Serum Serum Superoxide Dismutase Levels Research Articles

Measurement of superoxide dismutase: clinical usefulness for patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical usefulness of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) measurement in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV).MethodsIn this single-center retrospective study, demographic data, serum SOD levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP), the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS), ANCA, organ involvement, and outcomes were analyzed for 152 AAV patients hospitalized in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Meanwhile, the serum SOD levels of 150 healthy people were collected as the control group.ResultsCompared to the healthy control group, serum SOD levels of the AAV group were significantly lower (P < 0.001). SOD levels of AAV patients were negatively correlated to ESR, CRP, and BVAS (ESR rho = − 0.367, P < 0.001; CRP rho = − 0.590, P < 0.001; BVAS rho = − 0.488, P < 0.001). SOD levels for the MPO-ANCA group were significantly lower than the PR3-ANCA group (P = 0.045). SOD levels for the pulmonary involvement group and the renal involvement group were significantly lower than those for the non-pulmonary involvement group and the non-renal involvement group (P = 0.006; P < 0.001, respectively). SOD levels in the death group were significantly lower than the survival group (P = 0.001).ConclusionsIn AAV patients, low SOD levels might indicate disease associated oxidative stress. SOD levels in AAV patients were decreased with inflammation, suggesting that SOD levels could potentially be a surrogate marker for disease activity. SOD levels in AAV patients were closely related to ANCA serology, pulmonary involvement, and renal involvement, with low SOD levels an important indicator of a poor prognosis for AAV patients.

Evaluation of Serum Superoxide Dismutase Levels in Lumbar Degenerative Spinal Diseases: A Prospective Meta-analysis

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme levels and lumbar degenerative spinal diseases (LDSD).Materials and Methods: Ninety-four patients with LDSD and 64 patients without LDSD were investigated. Human SOD ELISA kits were used to measure the amount of enzymes in the samples. Serum SOD enzyme levels were determined by Student-t and Mann Whitney-U tests to determine differences between groups.Results: The patient group was classified according to the characteristics of the disease, clinical symptoms, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) values, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores. Along with these parameters, serum SOD levels were evaluated statistically. There was no statistically significant difference in serum SOD levels in both groups. However, serum SOD levels were relatively lower in the patient group (p&gt;0.05).Conclusions: Our study could supply objective value for future researchers investigating specific lumbar diseases, should they attempt to find a serum biomarker for the disease. More studies with an increasing number of patients are needed to support the results of our study. Doing so may offer more specific insights on the mechanisms of LDSD and its features, which could contribute to the literature.

P21-04 “Please, sir, I want some more…” data: Guidelines for effective sharing of preclinical data

Autism is a severe developmental disorder with poorly understood etiology. This study examined the clinical significance of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) level, a marker of oxidative stress, in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically-developing children between the ages of 2 and 6 years.Ninety-six children diagnosed with ASD and 96 sex and age matched typically-developing children were assessed for serum levels of SOD at admission. S0D were assayed by colorimetry, and severity of ASD was evaluated with the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) Score. The influence of serum SOD levels on ASD was performed by conditional logistic regression analysis, which allows adjustment for confounding factors.The median serum SOD levels were significantly (P < 0.001) lower in children with ASD as compared to typically-developing children [146 (IQR: 133–165) U/ml and 180 (168–199) U/ml, respectively]. Levels of SOD increased with decreasing severity of ASD as defined by the CARS score (r = −0.432, P < 0.0001). After adjusting for all other possible covariates, SOD remained can be seen as an independent indictor of ASD with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.955 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.942–0.969; P < 0.001). Based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the optimal cutoff value of serum level of SOD as an indicator for auxiliary diagnosis of ASD was projected to be 160U/ml, which yielded a sensitivity of 84.7% and a specificity of 71.4%, with the area under the curve at 0.811 (95%CI, 0.747–0.874).Our data suggests that the decreased serum SOD levels could be implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of autism in Chinese children and can be used as an independent risk indicator of ASD.

