Establishment Of Services Research Articles

Effect of small-scale irrigation on rural household agricultural income in Demba-Gofa District, Southern Ethiopia

Even though small-scale irrigation (SSI) is a practical solution to address issues like poverty, food insecurity, and low farm production, its promise is often overlooked in Ethiopia. In the Demba Gofa District of southern Ethiopia, many rural households continued to rely primarily on rain-fed agriculture despite the possibility of irrigation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the adoption of SSI in Demba Gofa and its effect on farm income. A cross-sectional explanatory research design with a mixed-methods approach was employed on a total of 369 households selected through a multistage sampling procedure. An econometric data analysis using the propensity score matching model was employed to evaluate the effect of small-scale participation on households' farm income. The analysis revealed that the gender of the household head, cultivated land area, market accessibility, livestock ownership, and credit service accessibility positively affect irrigation adoption. Households' irrigation adoption was negatively and significantly associated with the age of the household head and the distance of the farm from the irrigation site. Furthermore, households that did not adopt small-scale irrigation schemes lost 4831.77 ETB in farm revenue compared to those that did. Thus, the study advises the government to support the establishment of adequate, long canals and government-guaranteed credit services for smallholder farmers in order to boost household income and, consequently, food security. Agricultural agents ought to conduct routine evaluations of the canals' operation and offer farmers training to enhance their skills in the sustainable use of irrigation systems.

Assessing the contribution of SADC rules of origin to the growth and survival of the manufacturing industry in Zimbabwe

This study investigates the contribution of the Southern African Development Community's (SADC) Rules of Origin (RoO) to the growth and survival of manufacturing industries in Zimbabwe. The study adopted a qualitative approach and used purposive sampling to select the interviewees. Data obtained from interviews and through documentary review was thematically analysed. The study found that several critical challenges are hindering the effective utilisation of RoO. Foremost among these is a pervasive lack of knowledge and understanding of RoO requirements across all sectors of the Zimbabwean economy. This knowledge gap is compounded by cumbersome administrative and accounting requirements necessary to meet origin criteria, creating significant compliance burdens for manufacturers. Additionally, the poor economic performance of Zimbabwe has negatively impacted the ability of industries to leverage the benefits of SADC RoO, further impeding their competitiveness within the SADC Free Trade Area (FTA). The study recommended comprehensive awareness and training programmes to educate stakeholders on RoO, simplification of administrative processes to reduce compliance costs, and broader economic reforms to improve the overall business environment. Furthermore, it advocates for the establishment of support services to assist industries in navigating RoO requirements, and the enhancement of regional cooperation to facilitate smoother trade flows. .

Digital-twin-based active input refinement for insertion loss estimation and QoT optimization in C and C + L networks

Quality of transmission (QoT) prediction is a fundamental function in optical networks. It is typically embedded within a digital twin and used for operational tasks, including service establishment, service rerouting, and (per-channel or per-amplifier) power management to optimize the working point of services and hence to maximize their capacity. Inaccuracy in QoT prediction results in additional, unwanted design margins. A key contributor to QoT inaccuracy is the uncertain knowledge of fiber insertion loss, e.g., the attenuation due to connector losses at the beginning or at the end of each fiber span, as such loss cannot be directly monitored. Indeed, insertion losses drive the choice of the launch power in fiber spans, which in turn drive key physical effects, including the Kerr and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) effects, which affect services’ QoT. It is thus important to estimate (and detect possibly anomalous) fiber insertion losses at each span. We thereby propose a novel active input refinement (AIR) technique using active probing to estimate insertion losses in C and C + L systems. Here, active probing consists of adjusting amplifier gains span by span to slightly alter SRS. The amount of adjustment must be sufficient to be measurable (such that insertion losses can be inferred from the measures) but small enough to have a negligible impact on running services in a live network. The method is validated by simulations on a European network with 30 optical multiplex sections (OMSs) in C and C + L configurations and by lab experiments on a C-band network, demonstrating that AIR significantly improves insertion loss estimation, network QoT optimization, and QoT prediction compared with other state-of-the-art monitoring techniques. This work underscores the critical role of accurate estimation of QoT inputs in enhancing optical network performance.

