourism industry.

Emotional intelligence and demographic factors: Moderating effects in service recovery strategy

This study highlights the role of emotional intelligence, gender, income, and residence area on the relationship between brand image, service recovery strategy, and satisfaction. The multistage with purposive sampling method has recruited 600 samples of private hospital services in Thailand. Self-administered online questionnaires via Google Forms were used to collect the data online. Confirmatory factor analysis and multigroup SEM have been used for hypothesis testing. The research explores emotional intelligence (EI), with lower emotional intelligence associated with more negative perceptions of social brand image. Lower income affects the symbolic and social image, influencing satisfaction with a service recovery strategy. The upcountry areas viewed experiential images more positively compared to those from urban regions. Gender did not significantly moderate these relationships. The study also highlights thatfactors do not substantially impact service recovery satisfaction but are still vital for effective communication and brand attachment. The results underscore the intricate dynamics of the various factors that shape consumer attitudes and behaviours toward service recovery strategy.

A Retrospective Secondary Data Analysis of Telemedicine Service Utilization (2020-2023) Among Patients Covered By The Universal Coverage Scheme in Thailand.

Objective: The National Health Security Office in Thailand introduced a telemedicine program called "Telehealth/Telemedicine" in December 2020, which aimed to reimburse telemedicine services for patients with stable chronic diseases under the Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS). The current study investigated patient characteristics and trends in telemedicine service utilization under the UCS in Thailand and examined the impact of COVID-19 outbreaks on telemedicine services. Methods: A retrospective secondary data analysis using e-claim data from December 1, 2020, to April 18, 2023, was conducted. The analytical methods included descriptive analysis and an interrupted time series analysis. Results: During ∼29 months, 110,153 unique patients used telemedicine services, leading to a total of 259,047 visits. The average age was 54 years, and most of patients were female (57%). Hypertension was the most common diagnosis for patients receiving telemedicine services. Patients with mental health conditions often engaged in telemedicine consultation with drug delivery. During the Delta and Omicron outbreaks, telemedicine service utilization significantly increased compared with that in any nonpandemic periods within the 29-month timeframe (odds ratio [OR]: 3.85, p-value <0.01; OR: 2.55, p-value <0.01). Conclusions: The study findings highlight the initial trend of telemedicine services in Thailand from the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to the beginning of the post-COVID-19 period. As telemedicine will play a critical role in the future of health care, this information can support the scale-up of telemedicine, including monitoring and evaluation plans, to help improve the efficiency of the system.

Demographic and socioeconomic obstacles to access to malaria services for Myanmar migrants in Thailand

BackgroundTypically mobile and vulnerable, migrants face significant barriers to access to routine malaria prevention, diagnostics and treatment, which leads to unchecked malaria transmission, particularly in border regions with a high population displacement. This study aimed to investigate the demographic and socioeconomic obstacles to access to malaria services among Myanmar migrants residing in the Thailand–Myanmar border areas.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in early 2024 across three districts near the Thailand–Myanmar border. Quantitative data were collected from Myanmar migrants using standardized questionnaires through structured surveys. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and simple and multiple logistic regression models.ResultsOut of 300 participants, approximately a quarter (27.3%) reported adequate access to comprehensive malaria services, including prevention, diagnostics, treatment and malaria-related health information. In multiple logistic regression models, factors associated with inadequate access included Myanmar migrants aged over 60 years (aOR: 7.63, 95% CI 1.74–20.58), accompanied by one to three family members (aOR: 3.33, 95% CI 1.06–8.45), earning monthly incomes below 3000 THB (aOR: 5.13, 95% CI 1.38–19.09) and 3000 to 6000 THB (aOR: 3.64, 95% CI 1.06–12.51), belonging to the Karen ethnicity (aOR: 2.13, 95% CI 1.02–3.84), with poor perception toward malaria (aOR: 2.03, 95% CI 1.03–4.01) and with poor preventive and health-seeking practices (aOR: 5.83, 95% CI 2.71–9.55).ConclusionsA significant proportion of Myanmar migrants encounter demographic and socioeconomic barriers to access to routine malaria services in Thailand. Tailored interventions are required to expand such access, including the recruitment of worksite health volunteers, strengthening the role of ethnic health organizations across the border and collaboration with private sector stakeholders (e.g. farm/company owners) to distribute preventive tools and ensure timely referral of suspected malaria cases to health facilities.