S-20-03 Towards an ADME-competent human 4-organ chip for risk assessment

Autism is a severe developmental disorder with poorly understood etiology. This study examined the clinical significance of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) level, a marker of oxidative stress, in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically-developing children between the ages of 2 and 6 years.Ninety-six children diagnosed with ASD and 96 sex and age matched typically-developing children were assessed for serum levels of SOD at admission. S0D were assayed by colorimetry, and severity of ASD was evaluated with the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) Score. The influence of serum SOD levels on ASD was performed by conditional logistic regression analysis, which allows adjustment for confounding factors.The median serum SOD levels were significantly (P < 0.001) lower in children with ASD as compared to typically-developing children [146 (IQR: 133–165) U/ml and 180 (168–199) U/ml, respectively]. Levels of SOD increased with decreasing severity of ASD as defined by the CARS score (r = −0.432, P < 0.0001). After adjusting for all other possible covariates, SOD remained can be seen as an independent indictor of ASD with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.955 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.942–0.969; P < 0.001). Based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the optimal cutoff value of serum level of SOD as an indicator for auxiliary diagnosis of ASD was projected to be 160U/ml, which yielded a sensitivity of 84.7% and a specificity of 71.4%, with the area under the curve at 0.811 (95%CI, 0.747–0.874).Our data suggests that the decreased serum SOD levels could be implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of autism in Chinese children and can be used as an independent risk indicator of ASD.

Evaluating the value of superoxide dismutase in anti-MDA5-positive dermatomyositis associated with interstitial lung disease.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) among patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody (MDA5)-positive DM. In this retrospective study, serum SOD of 90 health check-ups were tested in our hospital. A total of 94 hospitalized patients with anti-MDA5-positive DM had ILD. Their serum SOD, serum ferritin and autoantibody levels were determined and lung high-resolution CT was performed. The serum SOD level was significantly lower in the anti-MDA5-positive DM group compared with the control group. The SOD level was significantly lower in patients positive for both anti-MDA5 antibodies and anti-Ro-52 antibodies than in those positive for only anti-MDA5 antibodies before treatment. The SOD level was significantly lower in the higher serum ferritin group compared with the lower serum ferritin group before treatment. After treatment, the serum SOD level decreased in patients with exacerbation of ILD, while it increased in those with alleviated ILD. The SOD level was significantly lower in the death group than in the survival group before treatment. In patients with anti-MDA5-positive DM, the low SOD level before treatment indicated the presence of oxidative stress in the disease; the serum SOD level was affected by anti-Ro-52 antibodies and ferritin; there is a close relationship between serum SOD level and ILD among patients with anti-MDA5-positive DM, suggesting that SOD might serve as an effective indicator to evaluate the changes in ILD in these patients; and the low SOD level is an important indicator of poor prognosis in these patients, which deserves attention from rheumatologists.

Changes and significance of retinal blood oxygen saturation and oxidative stress indexes in patients with diabetic retinopathy.

BACKGROUNDDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is a diabetic complication that can severely affect the patients’ vision, eventually leading to blindness. DR is the most important manifestation of diabetic micro-vasculopathy and is mainly related to the course of diabetes and the degree of blood glucose control, while the age of diabetes onset, sex, and type of diabetes have little influence on it. AIMTo explore the changes in blood oxygen saturation and oxidative stress indices of retinal vessels in patients with DR.METHODSIn total, 94 patients (94 eyes) with DR (DR group) diagnosed at Jianyang people’s Hospital between March 2019 and June 2020, and 100 volunteers (100 eyes) (control group) without eye diseases, were included in this study. Arterial and venous blood oxygen saturation, retinal arteriovenous vessel diameter, and serum oxidative stress indicators in the two groups were compared. Based on the stage of the disease, the DR group was divided into the simple DR and proliferative DR groups for stratified analysis. RESULTSThe oxygen saturation of the retinal vessels in the DR group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The retinal vessel diameters between the DR and control groups were not significantly different. The serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxydehydroguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in the DR group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in the DR group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The oxygen saturation of the retinal vessels in the patients with proliferative DR was significantly higher than that in the patients with simple DR (P < 0.05). The retinal vessel diameter in patients with proliferative DR was not significantly different from that of patients with simple DR (P > 0.05). Serum MDA and 8-OHdG levels in patients with proliferative DR were significantly higher than those in patients with simple DR (P < 0.05). Serum SOD and GSH levels in patients with proliferative DR were significantly lower than those in patients with simple DR (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONIncreased blood oxygen saturation of retinal arteries and veins and increased oxidative stress damage in patients with DR may be associated with decreased retinal capillary permeability and arterial oxygen dispersion, possibly reflecting the patient’s condition.