A demographic-based challenges and trust issues on the implementation of the new BSND curriculum

Ensuring that the curriculum is aligned with the latest standards, guidelines, and best practices in nursing education and healthcare can be challenging. Developing fair and effective assessment methods to evaluate students' competency can be difficult. It is essential to ensure that assessments and pedagogical approaches accurately reflect the knowledge and skills students need as future registered nutritionists and dietician. The purpose of this study was to assess the challenges experienced by faculty and program administrators in relation to the mandates stipulated in the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) Memo Order No. 14, series of 2017. Faculty (n=37) and program administrators (n=5) were randomly selected from five higher education institutions in Mindanao, Philippines. Findings indicated that the administrators and teaching staff manifested low level of trust issues on the implementation of the curriculum. Consequently, they feel positive about the design, execution, and outcomes of the program. However, it is important to note several challenges they experienced. Lack of doctorate programs in institutions, absence of vertically articulated doctorate programs, and outdated library materials were the most prominent challenges the faculty and program administrators experienced. They also noted challenges related to excessive workloads for faculty beyond their Individual Daily Plans, the absence of Registered Nutrition and Dietetics (RND) professionals in food service establishments to supervise practicum experiences, and a lack of Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with accredited Level III hospitals for practicum training programs.

Dünn in der Fläche? Regionale Disparitäten in der Hospiz- und Palliativversorgung in Deutschland

IntroductionOutpatient and inpatient hospice and palliative care services have been significantly expanded in Germany in recent decades and are increasingly being supplemented by day care services. However, the availability of these services varies greatly from region to region. The extent to which the availability of these care structures is matched by a regional need based on local population structures is as yet unknown. MethodsIn four Poisson regression models, the relationship between population indicators from the areas of demographics, employment, income, education and health and the number of offers of outpatient and inpatient hospice work and palliative care is exploratively examined. The cumulated data at district level is drawn from the INKAR database of the Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development on living conditions in Germany and from the guide of the German Association for Palliative Medicine. By means of logistic regression, factors influencing the establishment of day care services will also be identified. ResultsThe analysis included 401 districts and cities in Germany. The number of inhabitants, settlement density, and the average age of inhabitants are the strongest predictors of the number of palliative care services. In metropolitan regions, both outpatient palliative care services and palliative care units tend to be more frequently available, while the number of outpatient hospice services and inpatient hospices increases in districts with a higher number of inhabitants regardless of settlement density. The regression model was unable to demonstrate a significant influence on the emergence of semi-inpatient care facilities, neither for the population indicators nor for the existing care structures. DiscussionRegional population structures can only partially explain the geographically uneven distribution of hospice and palliative care services in districts and cities in Germany. Despite an increase in hospice and palliative care services, fewer hospice and palliative care structures are available in low population density regions that tend to have a higher share of older inhabitants. ConclusionFuture health care planning should give more consideration to other population characteristics than to population size alone in order to improve care in regions with higher care needs that are, for example, due to a higher proportion of older residents. Subsequent studies should investigate which population characteristics can best describe the actual care needs.

The impact of information and communication technologies on international trade: A case of Sub-Saharan Africa

The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of information and communication technologies (ICT) on the bilateral trade flows of the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We use the method of generalized least squares (GLS) panel to correct for correlation and heteroskedasticity problems. We have employed the gravity model extended to ICT to examine the effects of key ICT indicators on bilateral exports and imports. The sample includes 44 African countries of the subcontinent, including 43 countries as partners (importers/exporters) and one reporter country (exporter/importer) and covers the period 2010 to 2019. The results show that access to mobile telephony and the internet, as well as the development of e-commerce, have a great potential for improving intra-African bilateral trade and that the effect of ICT is not unequivocal according to the category of flow considered. However, it emerges from these results that the development of ICT as it is today has not yet succeeded in overturning the argument of physical distance as a barrier to trade in sub-Saharan Africa. The key conclusion is that the establishment of better-quality ICT services and infrastructure is more critical to intra-African trade. African policymakers should accommodate sufficient support to establish the ICT infrastructure and expand ICT penetration by reducing the costs of communication, transactions and access to ICT.