Examining the Intention to Adopt an Online Platform for Freight Forwarding Services in Thailand: A Modified Unified Theory for Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Model Approach

The freight forwarding industry is poised for significant digital transformation through online platforms that can enhance process efficiency and transparency. Despite the potential benefits, the adoption of such platforms has been slower than anticipated, largely due to customer concerns and specific industry characteristics. This study examines the factors influencing the intention to adopt and the actual use of an online platform for freight forwarding services among business customers in Thailand. A modified Unified Theory for Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model, incorporating perceived risk, serves as the theoretical framework. Survey data collected from 400 respondents, all holding managerial or higher positions and involved in the freight shipping process within Thai firms, are analyzed using a structural equation model (SEM). The results indicate that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions positively influence adoption intention, whereas perceived risk negatively impacts it. Additionally, firm size moderates the effect of social influence, with a stronger impact observed in larger enterprises. These findings offer practical insights for Thai freight forwarders to enhance customer acceptance and promote the adoption of online platforms for freight forwarding services, thereby improving efficiency in the logistics industry.

Achieving consensus on the key elements of a nurse-led multidisciplinary chronic heart failure service in Thailand: An e-Delphi study.

To describe the outcomes of an e(electronic)-Delphi survey used to achieve consensus on the essential elements that should be included in a multidisciplinary, nurse-led service for patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). The study design was based on a three-round e-Delphi survey. A series of three survey rounds were used to gather expert opinions and achieve consensus on the key elements that should be included in a CHF disease management program from a sample of healthcare professionals and organizational leaders with expertise in existing CHF services. Consensus for each item was defined as at least 90% agreement. There were 20 participants (18 healthcare professionals and 2 organizational leaders) in round-1, 22 (20 healthcare professionals and 2 organizational leaders) in round-2, and 17 (15 healthcare professionals and 2 organizational leaders) in round-3. Fifteen participants attended a final online meeting (13 healthcare professionals and 2 organizational leaders). Consensus was obtained on five essential components: (i) consumer education, (ii) treatment optimization using a multidisciplinary approach, (iii) discharge planning, (iv) provision of supportive community care and (v) mechanisms to respond to early symptoms of decompensated CHF. Participants focused on mechanisms to improve treatment effectiveness, patient and family knowledge, communication between healthcare providers and supportive care in the community. The proposed model of care may be useful to other health service providers who are designing or adapting CHF models of care for the South-East Asian environment. This research provides a solid basis for using a Delphi method to resolve the challenges and issues of transferring global model-based recommendations in CHF knowledge. The Delphi method proved successful as an important step in developing a culturally acceptable model of chronic care that meets the goals of local healthcare providers.

MEDICAL TOURISM IN THAILAND: QUALIFIED HEALTHCARE OR JUST AN OTHER BUSINESS STRATEGY AND MARKETING

This research paper examines the growing popularity of the medical tourism industry in Thailand, analyzing whether it is an affordable, world-class healthcare system or just another business strategy to attract tourists. This study, by focusing on various areas of Thai healthcare, including their cost structure, quality, overall professionalism, infrastructure, sheds light on the findings collected from primary and secondary sources about healthcare services in Thailand. This study has used a mixed method of data analysis with a combination of qualitative information obtained from healthcare professionals with quantitative data collected through surveying domestic and foreign tourists who have already used the healthcare services in Thailand. The results show that medical tourism in Thailand is not just affordable, but also meets international accreditation standards and has been able to establish a reputation in specific medical areas with complexities for example Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS). The research also reveals the challenges faced by medical tourists due to language barriers, causing major concerns and serious misconceptions. While Thailand has established itself as a prominent medical tourism destination for individuals seeking medical treatment from nearby countries as well as patients from other distant continents. The research recognizes the need for collaboration between healthcare providers, policymakers, and the tourism sector to improve the overall medical tourism experience, finding better marketing strategies and working on existing issues, which can improve the sector and create a better experience.

