Serum S100β Protein Concentrations Research Articles

Serum S100B Protein Concentrations in SGA/FGR newborns.

Fetal growth restriction is associated with chronic fetal hypoxia, poor perinatal outcome and increased perinatal mortality. There are no reliable methods to detect cell damage in the central nervous system (CNS) in these patients. The findings of increased an acidic calcium-binding protein (S100B) concentration in biological fluids of infants after brain injury have supported the use of S100B as a biochemical marker of CNS damage. The purpose of the study was to assess blood S100B concentrations in small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) newborns and to evaluate the usefulness of S100B for early detection of hypoxia. The investigation was carried out between November 2011 and April 2014. Serum S100B protein level was assessed in cord blood collected from newborns after birth. Medical records of mothers of neonates studied were reviewed for pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), preeclampsia, maternal smoking during pregnancy and abnormalities in umbilical artery (UA) Doppler ultrasound examination. The study was carried out in 88 SGA neonates and 80 AGA neonates. The median value of S100B protein concentration in the SGA study group was significantly higher than in AGA controls (p < 0.001). Cord blood serum S100B concentration in SGA neonates with prenatal normal UA Doppler ultrasound findings (n = 32) did not differ from that SGA neonates with abnormal prenatal UA Doppler findings (n = 25) (p = 0.74), but was significantly higher than in AGA newborns (p < 0.001). Elevated S100B protein levels in cord blood collected from SGA newborns may be helpful in detecting infants at higher risk of postnatal neurologic disturbances at an early stage.

Trigeminal neuralgia causes neurodegeneration in rats associated with upregulation of the CD95/CD95L pathway.

ObjectivesTo explore the effects of trigeminal neuralgia on neurodegeneration in rats and the underlining mechanism.MethodsSixty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided randomly into Chronic Constriction Injury of the Rat’s Infraorbital Nerve (ION-CCI) group and sham group (n = 30). Right suborbital nerve was ligated in ION-CCI group to establish a trigeminal neuralgia model. In sham group, suborbital nerve was exposed without ligation. Pain thresholds were measured before surgery and 1, 7, 15, and 30 days after surgery (n = 10). Morris water maze tests (n = 10) were conducted at 1, 15, and 30 days after surgery to evaluate the changes in learning and memory ability of rats. At 5, 19, and 34 days after surgery, serum S100β protein concentration and hippocampal Aβ1-42 protein expression were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; total tau protein expression was detected by Western blotting; changes of neurons in hippocampus were observed by Nissl staining; and the expression of ser404p-tau, cluster of differentiation (CD)95, CD95L, and cleaved caspase-3 proteins was detected by immunofluorescence and Western blotting.ResultsHyperalgesia occurred in ION-CCI group, and mechanical pain threshold decreased significantly (P < 0.05). On the 15th and 30th days after surgery, ION-CCI group showed lower learning and memory ability than sham group (P < 0.05). Serum S100β protein concentration, hippocampal A β1-42, and ser404p-tau protein expression increased in the ION-CCI group 19 and 34 days after surgery (P < 0.05), hippocampal CD95 expression increased in the ION-CCI group after surgery (P < 0.05), hippocampal CD95L expression increased at 19 and 34 days after surgery (P < 0.05), and cleaved caspase-3 expression increased at 5 and 19 days after surgery (P < 0.05). Nissl bodies in ION-CCI group decreased significantly at 15 days after surgery. The expression of cleaved caspase-3 protein in ION-CCI group was positively correlated with the expression of CD95 and CD95L (P < 0.05).ConclusionsTrigeminal neuralgia may lead to neuronal inflammation and neuronal apoptosis associated with upregulation of CD95/CD95L expression, thus causing neurodegeneration.