In-situ electrochemically synthesized “artificial” Gly m TI antibody for soybean allergen quantification in complex foods

Biosensors, especially those designed for detecting food allergens like Gly m TI in soybean, play a crucial role in safeguarding individuals who suffer from adverse food allergies, extending to both individual well-being and broader public health considerations. Furthermore, their integration into food production and monitoring processes aids in compliance with regulatory standards, reducing the incidence of allergen-related recalls and protecting vulnerable populations. Technological advancements in biosensor development, such as increased portability, real-time monitoring capabilities, and user-friendly interfaces, have expanded their practical applications, making them indispensable in various settings, including manufacturing plants, food service establishments, and even at-home use by consumers.For the first time, a biosensor targeting the Gly m TI allergen based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) technology was developed to detect/quantify soybean in complex food matrices and effectively address the detection challenges of complex and processed foods. The Gly m TI-MIP underwent a thorough validation process using anti-Gly m TI IgG raised as a polyclonal response to the trypsin inhibitor. Gly m TI-MIP was successfully tested across a range of food matrices, including tree nuts (e.g., peanuts, walnuts, and hazelnuts) and legumes (e.g., lentils, beans, and lupine), presenting minimal cross-reactivity with lupine and walnut. The innovative approach provided a linear response in the 1 ag mL−1 - 10 μg mL−1 range, with a LOD<1 ag mL−1. Applying the Gly m TI-MIP sensor to complex model foods allowed to detect 0.1 mg kg−1 (0.00001 %) of soybean protein isolate in biscuits, ham, and sausages before and after the respective thermal treatments. The innovative biosensor can significantly improve food safety protocols by addressing the complexities of tracing allergens in processed and unprocessed food products. By ensuring rigorous allergen control, these biosensors may support global food trade compliance with international safety standards, boost consumer confidence, and promote transparency in food labeling, ultimately contributing to a safer food supply chain.

Kajian hambatan samping terhadap kinerja ruas pada kawasan komersil (studi kasus: Jalan Boulevard kota Makassar)

The traffic on the Makassar City Boulevard Road segment operates using a two-way system, with a significant volume of vehicles and frequent obstacles on the sides. It arises as a result of the presence of commercial zones, encompassing trade and service establishments such as offices, banks, stores, restaurants, hotels, and shopping centers, where transactions between sellers and purchasers take place. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the influence of side barriers obstructions on the performance of the Makassar City Boulevard Road segment utilizing the MKJI 1997 methodology. The analysis reveals that the highest frequency of side barriers on the section of Jalan Boulevard Makassar City occurs on Thursdays at point 2 (in front of Jims Honey Store), with a rate of 592 pcu/h or 4.10% of the total number of side barrier events at that location, which is 14450 pcu/h. These side barriers are classified as high class (H) and are predominantly found in commercial areas with high roadside activity. Thus, it has been demonstrated that side barriers have a notable influence on the performance of the Makassar City Boulevard Road portion, leading to a fall in speed and capacity, as well as a decline in service quality standards.

Fairness perceptions and payoff allocation preferences in the online food order and delivery industry: Evidence from a real experiment

Amid concern about the welfare implications of the revenue share model between food service establishments (FSEs) and food delivery companies (FDCs), academic contributions have been mostly theoretical. Within a conceptual framework of fairness, our empirical study provides a perspective from the third party in the multi-sided market: the consumer. Following an incentivized payoff allocation experiment with 500 English food consumers, we make three observations: (1) participants prefer to make allocations to FSEs as opposed to FDCs, (2) participants who perceive fairness as a social construct (honesty, responsibility) derive the most disutility from advantageous inequality and the least disutility from disadvantageous inequality in relation to FSEs, and (3) participants who perceive fairness as a structural construct (processes, outcomes) prefer more equal payoff allocations to FSEs and FDCs. The perception of price unfairness in the online food order and delivery industry is apparent, speaking to the need to find market and policy solutions.