EXPLORING BRAND AWARENESS AND UTILIZATION PATTERNS OF POISON CONTROL CENTER SERVICES IN THAILAND: A COMPARATIVE STUDY AMONG HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to compare the brand awareness and utilization patterns of Poison Control Center services in Thailand among healthcare professionals and the general public.Methodology – This study employs quantitative methodology to compare the brand awareness and utilization patterns of Poison Control Center services among healthcare professionals and the general public in Thailand.Results – The results of the study reveal that healthcare professionals in Thailand have significantly higher brand awareness of Poison Control Center services compared to the general public. The findings also indicate that healthcare professionals are more likely to utilize these services than the general public.Implications – Implications of this study suggest the need for targeted educational campaigns to increase brand awareness and encourage more effective utilization of Poison Control Center services among the general public in Thailand.Originality/Value – This study contributes to the existing literature by examining the brand awareness and utilization patterns of Poison Control Center services in Thailand, specifically comparing healthcare professionals and the general public. The findings highlight the need for targeted educational campaigns to increase brand awareness and promote the effective utilization of Poison Control Center services among the general public in Thailand. The findings of this study highlight the disparity in brand awareness and utilization of Poison Control Center services between healthcare professionals and the general public in Thailand.

Food delivery competition in the digital economy: Price war strategy in a developing country

This study investigates how consumers make decisions when using online food delivery services in Thailand, with a particular focus on the price-related factors that influence their choices. The research adopts a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis. Quantitatively, data was gathered from 392 respondents through closed-ended questionnaires, and statistical analysis software was used, employing binary regression to explore the relationship between various independent variables (including gender, age, education, marital status, income, residence, experience, reasons, information sources, frequency, and expenses) and the price war strategy, which serves as the dependent variable. Qualitatively, in-depth interviews were conducted with ten purposively selected participants. The qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis and the NVivo software program. The study's results highlight the significant influence of income and information on the price-related decisions in Thailand's online food delivery market. Moreover, consumers in Thailand prioritize factors like price sensitivity, value perception, convenience, promotions, and cultural food preferences when selecting online food delivery services. This understanding is essential for businesses operating in this market to effectively meet consumer preferences and succeed in the competitive online food delivery industry.

Perception of Customer Experience Towards Customer Loyalty in Online Food Delivery Services in Thailand: Exploring in Generation Z

The relationship between customer experience towards customer loyalty in online food delivery services in Thailand has been the subject of a few studies on customers in Generation Z. This study aims to explore the effect of the perception of customer experience, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty, focusing on Generation Z in online food delivery service. The samples are randomly selected from 400 respondents from Generation Z in Thailand. This analysis uses quantitative research and statistical assessment, including descriptive statistics, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Linear Regression Analysis. The result of EFA indicates that the perception of customer experience is identified by 3 factors: namely 1) food quality, 2) convenience and reliability of service, and 3) price. Moreover, the linear regression analysis shows that food quality, convenience and reliability of service, and price are significant motivating factors of customer satisfaction. As a result, customer satisfaction has a positive effect on customer loyalty.

Creating Service with Thai Hospitality: What Does Service Providers Highlight for Hotel Service in Thailand?

This study aims to explore service components in Thai hospitality which are prepared and provided by the service providers in order to creating impressive service in the hotel sector in Thailand and are presented to tourists as the core value of Thai hospitality. The mixed methods were employed using interview and questionnaire survey. Samples were the frontline hotel service providers to obtain valuable opinions and various perspectives regarding service and its practice in hotel. Data were collected from 11 interviews and 320 questionnaires. The interview thematic analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were the main analysis of the research. Results showed seven service components which could be the core value in Thai hospitality included professional traits, the senses of service (intangibility), workplace culture and skills, service tangibility, Thai service providers, Thai nurture and practices and hotel ambience. The service components founded in Thailand can support the strong bond between Thai culture, service offerings and service providers. These also can help the hotels to gain more advantage in their businesses and lift up the competitiveness of Thai hospitality in hotel service.&#x0D;

GNSS positioning accuracy performance assessments on 1st and 2nd generation SBAS signals in Thailand

