Network Services Research Articles

PREFER: A Pre-trained Model Recommendation Framework for Edge Computing Enabled Traffic Flow Prediction

The recent years have witnessed a surge in the development of traffic flow prediction methods, often deployed on cloud platforms to offer predictive services for entire transportation networks. However, the processes of training and executing a model for the entire traffic network are both time-consuming and computationally expensive. As a result, the utilization of edge servers for local sub-network prediction services has gained prominence. Nevertheless, training prediction models for numerous sub-networks within the extensive traffic network remains a time-intensive and computing resource-consuming task. To tackle this challenge, this paper introduces the Pre-trained model REcommendation Framework for traffic sub-nEtwork in tRaffic flow prediction (PREFER). PREFER trains a set of traffic flow prediction models on selected sub-networks, then recommends optimal pre-trained models for edge servers. The recommendation is specifically based on performance prediction, integrating neural collaborative filtering and traffic flow characteristics. Experiments conducted on real datasets reveal that the pre-trained models recommended by PREFER perform close to the actual optimal ones and significantly outperform existing recommendation algorithms.

Overview of Hieroglyph in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language

In teaching Chinese as a foreign language, Chinese characters teaching is an essential part of teaching. With the continuous development of teaching Chinese characters, the Hieroglyph teaching plays a positive role in the process of helping foreign students learn Chinese characters. By retrieving documents in China Knowledge Network and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, this paper reviews the status of the Hieroglyph teaching in teaching Chinese as a foreign language. Based on the basic situation of the Hieroglyph teaching, this paper analyzes the historical development and advantages of it, points out its guide ideas, and summarizes relevant research of teaching methods. Through the comparison of the Hieroglyph teaching methodology and traditional Chinese characters teaching methodology, this paper further explores the significance of the Hieroglyph teaching, finally, the shortcomings of it and suggestions for improvement are pointed out, aims to demonstrate the feasibility and practical significance of the Hieroglyph teaching. This paper summarizes the current basic situation, potential problems and suggestions for improvement of this research field in the Hieroglyph teaching, which can help experts and scholars enhance the depth and breadth in future.

THE EMERGENCE OF SECONDARY URBAN CENTERS OR THE WITHDRAWAL OF URBAN CENTRALITY TO THE SUBURBS: A CASE STUDY OF THE CITY OF TÉBESSA IN THE FAR EAST OF ALGERIA

Major Algerian cities have witnessed significant dynamics, causing radical functional transformations that impacted city centers and their suburbs, leading to changes in the traditional image of cities. This resulted in a new distribution of urban functions and a redefinition of the concept of "space." Consequently, the current expansion and extension of cities' urban structure has encouraged a new relationship between the center and suburb, where new points of attraction have emerged on the "margins and suburbs," resulting in "**new centralities**" that caused major transformations affecting urban communities, spaces, and functions. The city of Tébessa, like other cities and being a border city and transit area to the Tunisian border, has experienced a new form of urban spaces. It previously had a traditional urban centrality around the Byzantine wall, one of the city's landmarks, which dominated for a long time as a central point over the rest of the urban space (the center). However, in recent years, it has undergone major transformations, characterized by strong attraction of functions, activities, and services, especially commercial activity in some city neighborhoods such as Skanska district, Constantine Road district, and Annaba Road district, in addition to “La Rocade” district, which plays a fundamental role in drawing a new image of centralities within Tébessa city at present. Therefore, this modest research was primarily based on fieldwork through a survey of residents in the four mentioned neighborhoods and the use of field observation through an observation network of service and commercial activities within the urban space concerned by the study. Thus, attempting to show whether there are signs of emergence of new urban centrality models that have gradually begun to take their place in Tébessa city, which is characterized by functional and economic diversity (in the city suburbs).