High serum S-100B protein levels within the first 36 hours of acute ischemic stroke predicts high NIHSS scores

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum levels of S-100B which is an acidic calcium-binding protein within the first 36 hours following an acute ischemic stroke and to determine the correlation between S-100B levels and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores. Material and Methods: Fifty patients with ischemic stroke (25 male, 25 female; mean age=64) and 30 healthy volunteers (14 male, 16 female; mean age=61) serving as age and sex matched controls were included in this study. Venous blood samples were taken within the first 36 hours following the acute stroke. The quantitative determination of S-100B in serum was carried out using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Patients with acute ischemic stroke had significantly higher serum S-100B protein concentrations (42 pg/ml) than those of normal controls (31.5 pg/ml) (p0.001). S-100B concentrations were correlated with NIHSS scores (r=0.443; p=0.001), which is considered an indicator of the degree of neurological deficit.Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that S-100B concentrations in both the large artery atherosclerosis (LAA), cardio embolic infarct (CEI) subtypes of acute stroke are increased in the early phases of stroke and are correlated with NIHSS scores upon admission. S-100B appears to be a valuable biomarker of ongoing brain injury.

Serum levels of oxidants and protein S100B were associated in the first-episode drug naïve patients with schizophrenia

Background: Patients with schizophrenia have been noted with an elevation of serum S100B protein concentration, but the pathological process is not known. This study was to investigate the relationship between levels of S100B protein and oxidative stress. Methods: General information and blood sample were collected from the first-episode drug naïve or drug-free acute stage of patients who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) criteria for schizophrenia and healthy controls. The serum levels of S100B, total oxidants (TOS) and malonaldehyde (MDA) were used to measure the level of oxidative stress in both patients, and healthy controls. General linear regression analysis was performed to examine the association of S100B protein with the levels of oxidative stress. Results: The levels of serum protein S100B were associated with the concentration of both TOS (Beta=15.77; p=0.0038) and MDA (Beta=7.90; p=0.0068) in the first-episode drug-naive patients (n=29).While both associations were no longer significant (p&gt;0.05) in the drug-free acute phase patients (n=29); the levels of serum S100B was still consistently associated with TOS (Beta=12.42;p=0.0026) and MDA(Beta=4.11;p=0.0480) in the combined group of patients group(n=58). Simultaneous analysis of both oxidative markers, we still found that both TOS (Beta=12.88; p=0.0103) and MDA (Beta=6.46; p=0.0167) were associated with the serum level of protein S100B in the first-episode drug-naive patients, but not drug-free acute phase patients. Conclusion: Our results suggest that astrocyte activity, serum levels of oxidants, and their cross-talking might be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. This warrants a further study for understanding the underlying mechanism.

Is There Any Relevance Between Serum Heavy Metal Concentration and BBB Leakage in Multiple Sclerosis Patients?

Sharp increase in multiple sclerosis (MS) incidence rate has been observed in Iranian people. In addition, it has been suggested that increased S100B level may be useful as an indicative factor of blood-brain barrier disruption. The propose of this study was to measuring blood arsenic, lead, and cadmium concentration and serum S100B concentration in a group of healthy and multiple sclerosis patients in Tehran as the most polluted city in Iran. All subjects were interviewed regarding age, medical history, possible chemical exposure, acute or chronic diseases, smoking, and dietary habits. Blood heavy metal level was measured by an atomic absorption spectrometer (Varian model 220-Z) conjugated with a graphite furnace atomizer (GTA-110). Also, a serum S100B protein concentration was determined using a commercial ELISA kit. It was observed that all male subjects had higher blood metal level in comparison with healthy controls. Also, MS patients had higher arsenic and cadmium blood concentration in comparison with healthy individuals. Regarding the S100B concentration, it was observed that it had a significant relationship with smoking habit (P value = 0.0001). In addition, arsenic had a greater correlation (63%) with increased serum S100B biomarker level among other elements. BBB leakage was higher in multiple sclerosis than in healthy subjects due to increased S100B release. In addition with regard to the heavy metal exposure especially arsenic and cadmium, these are associated with an increased BBB disruption and it is possible to play a crucial role as a developing agent of multiple sclerosis.