Prognostic impact of pretreatment serum superoxide dismutase activity in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

To evaluate the prognostic effect of pretreatment serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A total of 498 patients diagnosed with stage III-IVA nasopharyngeal carcinoma between January 2013 and December 2016 were involved in this study. The X-tile program was used to determine the cut-off value of pretreatment serum SOD activity based on disease-free survival. Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the impact of serum SOD levels on survival outcomes. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to compare the prognostic value of clinical stage, pretreatment serum SOD level, and the combination of them regarding disease-free survival. Based on the X-tile plot, the optimal cutoff value of pretreatment serum SOD activity for disease-free survival was 146.0U/mL. As a dichotomous variable, SOD was significantly higher in non-keratinizing differentiated disease (P = 0.027) and early T stage (P = 0.011). Compared with the lower subset, higher SOD activity predicted an inferior 3-year rates of overall survival (84.6 vs. 94.7%, P < 0.001), distant metastasis-free survival (78.3 vs. 92.8%, P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (78.2 vs. 92.8%, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis verified that the SOD activity was an independent prognostic indicator to predict distant metastasis, disease progression, and death. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the combination was superior to that of clinical stage or SOD alone for disease-free survival (both P < 0.01). Serological SOD activity before treatment is an important prognostic indicator for patients with stage III-IV non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma undergoing chemoradiation therapy.

The L-shaped association between superoxide dismutase levels and blood pressure in older Chinese adults: community-based, cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUNDAs an antioxidant, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) have been found to be associated with hypertension.METHODSThe data were derived from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), a prospective cohort study in China. We explored the association between serum SOD and blood pressure (BP) using multivariable correction analysis in an older Chinese population.RESULTSWe observed a significantly gradual downward trend in the association between serum SOD levels and diastolic BP (DBP) in participants with lower serum SOD levels (< 58 IU/mL), while no associations were observed between serum SOD levels and DBP in participants with higher serum SOD levels (> 58 IU/mL). Similar results showed a significant gradual downward trend in associations between serum SOD levels and the risk of diastolic hypertension only at SOD < 58 IU/mL. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that serum SOD was negatively correlated with DBP (Sβ = —0.088,P < 0.001) but not with SBP (Sβ = 0.013, P = 0.607). Multiple logistic regression analysis suggested that serum SOD was independently associated with the risk of diastolic hypertension (OR = 0.984, 95% CI: 0.973−0.996, P = 0.010) but not with the risk of systolic hypertension (OR = 1.001, 95% CI: 0.990−1.012,P = 0.836)) after adjusting for relevant confounding factors. Serum SOD levels (< 58 IU/mL, > 58 IU/mL) were an effect modifier of the association between serum SOD and DBP (interactionP = 0.0038) or the risk of diastolic hypertension (interaction P = 0.0050). CONCLUSIONSOur study indicated for the first time that there was an L-shaped association between serum SOD levels and the risk of diastolic hypertension in the older Chinese population.