Towards Deterministic-Delay Data Delivery Using Multi-Criteria Routing over Satellite Networks

The satellite Internet can cover up to 70% of the surface of our planet Earth to provide network services for nearly 3 billion people. As such, it is promising to become the building block of future 6G networks. The satellite Internet is capable of providing uniform communication capacity to every part of the Earth’s surface, due to its uniform and symmetrical constellation structure, while the uneven distribution of ground populations leads to globally uneven traffic delivery requests, incurring a mismatch between the capacity and traffic transmission demands. As such, traditional single-criteria (e.g., shortest delay) routing algorithms can lead to severe network congestion and cannot provision delay-deterministic data delivery. To overcome this bottleneck, we propose a multi-criteria routing and scheduling scheme to redirect time-tolerant data, thus preventing congestion for time-sensitive data, based on the spatiotemporal distribution of data traffic. First, we construct a traffic spatiotemporal distribution model, to indicate the network load status. Next, we model the satellite network multi-criteria routing problem as an integer linear programming one, which is NP-hard and challenging to solve within polynomial time. A novel link weight design based on both the link delay and load is introduced, transforming the mathematical programming problem into a routing optimization problem. The proposed correlation scheduling algorithm fully utilizes idle network link resources, significantly improving network resource utilization and eliminating resource competition between non-time-sensitive and time-sensitive services. Simulation results show that compared with traditional algorithms, the proposed method can increase the throughput of time-sensitive data by up to 20.8% and reduce the packet loss rate of time-sensitive services by up to 76.8%.

Dynamic control, routing, and resource assignment in multi-granular optical node topologies combining wavelength, waveband, and spatial switching for 6G transport networks [Invited

Effective management of end-to-end 6G network services is crucial, with peak capacity requirements for 6G transport connections expected to exceed 1 Tb/s. As demand for high bandwidth rises, there is a growing necessity for high-capacity optical fiber links, including ultra-wideband (UWB) and multiple fiber links within the network. Scaling up to accommodate these demands, designing wavelength-selective switches (WSSs) for such networks significantly increases the port count. To tackle this issue, we propose various multi-granular optical node (MG-ON) architectures utilizing heterogeneous wavelength, waveband, and spatial switching. We evaluate these architectures’ performance against high-capacity wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networks through various simulation parameters.

Correction: Network embeddedness and service innovation: the mediating role of knowledge co-creation and the moderating role of digital transformation

Correction: Network embeddedness and service innovation: the mediating role of knowledge co-creation and the moderating role of digital transformation

Minimizing IoT Security Deployment Costs using the Dominating Set Approach

The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) has generated significant interest by enabling connectivity across various objects, ranging from the smallest devices to large-scale systems. Despite its benefits, IoT poses considerable security challenges due to the many interconnected devices that collect and transmit sensitive data across networks. Therefore, ensuring robust data protection and preventing unauthorized access or misuse are essential concerns. To address this issue, strategically placing security services within IoT networks is vital for safeguarding both devices and data. One promising strategy for optimizing this placement is the use of the dominating set concept derived from graph theory, which helps in the efficient allocation of security resources. This study presents an IoT network as a simple weighted graph, considering device capabilities while focusing on adopting the dominating set concept to enhance the placement of security services in IoT networks. To achieve this, an enhanced greedy heuristic is proposed for efficiently generating the dominating set. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed approach are evaluated through a comparative analysis combined with existing methods in the recent literature.

Evolution and Motivation of the Value-Added Trade Pattern of Producer Services Based on a Complex Network

With the acceleration of the digital revolution and free trade, the producer services industry has become a new driving force for countries to enhance their global value chain (GVC). The further integration of GVCs has promoted the formation of a global value network covering a wider range of regions and industries. The way of establishing strong core capabilities and competitive advantages for a country’s producer services industry in the vast value network is of great practical significance for achieving industrial structure transformation and upgrading in an open economy. Therefore, based on the Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input–Output Database (ADB-MRIO) and the bilateral export value-added accounting method (WWZ), this study constructs a value network of producer services and analyzes its structural evolution and driving factors. The results show the following: (1) The domestic value-added (DVA) network and foreign value-added (FVA) networks of producer services trade exhibit dense characteristics in terms of trade depth. The DVA network has a small-world topological structure, while the FVA network does not have this feature most years. (2) Western countries, represented by the USA, Germany, and the UK, are located at the hub of the global value network, while China’s network status is rising and gradually occupying a core position not only in the Asian region but also in the world. The value chain of producer services shows a pattern of being led by developed countries and extending to developing countries. (3) The broader tendency of modularity is decreasing, indicating that the development process of the DVA and FVA networks is becoming globalized. The members of the community can not only achieve trade interdependence due to geographical proximity but also break through regional limitations and complement each other. (4) The network evolution process is driven by a variety of factors. Industrial and technological distances are conducive to the expansion of the global value flow in producer services. Geographical and linguistic proximity are the main influencing factors, while the role of institutional proximity tends to be weakened.