Efficacy of volume therapy guided by stroke volume variability in patients undergoing surgery for severe traumatic brain injury

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of volume therapy guided by stroke volume variability (SVV) in the patients undergoing surgery for severe traumatic brain injury. Methods Thirty patients of both sexes with severe traumatic brain injury, aged 18-64 yr, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅲ, who were admitted to the hospital within 24 h after injury, with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score≤8, were divided into control group (C group, n=15) and SVV group (n=15) using a random number table method.In group C, conventional fluid administration was performed to maintain mean arterial pressure at 65-110 mmHg, central venous pressure at 5-12 cmH2O and urine volume>1 ml·kg-1·h-1.Fluid was given according to SVV, maintaining SVV≤13% and mean arterial pressure at 65-110 mmHg in group SVV.Immediately after skin incision (T0), immediately after opening cerebral dura mater (T1), at 1 h after opening cerebral dura mater (T2), immediately after suturing cerebral dura mater (T3) and at the end of operation (T4), blood samples were collected from the radial artery and internal jugular venous bulb for blood gas analysis, the jugular venous oxygen partial pressure, jugular venous bulb oxygen saturation, blood lactate, arterial oxygen partial pressure, arterial oxygen saturation and Hb were recorded, and the cerebral artery and arteriovenous blood O2 content difference and cerebral O2 extraction rate were calculated.Blood samples were collected from the internal jugular venous bulb at T0-2, T4 and 24 h after operation (T5) for determination of S100β protein concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The intraoperative volume of fluid intake and output and consumption of vasoactive drugs were recorded.GCS scores were recorded immediately after admission to the operating room, and at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after operation.The development of postoperative length of hospitalization and complications (pulmonary infection and brain edema) was recorded.Glasgow Outcome Scale Score was used to assess the early postoperative quality of life. Results Compared with group C, the urine volume was significantly increased, the consumption of vasoactive drugs was reduced, jugular venous bulb oxygen saturation was increased at T2, 3, the cerebral O2 extraction rate was decreased at T2-4, the serum S100β protein concentration was decreased at T2, and the GCS score was increased at day 3 after operation (P 0.05). Conclusion SVV-guided volume therapy can improve cerebral oxygen metabolism, ensure adequate tissue perfusion and reduce craniocerebral injury in the patients undergoing surgery for severe traumatic brain injury. Key words: Stroke volume; Fluid therapy; Craniocerebral trauma

Chronic Oral Arsenic Exposure and Its Correlation with Serum S100B Concentration.

Arsenic is one of the most important environmental pollutants especially in drinking water. The S100B protein is presented as a sensitive biomarker for assessment of the blood-brain barrier integrity previously. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of chronic arsenic exposure in drinking water and serum S100B correlation. Fifty-four male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups. Group I and II subjects were treated with arsenic trioxide (1ppm and 10ppm, respectively), while the rest received normal drinking water. Arsenic concentration in serum and brain was measured by an atomic absorption spectrometer (Varian model 220-Z) conjugated with a graphite furnace atomizer (GTA-110). Also, a serum S100B protein concentration was determined using commercial ELISA kit during different times of exposure. It was observed that body weight gain was significantly lower from the 10th week onwards in arsenic-treated subjects. However, it did not induce any visible clinical signs of toxicity. Measured arsenic level in serum and brain was higher in espoused groups as compared to the control subjects (p< 0.001 and p< 0.0001, respectively). In addition, serum S100B content was increased over a period of 3months and had significant differences as compared to the control and 1-ppm group especially after 3months of exposure in the 10-ppm group (p< 0.0001). In conclusion, it could be inferred that long-term arsenic exposure via drinking water leads to brain arsenic accumulation with serum S100B elevated concentration as a probable BBB disruption consequence.