Challenges and Strategies for Digital Transformation in Business Organizations: A Theoretical Model

Incorporating both digital and physical systems, as well as the combination of the two, is what sets digital transformation apart. It is characterized by the rise of creative business structures and processes, as well as the establishment of smart consumer services and products. This paper analyzes the challenges faced by corporations during digital transformation (DT) and provides a theoretical framework for overcoming such challenges. The aim of this research is to review the basics of DT and the conditions under which it may take place. It also creates an algorithmic model for the transition of digital enterprises by classifying and organizing the challenges that develop throughout the implementation of DT. The article is aimed to provide light on the complex landscape of digital transformation among the 28 member states, which form the European Union. The study seeks to provide a full knowledge of the possibilities and challenges connected with this process of transformation.

Brief Considerations Regarding the Competence of the Central Authorities in Matters of Filiation, in the Context of the Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Creation of a European Certificate of Parenthood

The study aims to present and analyse the competence of the central authorities in the matter of filiation according to the Proposal for a Council Regulation on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition of decisions and acceptance of authentic instruments in matters of parenthood and on the creation of a European Certificate of Parenthood and according to the regulations in Romanian law such as: Civil Code, Law no. 119/1996 regarding civil status documents, Government Ordinance no. 84/2001 regarding the establishment and operation of community public services for the registration of persons. The authors present due clarifications regarding the dichotomy of the provisions of Romanian law (Romanian private international law, civil law and the regulations from the normative acts stipulated in the paragraph above) and the correspondence with the Council's Proposal for a regulation on filiation, noting the competence, the applicable law, respectively the recognition. Next, the paper will present the competent authorities from the perspective of the proposed Regulation and Romanian law. In conclusion, the authors will present de lege ferenda what changes would be made to the provisions of Romanian law by adopting the Proposal for a Regulation of the Council regarding jurisdiction, the applicable law, the recognition of court decisions and the acceptance of authentic documents in matters of filiation and regarding the creation of a European certificate of filiation considering that there will be rules of immediate application. Keywords: Central authorities; Child; Filiation; Parents; Private international law; Romanian law.

Genetic counseling development and milestone in Oman

Genetic counseling as an emerging profession has seen an expansion around the world. In the Sultanate of Oman, the profession has developed with the establishment of clinical and biochemical genetic services in 2010 and genetic counseling services in 2011. Currently, three main genetic counseling teams serve the country through qualified genetic counselors who completed internationally-recognized MSc program. The genetic counselors are working in governmental clinical genetic units and play vital roles in enhancing the quality of genetic services dealing with pediatric and adult-onset disorders. The impact of the service is reflected in the escalated demand for preventative measures such as alternative reproductive options, premarital genetic counseling and testing as well as predictive counseling and testing. Despite the limited resources and absence of a licensing body, the genetic counseling profession in Oman is progressing. This special report describes the development of genetic counseling in Oman and the milestones reached. It details the areas of service, scope of practice, and the unique social and cultural nuances inherent to genetic counseling in Oman.

Network versus spatial proximity and firm innovation: The case of the R&amp;D service sector

AbstractThe paper analyzes the relationship between different types of proximities—network and spatial—in relation to innovation in the context of the R&amp;D service industry. In doing so, it contributes to the recent debate in the literature on the effects of network connectivity versus geographical colocation. The paper uses original data from a survey of 145 R&amp;D service establishments in Montreal (Canada) and their interactions with both local and nonlocal organizations. The findings of the paper indicate that collaborative networks (both local and nonlocal) have a stronger association with R&amp;D service innovation than spatial proximity to R&amp;D service organizations and other collaborators. However, when these two dimensions are interacted, they are shown to function as substitutes. The paper also demonstrates that the relationship between spatial proximity and networking varies across three dimensions: local versus nonlocal networking, the type of relationship (client, supplier, competitor, and research institutes and university), and the type of network connectivity—brokerage versus closure.