Sexual decision-making: an exploratory interview study of Cambodian adolescents

IntroductionThe rate of sexual activity among adolescents is very high, with serious repercussions such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted diseases. Understanding the factors that influence adolescents’ engagement in sexual activity is crucial for promoting healthy sexual attitudes and behaviors in schools, sex education programs, communities, and families. This study aimed to examine the factors influencing sexual decision-making among Cambodian adolescents.MethodsIn accordance with the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR), this study used a descriptive qualitative methodology with individual interviews. The participants in the study were 30 Cambodian adolescents (15 males and 15 females) who were all unmarried and sexually active. They were recruited using various methods, including social networking services, and interviewed to explore their sexual decision-making processes.ResultsThe analysis revealed that the decision-making process was influenced by both internal and external factors. Internal factors included sexually explicit Internet material and arousal from sexy outfits, while external factors included foreign vs. Khmer culture, the surrounding environment including community, peers, and family, and educational advice received at school. Gender differences were noted in responses to stimuli like sexy outfits and perceptions of cultural norms.ConclusionsThis study underscores the complexity of adolescent sexual decision-making in Cambodia. It highlights the need for sex education that is not only comprehensive but also culturally sensitive, addressing the diverse influences on these adolescents. Future research should include a broader demographic group, including rural adolescents, to gain more comprehensive insights.Implications for practiceThis study uncovers how cultural norms, peers, and the media impact sexual behaviors, emphasizing the significant gender differences in these aspects. The findings shed light on the necessity of culturally sensitive and comprehensive sex education and the urgent need for tailored approaches to health promotion and education.

Decentralized Payment Framework for Low-Connectivity Areas Using Ethereum Blockchains

This paper presents a pioneering analytical framework for a secure payment system leveraging blockchain technology tailored to regions with suboptimal network connectivity. Contemporary payment mechanisms utilizing Ethereum are predominantly optimized for areas with robust network infrastructure, neglecting regions with less connectivity. To address this gap, the proposed model integrates novel security attributes and employs an analytical method to design a decentralized payment system. The framework facilitates communication between low-connectivity zones and Internet service providers through auxiliary nodes, creating a local blockchain network for residents, merchants, and auditors. A mathematical model quantifies operational costs, transaction processing, and synchronization of auxiliary nodes, ensuring a resilient and secure payment architecture. A unique aspect of the proposed approach is its robustness against auditor outages and network variability, coupled with an empirical analysis of incentive structures for auditors' block validation activities. Moreover, it delineates the minimum requirements for secure transaction completion. Empirical findings showed a significant improvement in system efficiency, including a 79% reduction in block time, a 28% increase in transaction throughput, a 30% decrease in energy consumption, a 68% shorter confirmation time, a 63% reduction in execution time, a 46% increase in block production rate, and 82% reduced network variability. This study's significant contribution lies in introducing a sustainable, cost-effective, and secure payment system for regions with inadequate network services.

Pharmacy-based preventive services for opioid use disorder: a survey of U.S. pharmacists

BackgroundPharmacists play a key role in combating the opioid-related overdose epidemic in the United States (US), but little is known about their experience and willingness to deliver preventive services for opioid use disorder (OUD).AimsThis study seeks to identify correlates of pharmacists’ concerns about drug use problems (prescription drug misuse/use disorder and illicit drug use/use disorder) as well as their practice experience delivering preventive services for OUD (e.g., asked about opioid use, provided advice, made a referral) and willingness to provide services to patients with drug use problems.DesignAn online survey of licensed US pharmacists was conducted. Participants were recruited from Community Pharmacy Enhanced Services Networks (CPESN) and state pharmacist associations (N = 1146).FindingsOverall, 75% of surveyed pharmacists indicated having concerns about opioid use problems, and 62% had concerns about non-opioid drug use problems at their pharmacies. Pharmacists who were White, practiced at a rural location, worked at a chain pharmacy, had not received opioid-related training in the past year, or practiced screening patients for opioid use had elevated odds of perceiving concerns about opioid use problems in their practice settings. Pharmacists who were White, practiced at a rural location, or had not received opioid-related training in the past year had elevated odds of perceiving concerns about non-opioid (illicit) drug use problems. Being male, being White, or having received opioid-related training were associated with increased odds of screening patients for opioid use problems. Being White, having practiced at a rural location (vs. an urban location), being a pharmacy owner/manager, or having received opioid-related training were associated with increased odds of delivering opioid-related advice/intervention. Being male or having received opioid-related training were associated with increased odds of making a referral to OUD treatment. Finally, being male, being White, having practiced pharmacy services for under 6 years, having received opioid-related training for 2 h in the past year, or having performed OUD-related preventive services (asked about opioid use, provided advice, or made a referral) were associated with increased levels of commitment/readiness for providing care to patients with drug use problems.ConclusionsThe overall findings highlight pharmacists’ involvement with OUD preventive services. It is critical to promote opioid-related preventive service training for pharmacists and provide incentives/tools to help initiate a structured practice of delivering such preventive services.