Protective effect of dexmedetomidine on lung injury during one-lung ventilation in elderly patients undergoing radical esophagectomy

This study investigated the protective effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex) on lung injury during one-lung ventilation (OLV) in elderly patients undergoing radical esophagectomy with remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). Fifty-four esophageal cancer patients undergoing radical esophagectomy were divided into control, RIPC and RIPC+Dex group. During the anesthesia and ventilation in surgery, the RIPC was performed in RIPC group, and the intravenous infusion of Dex based on RIPC was conducted in RIPC+Dex group. At the time immediately before OLV beginning (T1), 60 min of OLV (T2) and end of surgery (T3), the oxygenation index (OI) and respiratory index (RI) were recorded, and the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were determined. Results showed that, compared with RIPC group, in RIPC+Dex group the OI at T2 and T3 increased, the RI at T2 and T3 decreased, the serum SOD level at T3 increased, the serum MDA level at T3 decreased, the serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels at T2 and T3 decreased (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, for elderly patients undergoing radical esophagectomy with RIPC, Dex can effectively inhibit the oxidative stress and inflammatory response during OLV, thus alleviating the lung injury and reducing the postoperative complications.

The Effect of Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) Supplementation to Diet on the Performance, Egg and Meat Quality, Antioxidant Activity in Laying Quail

This study was conducted to determine the effects of rosehip (RS, Rosa canina L.) supplementation on the performance, carcass traits, meat quality, serum antioxidant activity, egg yolk pigmentation and fatty acid composition of laying quail. A total of 120 10-week-old laying quail were divided into 5 treatment groups with 8 replicates. The treatments were as follows: the first group was fed control diet (C, no rosehip addition), other groups (2, 3, 4 and 5) were fed with diets containing 2.5, 5, 10 and 15% RS, respectively. The body weight (BW), feed consumption (FC) and egg yield were not affected by the treatments. However, egg weight and egg mass increased with 5 and 10% RS supplementation (P&lt;0.01). The breast meat’s dry matter, crude protein, ash, fat, drip loss, thawing loss, cooking loss, postmortem pH1 values and the colour were not statistically influenced by RS supplementation. Rosehip supplementation caused a decrease in the L* values of egg yolk colour, however, the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values of the egg yolk was higher than that of the C group (P&lt;0.01). Rosehip supplementation did not change the fatty acid composition of egg yolk. Rosehip addition at 2.5 and 5% ratio to diets decreased serum malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels (P&lt;0.01); while addition of 10 and 15% RS caused an increase in serum MDA and decrease in serum SOD levels compared to C group (P&lt;0.01). In conclusion, rosehip as a feed ingredient in quail diets can be used to increase egg weight, egg mass and egg yolk pigmentation and low (2.5 and 5%) RS supplementation may decrease serum oxidant activity but not high concentrations (10 and 15%) of RS.

Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation as an Adjuvant Therapy Potentially Increase Serum Superoxide Dismutase Levels in Acne Vulgaris Patients

BACKGROUND: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a chronic inflammatory disease in the pilosebaceous unit. Recent research has begun to focus on the essential relationship between oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of AV. The use of antioxidants like coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) that has various advantages as adjuvant therapy is expected to be beneficial for AV. AIM: The study was aimed to analyze the effect of CoQ10 supplementation on serum SOD levels and the severity of AV patients. METHODS: A double blind-randomized controlled trial was carried out on 36 patients with AV and classified according to severity degree of AV. These patients were randomly divided into two groups (treatment group with tretinoin 0.025% cream and once-daily supplementation of CoQ10 100 mg tablet; and placebo group with tretinoin 0.025% cream and once-daily placebo tablet). Response to treatment was based on serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) level and AV severity degree. RESULTS: Administration of CoQ10 to AV patients significantly increase serum SOD level (p = 0.008) and improves the severity of AV after 8 weeks (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: CoQ10 supplementation can increase serum SOD levels and improve the severity of AV.

WHAT IS THE MAJOR FACTOR ON THE KIDNEY INJURY INDUCED BY HYPERTENSION OR HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA

Objective: As we all know kidney injury could be induced by hypertension or hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). What is the major factor? HHcy plays a synergistic role with hypertension in vascular injury; however, the relationship between HHcy and hypertension in renal injury remains unclear. Here, we sought to evaluate the relationship between HHcy and hypertension in the context of renal injury and to elucidate the mechanism of action underlying this relationship. Design and method: Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats were randomized into WKY, WKY+HHcy, SHR, and SHR+HHcy groups. Blood pressure, plasma homocysteine, creatinine, serum malondialdehyde (MDA), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), and urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) were measured. mRNA and protein expression levels of NOX2, NOX4, and nephrin in the kidneys were also examined. Results: The WKY+HHcy group exhibited lower serum SOD levels, relative to the WKY group, along with higher levels of both serum MDA and UACR. Similar effects were observed in the SHR+HHcy group, relative to the SHR group. Moreover, compared with the levels in the WKY+HHcy group, mean SOD levels in the SHR+HHcy group were lower, while mean MDA and UACR levels were higher. Higher mRNA and protein expression levels of NOX2 and NOX4, along with lower mRNA and protein expression levels of nephrin, were observed in the kidneys of WKY+HHcy and SHR+HHcy rats, relative to SHR and WKY controls, respectively. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein levels of NOX2 and NOX4 were higher and the mRNA and protein levels of nephrin were lower in the SHR+HHcy group than in the WKY+HHcy group. In addition, compared with WKY+HHcy group, the UACR level of SHR group was higher. Conclusions: HHcy appears to synergistically increase hypertensive renal damage by enhancing oxidative stress. However, hypertension remains a major risk factor for renal impairment compared to HHcy.

Reproductive responses of the male Brandt’s vole, Lasiopodomys brandtii (Rodentia: Cricetidae) to tannic acid

Tannins are polyphenols that are present in various plants, and potentially contain antioxidant properties that promote reproduction in animals. This study investigated how tannic acid (TA) affects the reproductive parameters of male Brandt’s voles,Lasiopodomys brandtii(Radde, 1861). Specifically, the anti-oxidative level of serum, autophagy in the testis, and reproductive physiology were assessed in males treated with TA from the pubertal stage. Compared to the control, low dose TA enhanced relative testis and epididymis weight and sperm concentration in the epididymis, and significantly increased the level of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). mRNA levels of autophagy related genes LC3 and Beclin1 decreased significantly with low dose TA compared to the control. However, compared to the control, high dose TA sharply reduced the levels of serum SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, serum testosterone (T), and mRNA level in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in the testis. Both sperm abnormality and mortality increased with high dose TA compared to the control and low dose TA. Collectively, this study demonstrated that TA treatment during puberty had a dose-dependent effect on the reproductive responses of male Brandt’s voles. TA might mediate autophagy in the testis, through both indirect and direct processes. TA mainly affected the reproductive function of male Brandt’s voles by regulating anti-oxidative levels. This study advances our understanding of the mechanisms by which tannins influence reproduction in herbivores.

Qi-Xian Decoction Upregulated E-cadherin Expression in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Ovalbumin-Challenged Mice by Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Extracellular-Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) Activation.

BackgroundLoss of the epithelial barrier is characterized by a reduction in E-cadherin expression and is a hallmark of asthma. Qi-xian decoction (QXT) is a Chinese medicinal formula that has been used to effectively treat asthma. This study aimed to investigate the effect of QXT on E-cadherin expression in human lung epithelial 16HBE cells and ovalbumin-challenged mice and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism.Material/MethodsOvalbumin (OVA)-induced mice were used as a model of asthma. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were utilized to examine mRNA and protein levels. Lung tissue reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were evaluated using dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based analyses. 16HBE cells were utilized to explore the effect of QXT or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the expression of E-cadherin in vitro.ResultsWe found that QXT treatment increased E-cadherin expression and decreased extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation levels in the lung tissues of OVA-challenged mice. QXT also downregulated ROS levels and increased serum SOD and TAOC levels in OVA-challenged mice. In vitro studies demonstrated that increased ROS generation induced by H2O2 resulted in decreased E-cadherin expression levels in 16HBE cells, which was attenuated by inhibition of ERK signaling. Moreover, the H2O2-induced downregulation of E-cadherin expression, increased ROS generation, and ERK activation in 16HBE cells were restored by treatment with QXT water or ethanol extract.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate that one mechanism by which QXT protects against asthma is to restore E-cadherin expression in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting ROS-mediated ERK activation.