Effect of thoracic paravertebral block combined with general anesthesia on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomy

Objective To evaluate the effect of thoracic paravertebral block combined with general anesthesia on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in elderly patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomy. Methods A total of 120 elderly patients of both sexes, aged 65-81 yr, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ, with New York Heart Association Ⅰor Ⅱ, were divided into 3 groups (n=40 each) using a random number table method: anesthesia group (group GA), epidural block combined with general anesthesia group (group EG), and paravertebral block combined with general anesthesia group (group PG). In group PG, paravertebral block was performed under ultrasound guidance, 0.25% ropivacaine 20 ml was injected after the paravertebral catheter was placed, and anesthesia was induced after confirming the plane of block.In group EG, epidural block was performed with 2% lidocaine 3 ml after epidural puncture was successfully performed at L6, 7 interspace, epidural 0.375% ropivacaine 8-15 ml was intermittently injected, and anesthesia was induced after confirming the height of block.Anesthesia was induced with IV midazolam 0.05-0.10 mg/kg, etomidate 0.3 mg/kg, sufentanil 0.4 μg/kg and rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg.The patients were tracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated.The development of POCD was recorded at 1 day before operation and 7 days after operation.Blood samples were collected from the internal jugular vein before anesthesia, at 15 min after skin incision and at 7 days after operation for determination of serum adiponectin (ADP) and S-100β protein concentrations. Results Compared with group GA, the incidence of POCD was significantly decreased, and the serum S-100β protein concentrations were decreased and serum ADP concentrations were increased at 15 min after skin incision and 7 days after operation in PG and EG groups (P<0.05). Compared with group EG, the incidence of POCD was significantly decreased, and the serum S-100β protein concentrations were increased and serum ADP concentrations were decreased at 15 min after skin incision and 7 days after operation in group PG (P<0.05). Conclusion Thoracic paravertebral block combined with general anesthesia induces better efficacy in decreasing the occurrence of POCD than general anesthesia alone or combination of epidural block and general anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomy, which is related to the decreased concentrations of blood ADP in elderly patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomy. Key words: Nerve block; Pneumonectomy; Cognition disorders; Aged

Effects of U50488H on postoperative cognitive dysfunction induced by cardiopulmonary bypass in rats

Objective To investigate the effect of U50488H on postoperative cognitive dysfunction induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in rats. Methods Forty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 400-450 g, were divided into 3 groups (n=16 each) using a random number table: sham operation group (group S), CPB group and CPB plus U50488H group (group U). CPB was performed for 60 min in group CPB.U50488H 1.5 mg/kg was injected into the left lateral cerebral ventricle at 30 min prior to CPB, and then CPB was performed for 60 min in group U. Eight rats in each group were selected at 1 day after CPB, and venous blood samples were collected for determination of serum S100β protein, interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Then the rats were sacrificed and right hippocampi were removed for examination of the pathological changes after haematoxylin and eosin staining.Eight rats were selected from each group at 7 days after CPB for assessment of cognitive function. Results Compared with group S, the concentrations of serum S100β protein, IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly increased in group CPB, and the escape latency was prolonged, the number of crossing original platform was reduced, and the swimming distance in target quadrant and time of staying at target quadrant were shortened in CPB and U groups (P<0.05). Compared with group CPB, the concentrations of serum S100β protein, IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly decreased, the escape latency was shortened, the number of crossing original platform was increased, the swimming distance in target quadrant and time of staying at target quadrant were prolonged (P<0.05), and the pathological changes of hippocampal tissues were significantly attenuated in group U. Conclusion U50488H can mitigate the postoperative cognitive dysfunction induced by CPB in rats. Key words: Receptors, opioid, kappa; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Cognition disorders

Effect of isoflurane preconditioning on brain injury in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass

Objective To evaluate the effect of isoflurane preconditioning on brain injury in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB). Methods Forty patients of both sexes, aged 35-55 yr, with body mass index of 18-25 kg/m2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱor Ⅲ(New York Heart Association class Ⅱor Ⅲ), scheduled for elective cardiac valve replacement with CPB, were divided into 2 groups(n=20 each)using a random number table: control group(group C)and isoflurane preconditioning group(group P). After induction of anesthesia, 1.5% isoflurane was inhaled for 30 min followed by 15-min washout, and the end-tidal isoflurane concentration was less than 0.1% at the end of washout in group P. Immediately after internal jugular vein puncture(T1), immediately before beginning of CPB(T2), at 30 min after beginning of CPB(T3), immediately after the end of CPB(T4)and at 6 h and 1 day after the end of CPB(T5, 6), blood samples were collected for determination of serum S100β protein concentrations(by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)and the concentration of glutamic acid in serum(by ion exchange chromatography). Mini-Mental State Examination scores were recorded at 1 day before operation and 7 days after operation, and the occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction was recorded. Results The serum concentrations of S100β protein and glutamic acid in the two groups are significantly higher at T3-5 than at T1(P<0.05). Compared with group C, the concentration of S100β protein in serum was significantly decreased at T3-5, and serum glutamic acid concentration was decreased at T4, 5 in group P(P<0.05). No postoperative cognitive dysfunction was found in the two groups. Conclusion Isoflurane preconditioning can reduce brain injury in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement under CPB, and the mechanism may be related to inhibiting glutamic acid release. Key words: Isoflurane; Ischemic preconditioning; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Brain injuries

Day/night changes in serum S100B protein concentrations in acute paranoid schizophrenia

There are day/night and seasonal changes in biological markers such as melatonin and cortisol. Controversial changes in serum S100B protein levels have been described in schizophrenia. We aim studying whether serum S100B levels present day/night variations in schizophrenia patients and whether S100B levels are related to psychopathology. Sixty-five paranoid schizophrenic inpatients participated in the study. Psychopathology was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at admission and discharge. Blood was drawn at 12:00 (midday) and 00:00 (midnight) hours at admission and discharge. Sixty-five healthy subjects matched by age, gender and season acted as control group. At admission and discharge patients had significantly higher serum S100B concentrations at midday and midnight than healthy subjects. At admission, patients showed a day/night variation of S100B levels, with higher S100B levels at 12:00 than at 00:00h (143.7±26.3pg/ml vs. 96.9±16.6pg/ml). This day/night difference was not present in the control group. Midday and midnight S100B at admission decreased when compared to S100B at discharge (midday, 143.7±26.3 vs. 83.0±12, midnight 96.9±16.6 vs. 68.6±14.5). There was a positive correlation between the PANSS positive subscale and S100B concentrations at admission. This correlation was not present at discharge. Conclusions: acute paranoid schizophrenia inpatients present a day/night change of S100B serum levels at admission that disappears at discharge. The correlation between serum S100B concentrations and the PANSS positive scores at admission as well as the decrease of S100B at discharge may be interpreted as an acute biological response to the clinical state of the patients.

The influence of different setting of respiratory parameters during operation on the postoperative cognitive function after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

Objective To investigate the influence of different respiratory parameter settingduring laparoscopic radical prostatectomy on early postoperative cognitive function. Methods One hundred patients aged 65-75 years undergoing laparoscopic radical prostatectomy were randomly divided into 5 groups(n=20): group A, B, C, D and E. All patients were ventilated with identical minute volume(MV) 100 ml/kg though with respective respiratory rate(RR) of 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 bpm respectively. Patients in five groups were all graded by the mini-mental state examination(MMSE) at time points of 1 day before operation(T0), postoperative 6 h(T1) postoperative 6 h(T2), 24 h(T3), 48 h(T4),72 h(T5),7 d(T6). The serum S100β concentation was detected at T0, T1, T2 and T3. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO2) in arterial blood was tested before pneumoperitoneum(Ta) and immediately after pneumoperitoneum(Tb). Results PaCO2 in group D at Tb (42.8±3.2) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) was lower than the other groups(P<0.05). The MMSE scores in group D at T2-T3(26.90±0.60,27.80±0.62), were remarkably higher than those in other groups(P<0.05). The serum S100β protein concentrations in each group at T2-T3 were significantly higher than that at T0(P<0.05). The serum S100β protein concentrations in group D at T2 and T3 [(330±25) mg/L and (300±26) mg/L], were dramatically lower than that in other groups(P<0.05). Conclusions Early postoperative cognitive function can be improved by regulating intraoperative respiratory parameters properly during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. The respiratory parameter of MV 100 ml/kg combined with RR 14 bpm may be more reasonable for this type of surgery. Key words: Respiratory parameter; Postoperative cognitive function; Laparoscopic; Radical prostatectomy