The JCMT Legacy Release: SCUBA-2 850 μm Coadds and Catalogs

We present the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) 850 μm Legacy Release, containing uniformly reduced, coadded tiles, and catalogs of detected emission, for the 850 μm data from all Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array 2 (SCUBA-2) observations taken between 2011 February 2 and 2020 August 1. This release provides the fastest and easiest way to identify uniformly determined 850 μm detections and calibrated fluxes for any position observed by the JCMT. The coadded observations include 11,722 hr of observing time and cover 1516 square degrees of the sky, with detections of contiguous areas of emission at better than 5σ covering 2.46 square degrees of area. Within these regions 21,059 individual local maxima were detected. Fifteen tiles contain regions with a noise level better than 0.0025 mJy arcsec−2. The data are gridded onto HEALPix tiles of ≈1° a side, using the HEALPix projection with pixels of size ≈3.″22. The coadds have been calibrated into units of mJy arcsec−2 using the standard date-varying SCUBA-2 flux-conversion factor (FCF) from Mairs et al. (2021). We then examined the accuracy of this calibration for our data set by calculating self-derived FCF values for our two most-used standard sources, finding a result within the expected errors but with a larger standard deviation of 9%. The coadds and catalogs can be searched and retrieved via the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre (project code: JCMT-LR). Combined catalogs of all detected regions and of all local maxima can be downloaded from the Canadian Advanced Network for Astronomy Research Data Publication Service (doi:10.11570/23.0013), along with masks showing the full area observed in this release and the full area of detected emission.

Product tracing or component tracing? Blockchain adoption in a two-echelon supply chain management

Consumer awareness of product authenticity and carbon footprint tracing are among the most remarkable reasons for adopting blockchain in the supply chain in today’s world. However, the research literature has not yet examined specific ways to adopt blockchain in the supply chain. This study aims to develop a decision support tool to deal with the adoption of blockchain technology to design a two-echelon supply chain. In this regard, four specific cases for integrating supply chain and blockchain are developed based on types of tracing and block generation authority. In product tracing, green products are investigated throughout the supply chain, while in component tracing, green products are examined between the components of the supply chain. As it is necessary to record and verify the supply chain information by authorities in the blockchain network, in this work, such authorities are taken into account for both links and members of the supply chain. As far as we know, this is the first attempt to classify the various methods of adopting blockchain in Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) and propose mathematical optimization models related to them. In this line, four Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) models with the aim of minimizing the costs related to the physical supply chain and blockchain deployment are developed for the integration of the supply chain with blockchain technology. They are treated by the Branch and Efficiency (B&E) algorithm and Simultaneous Data Envelopment Analysis (SDEA) model considering common (cost and service) and innovative (blockchain) criteria. The results showed that link-based and component tracing models are cost-effective. In addition, the cost objective function of green product tracing is more sensitive to the number of blocks than that of component tracing. Eventually, the study provides great opportunities for decision-makers and managers to understand how to adopt blockchain in terms of supply chain network characteristics, cost, transparency, and service.

Living closer to the beach is associated with better socioemotional development in young boys.