Oxidative Stress is Involved in the Occurrence and Development of Lower Extremity Atherosclerotic Disease

Background: Lower extremity atherosclerotic disease (LEAD) is a common disease in elderly, and it is closely related to many risk factors. The oxidative stress is involved in the arteriosclerosis. This study aimed to investigate the changes of oxidative stress indexes in patients with LEAD, and discuss their relations with the disease severity and the complications. Methods: Eighty-three LEAD patients and 40 subjects without LEAD (control group) were enrolled. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) was measured. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined. Results: The serum SOD and GSH-Px levels and ABI in LEAD group were significantly lower than those in control group, respectively (p ＜ 0.01), while the serum MDA level in LEAD groupwas significantly higher than that in control group (p ＜ 0.01). There was significant difference of SOD, GSH-Px, MDA and ABI among LEAD patients with different stages, respectively (p ＜ 0.01), with significant difference of each index between LEAD patients with and without hypertension, with and without diabetes, and with and without hyperlipemia, respectively (p ＜ 0.01). In LEAD patients, there was positive correlation between SOD and ABI and between GSH-Px and ABI, respectively, with negative correlation between SOD and MDA, between GSH-Px and MDA and between MDA and ABI, respectively (p ＜ 0.01). Conclusion: The changes of serum SOD, GSH-Px and MDA levels are involved in the occurrence and development of LEAD. These indexes are helpful for the diagnosis of the LEAD severity and the complications.

Hyperhomocysteinemia-Induced Oxidative Stress Aggravates Renal Damage in Hypertensive Rats.

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) plays a synergistic role with hypertension in vascular injury; however, the relationship between HHcy and hypertension in renal injury remains unclear. Here, we sought to evaluate the relationship between HHcy and hypertension in the context of renal injury and to elucidate the mechanism of action underlying this relationship. Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were randomized into WKY, WKY + HHcy, SHR, and SHR + HHcy groups. Blood pressure, plasma homocysteine, serum malondialdehyde (MDA), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured. Renal histopathology and expression levels of NOX2, NOX4, and nephrin in the kidneys were examined. The WKY + HHcy and SHR groups exhibited lower serum SOD and GFR levels, relative to the WKY group, along with higher levels of both serum MDA and UACR. Higher mRNA and protein expression levels of NOX2 and NOX4, along with lower expression levels of nephrin, were observed in the kidneys of WKY + HHcy and SHR rats, relative to WKY controls, respectively. Similar effects were observed in the SHR + HHcy group, relative to the SHR group and WKY + HHcy group, respectively. Periodic acid-Schiff staining showed an increase in the glomerular extracellular matrix in the WKY + HHcy and SHR + HHcy groups compared with their respective controls. HHcy appears to synergistically increase hypertensive renal damage by enhancing oxidative stress.

The Effect of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Powder to Level of Serum Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Lead (Pb), Zink (Zn) and Memory Function of Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar Strain Model of Autism that is Exposed by Pb

Lead exposure (Pb) may aggravate the decrease in serum SOD levels, memory function reduction and social interaction in autism. This study aims to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera on autism models of rat exposed to lead. The five groups of rat exposed to tin were studied: normal rat (C -), autistic rat (C +) and autism rats given 180 mg (T1), 360 mg (T2) or 720 mg (T3) oleifera leaves powder. Lead acetate is given through a filler tube (0.5 gr / kg) and powdered moringa leaves mixed with feed. The results showed that serum SOD levels were lower in autistic rat than normal rat and intake of Moringa olifeifera leaves powder increased serum SOD levels in autistic rats but was not seen in normal rat. The autistic rat had higher lead levels but lower zinc levels, which were not influenced by Moringa olifeira. The social interaction between rats is strongly influenced by unbidden lead with Moringa olifeira, both in normal rat and in autistic rat. Moringa oleifera will increase serum SOD levels in autistic rats but not at normal levels. Moringa olifeira does not protect significantly rat from lead causing less social interaction, nor does it lower serum Pb levels or increase Zn levels. Moringa leaves powder does not affect memory significantly.