Treatment Options and Referral Pattern among Patients with Retinal Diseases Attending an Eye Clinic in a Tertiary institution, North Central Nigeria.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the treatment modalities and pattern of referral of patients with retinal diseases in the eye clinic. Methods: All consenting new patients attending the eye clinic were recruited for the study and interviewed by the author. The treatment offered to the participants diagnosed with retinal disease (medical, surgical, LASER, optical or a combination) was recorded. Information on the patient’s referral for vitreoretinal consultation (this could be ‘yes’ or ‘no’) and reasons for the referral were also documented and analyzed. Results: treatment options for the 278 study participants were: medical for 100 (36%), optical for 94 (33.8%) optical correction, surgical for 24 (8.6%), LASER photocoagulation for 6 (2.2%) and a combination of LASER photocoagulation and intravitreal avastin injection for 20 (7.2%) patients. Counselling and watchful expectancy accounted for treatment of 34 (12.2%) patients. Seventy-four patients of the 278 included in the study had retinal diseases. Of these 74 with retinal diseases, 46 (62.2%) were referred to vitreoretinal units out of which 39 (84.8%) patients were referred to the vitreoretinal unit in JUTH and 7 (15.2%) were referred to vitreoretinal units elsewhere. The referrals were largely on account of unavailability of requisite equipment in 3 (42.8%) patients, surgical expertise in 2 (28.6%) patients and patient request in 2 (28.6%) cases. Conclusion: The need for establishment of standard vitreoretinal services strategically in each geo-political zone of Nigeria to cater more efficiently to the needs of patients with retinal diseases and appropriate referral cannot be overemphasized

The role of non-human actors in the acceptance of management accounting: the case of a Moroccan public establishment

Like private companies, public service establishments are seeking to improve their performance by adopting management control tools. However, their acceptance in this context raises specific challenges. Unlike the private sector, where profitability is often the main driver for the acceptance of such tools, the public sector has to deal with more complex organizational dynamics involving many actors. This article examines the reasons underlying the acceptance of a management control tool, in particular a management accounting system, in the Moroccan public sector. The research is based on a qualitative case study carried out in a Moroccan public establishment that recently introduced a management accounting system, using the Actor-Network Theory (ANT), also known as the translation theory, developed by Callon and Latour in the 1980s. Traditionally mobilized to analyze the innovation diffusion process, this approach is used in our research to study the pre-adoption, or ex-ante, phase of innovation introduction. The results of this study highlight the complex dynamics of management accounting acceptance in the Moroccan public sector, showing how non-human actors play a crucial role in the pre-adoption phase of management control instruments. Our research reveals the decisive influence of the tax variable, as a non-human actor, on the acceptance of the management accounting system. This link between taxation and management accounting is a significant contribution, particularly due to the lack of studies on legal and fiscal variables in management control. These results underscore the importance of considering both non-human and human actors equally in the translation process (generalized symmetry).

Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction Among Food Service Employees In Terengganu, Malaysia

In the dynamic and competitive landscape of the food service industry, employee job satisfaction is a pivotal factor influencing organizational success. In Terengganu, Malaysia, where the culinary sector is both a cultural cornerstone and a significant economic contributor, understanding the nuances that affect job satisfaction among food service employees is crucial. This study aims to determine the influence of salary, working hours, and working environment on employee satisfaction towards a job at a food service establishment in Terengganu, Malaysia. The researchers collected 337 completed questionnaires after distributing an online survey to participants. The descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, and Pearson correlation were analyzed to produce pertinent information. It found that all factors, salary (r=.555), working hours (r=.631), and working environment (r=.778), were positively related to employee job satisfaction. The Cronbach's Alpha for the factors influencing job satisfaction among food service employees in Terengganu, Malaysia, was a range of 0.938, which indicates excellent internal consistency reliability. By identifying and analyzing these factors, this research aims to provide actionable insights for foodservice businesses to enhance their human resource strategies, thereby fostering a more motivated and efficient workforce.

Structural Modeling of Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Food Handlers in Highway Tourist Stop-Over Food Service Establishments in Uganda

The study examines the socio-demographic characteristics, food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices of food handlers in highway tourist stop-over food service establishments in Uganda. The study further explores the relationship between the above factors using the Structural Equation Model (SEM). Understanding food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices of food handlers can inform future interventions toward food safety assurance in food service establishments. The study used a cross-sectional design and data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22 and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS). Approximately half of the respondents had adequate knowledge of food safety and good practices. The results from SEM confirmed that food safety knowledge significantly affected practices (β= 0.37 p&lt;0.05), attitude insignificantly, and negatively affected practices (β= -0.04 p&gt;0.05). Only 13.3% of the changes in practices were explained by the knowledge and attitudes of the respondents (R-squared 0.133). The majority of the food handlers were males, had experience of more than 2 years, attended food safety training, and had limited knowledge about Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP). The study is the first of its kind in Uganda. The findings suggest that future interventions should look beyond food safety knowledge and attitudes of the food handlers in food safety assurance efforts.