BackgroundNatural outdoor environments such as green and blue spaces have increasingly been seen as key health and wellbeing determinants for adults. However, it is unclear if these effects are seen in young children. We examined the associations between access to natural green and blue space and young children’s socioemotional development. MethodsCross-sectional baseline data for 1525 young children (median age 3.3 years) in the PLAYCE cohort study were examined. The parent-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) total difficulties score was used as a measure of socioemotional development. High-resolution aerial imagery and Geographic Information Systems were used to identify total percentage of neighbourhood vegetation and vegetation components (grass, shrubs, and trees) and total percentage of blue space (ocean, riverways and lakes and swamps) for 1600m network service areas and 5000m buffer areas around children’s residences. Road network distance to the closest beach, patrolled beach and dog beach were also calculated. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the associations between green and blue space variables and children’s total difficulties score, adjusting for covariates. ResultsSeveral associations were observed amongst young boys’ socioemotional development and distance to the closest beach and patrolled beach, with boys’ socioemotional development improving with decreasing distance to the beach even after adjusting for neighbourhood socioeconomic status. No significant associations were found between the amount of neighbourhood blue space or vegetation within the 1600m or 5000m service area and preschooler social and emotional development. ConclusionsThese findings highlight the potential benefit of living closer to a beach for socioemotional development, particularly for young boys. Our findings have implications for urban planning in terms of the need for improved access to beaches and the protection of natural environments to support young children’s development.

Geographic Variation in Prosthesis Prescription Disparities Between White and Black Veterans After Major Lower Limb Amputation: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis: Geographic Variation in Lower Limb Prosthesis Prescription Disparities.

To examine racial disparities in lower limb prosthesis (LLP) prescription practices between White and Black Veterans across different geographic levels within the United States Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and explore how racial disparities in LLP prescription practices differ by amputation level. Retrospective cohort study. VHA facilities across the United States. A total of 12,143 White and 4,711 Black Veterans who underwent major lower limb amputation between 2010 and 2022 in a VHA facility, including 4,885 with transfemoral amputations (TFA) and 11,969 with transtibial amputations (TTA). Not applicable. Age-standardized percentage point (pp) differences in LLP prescriptions between White and Black Veterans within 12 months post-amputation, analyzed at national, regional, and Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) levels. A positive pp difference indicates a racial disparity, meaning a higher proportion of White Veterans were prescribed LLPs compared to Black Veterans. Nationally, 54.5% of Veterans received an LLP prescription within 12 months post-amputation, with the age-standardized pp difference in LLP prescriptions favoring White Veterans by 5.06 pp (95% CI: 2.51, 7.61). Regional analysis revealed variations, with the Continental region showing the largest disparity (9.10 pp; 95% CI: 4.48, 13.71) and the Pacific region the smallest (3.27 pp; 95% CI: -3.87, 10.42). The VISN-level analysis uncovered greater variations, ranging from -9.26 to 14.54 pp. Disparities were more pronounced for Veterans with TFA (5.25 pp; 95% CI: 1.91, 8.59) compared to TTA (4.52 pp; 95% CI: 1.54, 7.50). Significant geographic variations exist in racial disparities for LLP prescriptions across the VHA, with most areas favoring White Veterans. Disparities were more pronounced for Veterans with transfemoral amputations, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to improve equity in access to prosthetic care, especially for Veterans with more proximal amputations and in regions and VISNs with the largest disparities.

Comparative Analysis of QoS VSAT IP and VSAT Star Telkomsat

Technological developments and the increase in internet users, estimated to reach 185 million in early 2024, have driven the need for reliable communication network services, especially for underdeveloped, frontier, and outermost (3T) areas in Indonesia, where internet coverage is still minimal. Based on these problems, telecommunications service providers need to prepare appropriate designs to provide optimal service to customers by providing a quality network. Telkomsat offers solutions through satellite-based services, especially very small aperture terminals (VSAT). Quality of service (QoS) testing is carried out by measuring throughput, packet loss, delay, and jitter using transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) data to compare the performance of VSAT IP and VSAT Star. The results show that VSAT Star is superior in throughput and delay, with an average throughput of 8.79 Mbps and an average delay of 12.32 ms. This is better than VSAT IP which only produces 6.43 Mbps and 83.94 ms. Both services have the same average packet loss of 0%. However, VSAT IP is more stable in terms of jitter with an average value of 0.36 ms compared to VSAT Star which produces 1.05 ms. In the ping test to the public domain (Google.com), VSAT Star showed an excellent average value of 38.55 ms compared to 584.05 ms for VSAT IP. Overall, VSAT Star has greater potential because of its advantages such as auto point, larger bandwidth, and lower delay.