Abstract This research evaluates the performance of the first and second-generation satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) GAGAN and BDSBAS services in Thailand. The study initially analyses GNSS observations from 40 local continuously operating reference stations (CORS) over the past 12 months in 2022, providing initial horizontal and vertical accuracies at 2.03 and 3.66 m respectively with the single point positioning (SPP) mode. The positioning accuracies are 2.27 m horizontally and 2.54 m vertically as of GAGAN, while 2.94 m horizontally and 3.90 m vertically as of BDSBAS with the first-generation system. Since the 1st generation SBAS performance is affected by the ionosphere, especially in the equatorial and auroral regions, the ionosphere-free combination is applied in the SPP algorithm as well as the 2nd generation SBAS with the Dual-Frequency Multi-Constellation (DFMC) capable receivers for BDSBAS only. The SPP accuracies are 1.51 m horizontally and 3.26 m vertically, where the BDSBAS results are 2.16 m horizontally and 4.28 m vertically. Demonstrated results show that the positioning accuracy cannot be improved significantly when applying the 1st generation GAGAN and BDSBAS systems and the 2nd generation BDSBAS system in Thailand due to the low number of common satellites available, especially when using the SBAS outside their ground tracking network; therefore, it is expected to apply the GNSS observation and computed satellite error correction from the regional ground tracking network to enhance the performance of the 2nd generation SBAS. The positioning accuracy result could be achieved at sub-metre level, which will greatly benefit high-accuracy applications such as air, land, and sea navigation in the region.

THE IMPACT OF HIGHER EDUCATION SERVICE ON INSTITUTIONAL BRAND IN THAILAND: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF CHINESE STUDENTS’ SATISFACTION

This study aims to explore the impact of higher education services in Thailand on the brand of institutions and investigate the mediating role of Chinese students' satisfaction. Through a qualitative and quantitative survey, the author interviewed ten senior administrators and marketers from eight Thai universities and conducted a questionnaire survey among 450 Chinese students studying in China or Thailand. Data were analysed for quantitative analysis and content analysis of in-depth interviews. The results demonstrate a close relationship among academic services, non-academic services, student satisfaction, and institutional brand. Through a literature review and relevant data analysis, the research finds that higher education services play a key role in shaping the brand image and reputation of institutions. Excellent academic services have a direct impact on student satisfaction, and the improvement in satisfaction further enhances the recognition and influence of the university brand. In recent years, China has emerged as a leading global source country for international students. As one of the major education providers in the ASEAN region, Thailand's higher education sector faces intense competition from its peers in attracting Chinese students. This research reveals that many Thai universities recognize the potential value of brand awareness in attracting more students. However, the prioritisation of brand building is not a common practice among these institutions. This study was designed to identify successful branding and communication strategies for Thai universities. The findings will also prove valuable for universities aiming to target the Chinese student market, enabling them to assess and refine their marketing strategies.

A comparative study of transgender women accessing HIV testing via face-to-face and telemedicine services in Chiang Mai, Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic and their risk of being HIV-positive

BackgroundDue to the restricted availability of health services in Thailand, there are still some transgender women (TGW) who do not have access to HIV counseling and testing. Telehealth, which is accessible to individuals who are reluctant to undergo face-to-face interviewing, played an especially important role during the COVID-19 epidemic. The objectives of this study are to compare the characteristics, pattern of accessing HIV testing, and the HIV-positive rates of TGW between the face-to-face and telemedicine services.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study to compare the access to HIV testing and the HIV-positive rates among TGW via face-to-face service and telemedicine services and examined the influence of potential associated factors on the risk of being HIV-positive.ResultsOf the 637 TGW participants, 26 (4.1%) were HIV-positive. Accessing the telemedicine service increased in the third and fourth COVID-19 waves (28.1% in the first and second vs. 71.9% in the third and fourth). There was no difference in the risk of being HIV-positive between the types of service. Having sex work experience (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 5.92; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.57–22.30) and either never having been or tested more than 1 year ago were independently significantly associated with a higher risk of being HIV-positive (aOR = 4.05; 95% CI: 1.11–14.77).ConclusionThe telemedicine service became more popular among TGW during the COVID-19 pandemic and was not related to a higher risk of being HIV-positive. Moreover, it proved to be an effective alternative channel to access HIV testing, especially for intravenous drug users. Sex work experience and irregular HIV testing are key risk factors for HIV infection in TGW seeking either the telemedicine or face-to-face service.

Pooled Pharyngeal, Rectal, and Urine Specimens for the Point-of-Care Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Lay Providers in Key Population-Led Health Services in Thailand.