Effect of goal-directed fluid therapy on postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing intracranial tumor resection

Objective To evaluate the effect of goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) on postoperative cognitive function in the patients undergoing intracranial tumor resection. Methods One hundred patients of both sexes, aged 45-64 yr, weighing 50-70 kg, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ, scheduled for elective cerebral glioma or meningioma resection, were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=50 each) using a random number table: GDFT group (group G) and conventional fluid therapy group (group C). The mean arterial pressure was maintained at 65-110 mmHg, urine volume >0.5 ml·kg-1·h-1, and central venous pressure at 8-12 cmH2O in group C. In group G, GDFT was performed using FloTrac/Vigileo system, and the cardiac index was maintained at 2.5-4.0 L·min-1·m-2, stroke volume variation≤13%, mean arterial pressure at 65-110 mmHg, and stroke volume index at 35-47 ml/m2.The requirement for crystalloid and colloid, urine volume, blood loss, and requirement for vasoactive agents were recorded during operation.Before induction of anesthesia (baseline), when the dura of brain was opened, at the end of tumor removal, at the end of operation, and at 24 h after operation (T0-4), venous blood samples were taken to determine the concentrations of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100β protein by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The patient′s cognitive function was assessed using Mini-Mental State Examination at T0 and 7 days after operation (T5). Results Compared with the baseline value at T0, the serum NSE and S100β protein concentrations were significantly increased at T2-4 in the two groups (P 0.05). Conclusion GDFT based on FloTrac/Vililgeo system can reduce the damage to brains after operation, but it has no significant effect on postoperative cognitive function in the patients undergoing intracranial tumor resection. Key words: Fluid therapy; Cognition disorders; Neurosurgical procedures

Targeted therapeutic mild hypercapnia after cardiac arrest: A phase II multi-centre randomised controlled trial (the CCC trial)

BackgroundIn intensive care observational studies, hypercapnia after cardiac arrest (CA) is independently associated with improved neurological outcome. However, the safety and feasibility of delivering targeted therapeutic mild hypercapnia (TTMH) for such patients is untested. MethodsIn a phase II safety and feasibility multi-centre, randomised controlled trial, we allocated ICU patients after CA to 24h of targeted normocapnia (TN) (PaCO2 35–45mmHg) or TTMH (PaCO2 50–55mmHg). The primary outcome was serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) and S100b protein concentrations over the first 72h assessed in the first 50 patients surviving to day three. Secondary end-points included global measure of function assessment at six months and mortality for all patients. ResultsWe enrolled 86 patients. Their median age was 61 years (58, 64 years) and 66 (79%) were male. Of these, 50 patients (58%) survived to day three for full biomarker assessment.NSE concentrations increased in the TTMH group (p=0.02) and TN group (p=0.005) over time, with the increase being significantly more pronounced in the TN group (p(interaction)=0.04). S100b concentrations decreased over time in the TTMH group (p<0.001) but not in the TN group (p=0.68). However, the S100b change over time did not differ between the groups (p(interaction)=0.23). At six months, 23 (59%) TTMH patients had good functional recovery compared with 18 (46%) TN patients. Hospital mortality occurred in 11 (26%) TTMH patients and 15 (37%) TN patients (p=0.31). ConclusionsIn CA patients admitted to the ICU, TTMH was feasible, appeared safe and attenuated the release of NSE compared with TN. These findings justify further investigation of this novel treatment.