The Social Capital Behind SNS in China — Based on the Example of WeChat

With the increasing number of users on Chinese social network sites and the growing popularity of WeChat, it is essential to study the behaviors and attitudes of SNS (Social Networking Services) users in China to explore the underlying reasons behind them, particularly social capital. While there have been numerous studies on social capital, limited research has focused on its fluctuations in the field of the Internet. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the differences in online and offline social capital by examining people’s behaviors and attitudes towards social network sites, using WeChat as an example to explore the inner motivations of SNS users and explain the significance of social capital.

The Need For Marine Medicine Specialists for An Integrated Service Network Towards Advanced Indonesia 2045

Need for Marine Medicine Specialist Doctors: I. Hospital-Based Study Program, starting to run in 8 study programs, July 2024. II. Service Needs: 1) Regulations, 2) Development of Remote and Coastal Areas, 3) The existence of a Sea Highway, 4) The existence of marine tourism, 5) Fisheries, 6) Defense, 7) The existence of a New National Capital. III. Service Network: 1) Marine Medicine Service Center in the National Capital, 2) Frontline Areas, 3) Coastal Areas, 4) Hospital Ships. IV. Integrated Systems Network: 1) Defense System, 2) Transportation System, 3) Tourism System, 4) Fisheries System, 5) Telemedicine System, 6) Coastal Area Development, 7) Education, Research, Community Service and Innovation Systems. On August 25, 2023, the Marine Medicine Study Program was approved for a SCOR of 0.001/1,000 population, including efforts to accelerate the achievement of meeting needs. Calculation of Minimum Needs: calculated as 50% of the optimal value, 50% x 319 = 159.5 Rounded to 160, UNRAM and UHT Production Three more years: 3 +5 = 8, then it will only be achieved 20 to 40 years later. Proposed Solutions: 1) PRODI at UNRAM and UHT; There are 2 PRODIs with 3 classes: Regular, Parallel, and Scholarship, projected graduates 9+15 =24; 2) Immediately establish 10 Hospital Based PRODIs, this will meet the increasing needs, so produce 10 PRODIs, projected graduates 10 x 10 = 100; 3) Immediately form a Service Network and System Network, spread throughout Indonesia. 9 types, so there are 9 PRODI. Projection of graduates 9 x 10 = 90. Total projection: 24 + 100 + 90 = 214 per semester. Keywords: need for specialist doctors, study program, student class, graduate projections.

HawkEye: An end-host method to detect the Low-rate Denial-of-Service attack of cross-traffic over bottleneck links

The adaptive mechanisms of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) address network congestion and other unpredictable network conditions. They ensure the reliability of data transmission and the stability of the network. Unfortunately, the vulnerabilities in these adaptive mechanisms are targeted explicitly by low-rate denial-of-service (LDoS) attacks, which severely degrade network service quality. Only by modifying these protocols and addressing their vulnerabilities can one entirely prevent LDoS attacks. Although various improved TCP algorithms exist, they often fail to identify LDoS attacks accurately and, in some cases, may even reduce TCP performance. Furthermore, traditional LDoS attack detection methods rely on intermediate devices, which do not meet TCP’s end-to-end performance optimization needs. We introduce HawkEye, which moves the detection mechanism to the end hosts to address this issue. HawkEye uses an improved genetic algorithm to fine-tune the parameters of the LightGBM on the sending host, integrating multiple network traffic features to detect LDoS attacks. Experimental results show that our proposed method achieves the high accuracy, high true positive rate, and low false positive rate, successfully addressing the limitations of end-host detection of LDoS attacks and providing an innovative and effective solution for enhancing LDoS attack detection.

Unpacking the Digital Markets Act: a milestone ruling against ByteDance and its implications for potential gatekeepers

The General Court of the European Union recently issued the first substantive ruling addressing the interpretation of the EU Digital Markets Act. In that ruling – in Case T-1077/2 ByteDance v. Commission – the General Court endorsed the European Commission’s approach to applying the ‘gatekeeper’ criteria under Article 3(1) of the Digital Markets Act, confirming the Commission’s decision to designate ByteDance as a gatekeeper in respect of its online social networking service, TikTok. This article explains the context in which the dispute between ByteDance and the Commission arose, including the process through which the initial group of gatekeepers was designated. It then goes on to dissect the General Court’s reasoning and comment on its implications for future enforcement of the Digital Markets Act – particularly when it comes to the designation of additional gatekeepers and/or core platform services.