Трансформація готельно-ресторанного обслуговування в умовах цифровізації

The article is dedicated to exploring the unique aspects and primary trends in the digital transformation of hotel and restaurant services. It has been demonstrated that the increasing competition, the drive for operational efficiency, and the enhancement of customer service quality are key drivers for the adoption of digital technologies in the hotel and restaurant industry. Understanding and meeting evolving consumer expectations, such as the preference for online ordering, swift transaction processing, and personalized service, is also crucial in this digital shift. It has been established that under the influence of digitalization processes in all spheres of life, modern restaurants are actively implementing digital technologies, which allow the automation and optimization of most operational processes. Despite the growth of digital activity, domestic restaurants have yet to achieve the same pace of digitalization as other industries or similar enterprises in specific global contexts. This is evidenced by the insufficiently high share of electronic sales (about 12%) and the low implementation of BIG DATA technologies (8.9%) in the management and analytics of hotel and restaurant businesses. Research has revealed that several digitalization tools are being rapidly integrated into restaurant services, including digital marketing, the development of digital food delivery platforms (FoodTech), automated management systems, and interactive technologies. The digital transformation of business processes in food service establishments not only enables swift adaptation to market changes but also significantly enhances the competitiveness of the restaurant business. It is argued that the effectiveness of hotel and restaurant service digitalization processes depends on the choice of the most optimal balance between software tools and digital instruments and the authentic characteristics of each restaurant, the target customer base, their tastes and preferences, and the image strategy of positioning in the food service market. Keywords: digitalization, digital tools, hotel and restaurant business, automated management systems, digital transformation of hotel and restaurant services, digital marketing.

The effectiveness of food safety self-checking systems in institutional catering

Internal and external food safety audits and inspections are commonly implemented in food service establishments to uphold and enhance food safety standards. While the processes for various types of inspections are similar, each has distinct roles and implications. Self-checking involves inspections conducted by local staff within the food business. However, experts question the efficacy of this process, as it often fails to uncover food safety issues.This indicative study aimed to investigate whether self-checking can reveal food safety risks associated with primary and additional activities and identify which activities, if any, are misjudged by internal staff. An in-depth survey was conducted over four months in 10 school kitchens using a food safety control checklist, which was completed monthly by internal staff, an internal auditor, and an external auditor.The evaluations from external auditors consistently rated the kitchens lower than those from internal auditors and local catering managers. The most divergent judgments centered on personal hygiene practices, storage procedures, cleaning methods, and disinfection processes.Based on this data, food handlers tend to perceive their adherence to food safety practices as more robust than it is.

Microbiological safety assessment of restaurants and HACCP-certified kitchens in hotels: A study in eastern China

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system plays a crucial role in ensuring food safety within food service establishments, effectively reducing the risk of foodborne diseases. This study focused on assessing the risk of microbe contamination in poultry-based cook-served food during meal preparation in four restaurants and five selected HACCP-certified hotels in eastern China. We examined samples collected from 26 poultry-based cooked dishes, 248 food contact surfaces, 252 non-food contact surfaces, and 121 hand swabs. Our findings indicated a favorable trend of compliance with Chinese national standards, as Escherichia coli and Campylobacter were not detected in any cooked food samples. However, the microbiological assessments revealed non-compliance with total plate count standards in 7 % of the cooked samples from restaurants. In contrast, both dine-in hotels and restaurants exhibited significant non-compliance with guidance concerning food and non-food contact surfaces. Furthermore, our study found that chefs' hand hygiene did not meet microbiological reference standards, even after washing. Notably, Campylobacter persisted at 27 % and 30 % on chefs' hands, posing a significant risk of cross-contamination and foodborne diseases. These findings emphasize the urgent necessity for enhanced supervision of hygiene procedures and process monitoring in the HACCP-certified establishments engaged in the preparation and serving of food. Targeted interventions and food safety education for different chef subgroups can enhance food handling practices and reduce the risk of foodborne diseases in independent food establishments.