Stężenie białka S100B w surowicy krwi u młodzieży z omdleniami

Stężenie białka S100B w surowicy krwi u młodzieży z omdleniami

Effect of sevoflurane preconditioning on brain injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass in rats

Objective To evaluate the effect of sevoflurane preconditioning on brain injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)in rats. Methods Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 6-8 months, weighing 350-450 g, were randomly divided into 5 groups(n=8 each)using a random number table: sham operation group(S group), CPB group, and preconditioning with different concentrations of sevoflurane groups(SP1, SP2 and SP3 groups). In SP1, SP2 and SP3 groups, sevoflurane with the final concentrations of 1.2%, 2.4% and 3.6%, respectively, was inhaled for 1 h, and then CPB was started.After sevoflurane preconditioning and before CPB(T0), at 30 min of CPB(T1), at the end of CPB(T2), and at 1, 2 and 3 h after termination of CPB(T3-5), venous blood samples were collected from the right internal jugular vein for determination of serum S100-β protein concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Rats were sacrificed at T5, and hippocampi were isolated for determination of neuronal apoptosis(by TUNEL)and NF-κB p65 expression(by immunohistochemistry). Results Compared with group S, the concentration of serum S100-β protein was significantly increased at T1-5, the number of apoptotic neurons was significantly increased, and the expression of NF-κB p65 was significantly up-regulated in CPB, SP1, SP2 and SP3 groups(P<0.05). Compared with group CPB, the serum S100-β protein concentration was significantly decreased at T1-5, the number of apoptotic neurons was significantly decreased, and the expression of NF-κB p65 was significantly down-regulated in SP1, SP2 and SP3 groups(P<0.05). Compared with group SP1, the serum S100-β protein concentration was significantly decreased at T1-5, the number of apoptotic neurons was significantly decreased, and the expression of NF-κB p65 was significantly down-regulated in SP2 and SP3 groups(P<0.05). Compared with group SP2, the serum S100-β protein concentration was significantly decreased at T1-5, the number of apoptotic neurons was significantly decreased, and the expression of NF-κB p65 was significantly down-regulated in group SP3(P<0.05). Conclusion Sevoflurane preconditioning can attenuate CPB-induced brain injury probably by inhibiting activation of NF-κB in hippocampal neurons of rats. Key words: Anesthetics, inhalation; Ischemic preconditioning; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Brain injuries

Effect of sevoflurane on brain injury in pigs with hemorrhagic shock

Objective To evaluate the effect of sevoflurane on brain injury in pigs with hemorrhagic shock (HS). Methods Twenty-four adult male Bama miniature pigs, aged 6 months, weighing 22–25 kg, were equally and randomly divided into 3 groups using a random number table: sham operation group (group Sham), group HS, and sevoflurane group (S group). In group Sham, the bilateral femoral arteries and internal jugular vein were only punctured. The animals were anesthetized with iv propofol 3.0 mg/kg, tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated. The right femoral artery was cannulated for blood-letting.HS was induced by blood-letting (40% blood volume within 15 min), and it was then maintained for 1 h after the end of blood-letting to induce brain injury. In group S, 2% sevoflurane was inhaled for 30 min after successful establishment of the model. Immediately before establishment of the model (T0), and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min after HS (T1-6), blood samples were collected from the internal jugular vein for determination of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations in serum (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100β protein concentrations in serum (using double antibody sandwich method). Results Compared with group Sham, the serum IL-1β, TNF-α, NSE and S-100β protein concentrations were significantly increased at T2-6 in HS and S groups (P<0.05). Compared with group HS, the serum IL-1β, TNF-α, NSE and S-100β protein concentrations were significantly decreased at T3-6 in group S (P<0.05). Conclusion Sevoflurane can mitigate brain injury in pigs with HS, and the mechanism is associated with inhibition of inflammatory responses. Key words: Anesthetics, inhalation; Shock, hemorrhagic; Brain injuries