Study of oxidative stress in smokers by estimating serum superoxide dismutase

Background: Consuming tobacco is a major addiction worldwide. Smoking tobacco in the form of cigarette or beedi is prevalent in both males and females. Smoke of cigarette and beedi contains more than 2000 different toxic materials. These toxic materials produce local as well as systemic tissue damage. The damage caused by this smoke is mostly due to the oxidative stress produced by the free radicals due to smoking. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is to find out the level of oxidative stress in smokers and compare it with the non-smoking subjects of the same age group. Furthermore, this study aims to find out relationship of pack-years of smoking with the oxidative stress in the smokers. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 smokers having a history of more than 10 pack-years of smoking and 30 non-smoker subject of the age group of 40–70 years of age with no major illness were selected for the study. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme level was measured. The estimated SOD level was compared in both the groups. Results: When both the groups were compared for the serum SOD level, it was found that the SOD level was significantly low in the smokers as compared to non-smokers. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between the pack-years of the smoking and the serum SOD level. Conclusion: The result of the study shows that smoking enhances oxidative stress by decreasing the level of lifesaving antioxidant enzymes in the body. This decrease in levels of antioxidant enzymes makes the smokers prone to various diseases such as coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancers.

Effect of etomidate on the oxidative stress response and levels of inflammatory factors from ischemia-reperfusion injury after tibial fracture surgery

The effect of etomidate on the oxidative stress response and levels of inflammatory factors resulting from ischemia-reperfusion injury of the lower extremities during tibial fracture surgery were investigated. From December 2013 to June 2015, 60 tibial fracture patients with surgical indications for open reduction and internal fixation were selected. Patients were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group. All patients were stanched by tourniquet hemostasis. Patients in the observation group were anesthetized with etomidate (3–6 mg/kg·h) + remifentanil (0.1–0.25 µg/kg/min) administered with an injection pump to maintain intraoperative sedation and analgesia anesthesia. Patients in the control group received propofol (3–6 mg/kg·h) + remifentanil (0.1–0.25 µg/kg/min). Before surgery (T0), before surgery was completed and anesthesia was stopped (T1), 24 h after surgery (T3), 48 h after surgery (T4), and 1 week after surgery (T5), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined with a kit, and ELISA was used to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 in peripheral blood from both groups of patients. Surgery in both groups was completed smoothly. We found that serum SOD levels of patients in the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group, while the levels of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 released by neutrophils were significantly decreased after ischemia-reperfusion injury (P<0.05). Postoperative length of stay in hospital of the observation group was significantly shorter and the occurrence rate of anesthesia complications was significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, during surgery for lower limb fracture, the use of etomidate for maintaining sedation can effectively maintain serum SOD activity and inhibit the release of inflammatory factors after ischemia-reperfusion injury of the fracture, to reduce the occurrence rate of anesthesia complications after surgery.

Clinicobiochemical evaluation of turmeric with black pepper and nigella sativa in management of oral submucous fibrosis—a double-blind, randomized preliminary study

To investigate the effectiveness of turmeric with black pepper and nigella sativa in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Forty OSMF patients were randomly divided into two groups. The study was performed under a double-blind, randomized design. Group A received turmeric with black pepper and group B received nigella sativa for 3months. Clinical evaluation was done every 15days. Patients' serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were assessed before and after treatment and also compared with healthy controls. The response to treatment was analyzed using analysis of variance, paired t test, and unpaired t test. After the treatment, groups A and B showed 3.85±0.22mm and 3.6±0.07mm improvement in mouth opening, respectively (P<.01); 87.90% and 78.91% reduction in burning sensation, respectively (P<.01); and+0.62 U/mL and+0.74U/mL improvement in serum SOD levels, respectively (P<.05). The maximum mouth opening achieved was 8mm in group A and 7mm in group B. The mean pretreatment SOD level for controls and patients was 3.61±0.24 U/mL in group A and 2.63±0.18 U/mL in group B. Turmeric with black pepper and nigella sativa improved mouth opening, burning sensation, and SOD levels in the present OSMF study patients; however, further investigations are needed.