Routine testing for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) in people with heightened risk is lacking in Thailand. This study aimed to assess the performance of the Cepheid Xpert CT/NG assay, conducted by key population (KP) lay providers, for CT and NG detection on single-site and pooled specimens from the pharynx, rectum, and urine. Between August and October 2019, 188 men who have sex with men and 11 transgender women were enrolled. Participants collected urine specimens while trained KP lay providers obtained pharyngeal and rectal swabs. Compared to single-site testing with the Abbott RealTime CT/NG assay by medical technologists, the Xpert assay missed one pharyngeal NG infection out of 199 single-site specimens, giving a 93.3% sensitivity for pharyngeal NG and one missed pharyngeal NG infection out of fifty pooled specimens, giving an 88.9% sensitivity for pharyngeal NG. There was no discrepancy between the two assays for CT detection. The Cohen's Kappa coefficient of pooled specimen testing by the Xpert was 0.93 for NG and 1 for CT when compared to single-site testing by Abbott. Implementing pooled specimen testing by KP lay providers can be a cost-saving strategy to enhance the uptake of CT/NG services for populations facing increased risk.

Development of a self-directed workplace learning program to enhance cultural competence for the registered nurses from the international hospitals in Thailand

Thailand is now a medical center in Asia. There has been an increase in the number of foreign patients receiving medical services in Thailand. The employees in the healthcare industry, like the registered nurse, are the center of the relationship with that service. The vital learning promotion course for these registered nurses dealing with patients of various nationalities is cultural competence promotion. With the nature of the learning style of the registered nurse, they need more flexibility and respond to their learning nature. Ultimately, the enhancement of cultural competency learning still needs to be achieved. Therefore, this research study aimed to 1) develop a self-directed learning program in the workplace to promote cultural competence for registered nurses in international hospitals and 2) study the effect of implementing a self-directed workplace learning program to promote cultural competency. The researcher adopted a Research and Development methodology divided into two phases. The first phase is to develop a self-directed workplace learning program to enhance cultural competency. The second phase is to study the effect of implementing a self-directed learning program. The findings revealed that: 1) a draft of a self-directed workplace learning program to enhance cultural competence consisting of concepts and principles, the primary goal of the program, the guideline for promoting cultural competence learning based on the idea of self-directed workplace learning, the learning program, the learning facilitators of the program, the learning spaces are locations or areas within an organization, the international hospital's networks and the learning resources include information sources from diverse places. Plus, 2) registered nurses had better levels of cultural competency learning in attitudes, knowledge, and skills than before participating in the program trial and had improved scores in all areas.

A cost-effectiveness analysis of national smoking cessation services among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in Thailand

AimsThailand’s national smoking cessation services (FAH-SAI clinics) were founded in 2010. A cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is needed to inform policymakers of the allocation and prioritization of the limited budget to maximize the value for money of reimbursing these services. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients would benefit from smoking cessation services. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of these multidisciplinary services compared to the usual care among COPD patients in Thailand from a societal perspective.MethodsWe conducted a CEA from a societal perspective using a Markov model to simulate lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained by each smoking cessation intervention over the patient’s lifetime. We derived the effectiveness of the smoking cessation services from a multicenter, longitudinal study of smoking cessation services in Thailand and estimated the natural quit rate, transition probabilities, health utility, and cost data from the published literature. Costs and outcomes were discounted at 3%. Sensitivity analyses were performed.ResultsCompared to the usual care, FAH-SAI clinics were associated with higher costs (4,207 THB (US$133)) and improved QALYs (0.11), with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 37,675 THB/QALY (US$1,187/QALY). The effectiveness of FAH-SAI clinics was a key driver of the cost-effectiveness results. At the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of 160,000 THB (US$5,042) per QALY gained, the probability of being cost-effective was 96.5%.ConclusionsFAH-SAI clinics were cost-effective under Thailand’s WTP threshold. Our results could inform policymakers in allocating resources to support smoking cessation services for COPD patients in Thailand.

Examining the Impact of Service Quality on Passengers' Intentions to Utilize Rail Transport in the Post-Pandemic Era: An Integrated Approach of SERVQUAL and Health Belief Model.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted railway transportation in developing countries, resulting in reduced passenger demand and economic activity. As a result of the pandemic effect, there is an increased focus on health and safety among potential passengers. To address this issue, the present study aimed to investigate the fundamental factors that contribute to railway transportation service quality (SERVQUAL) and the intention to use intercity train services in Thailand using the health belief model (HBM), with 1600 passenger participants using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings demonstrated that train operators' service standards remain vital to passengers, and the HBM had a statistically significant impact on shaping passengers' intentions to use train services after an epidemic. These results can inform rail agencies and health authorities when developing policies and strategies to prioritize both business and passenger safety on intercity trains.