Effects of sevoflurane on β-amyloid-induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress response of hippocampal tissues in rats

Objective To evaluate the effects of sevoflurane on β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress response of hippocampal tissues in rats.Methods Ninety-six male adlut SpragueDawley rats,weighing 250-300 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =24 each) using a random number table:control group (group C) ; group Aβ ; 1.3 ％ sevoflurane group (group S1) and 2.6 ％ sevoflurane group (group S2).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal.10％ chloral hydrate 350 mg/kg.Cognitive dysfunction was induced by injecting Aβ1-40 2 μ1 into the bilateral hippocampi in Aβ,S1 and S2 groups.The equal volume of normal saline was given in group C.At 22 days after injection,C and Aβ groups were exposed to 30％ oxygen for 4 h,and S1 and S2 groups inhaled 1.3 ％ and 2.6 ％ sevoflurane,respectively,for 4 h.Eight rats were chosen at days 1,3 and 7 after exposure and cognitive function was assessed by Morris water maze test.The swimming speed,escape latency and exploration time at the original platform quadrant were recorded.The rats were then sacrificed after the end of the behavioral test and blood samples were taken for determination of serum S100β protein concentration.Hippocampi were immediately isolated and the homogenate was prepared for determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content.Results Compared with group C,the escape latency was significantly prolonged and exploration time at the original platform quadrant was shortened,the serum S100β protein concentration and MDA content were increased,and SOD activity was decreased at each time point in group Aβ (P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in the variables mentioned above between Aβ and S1 groups (P ＞ 0.05).The escape latency was significantly prolonged and the exploration time at the original platform quadrant was shortened,the serum S100β protein concentration and MDA content were increased,and SOD activity was decreased at each time point in group S2 as compared with Aβ and S1 groups (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the swimining speed among the 4 groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Inhalation of 2.6 ％ sevoflurane for 4 h can aggravate the cognitive dysfunction induced by Aβ in rats and aggravation of oxidative stress response may be involved in the mechanism. Key words: Anesthetics, inhalation ; Amyloid ; Cognition disorders ; Oxidative stress

Effects of different doses of propofol on traumatic brain injury in rats

Objective To evaluate the effects of different doses of propofol on traumatic brain injury in rats .Methods Forty-eight healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats , aged 7-8 weeks , weighing 270-320 g , were randomly divided into 6 groups （ n=8 each ） using a random number table ：sham operation group （group S ） , traumatic brain injury group （group I） ,fat emulsion group （group F） and low-dose propofol group （group L） , medium-dose propofol group （group M ） ,and high-dose propofol group （group H ） .Traumatic brain injury model was established according to the method described by Feeney .In group S ,0.9% normal saline was infused into the left femoral vein at 3.49 ml·kg-1 ·h-1 .In I ,F ,L ,M and H groups ,0.9% normal saline ,20% fat emulsion 3.49 ml·kg-1 ·h-1 ,and propofol 17.46 ,34.92 and 69.84 mg·kg-1 ·h-1 were infused into the left femoral vein ,respectively .Blood samples were collected from the right common carotid artery at 15 and 60 min of infusion （T1-2 ） for determination of serum S100β protein concentrations . The rats were then sacrificed after collecting blood samples at T2 and brains were removed for microscopic examination of the pathological changes of the cerebral cortex （light microscope ） and ultrastructure of neurons in the cerebral cortex （transmission electron microscope） .Results The serum S100β protein concentrations were significantly higher at T1 ,2 in the other five groups than in group S （ P〈0.05 ） .Compared with I and F groups ,the serum S100βprotein concentrations were＆nbsp;significantly decreased at T1 ,2 in L ,M and H groups （ P〈0.05） .Compared with group L ,the serum S100βprotein concentrations were significantly decreased at T2 in M and H groups , and the serum S100β protein concentrations were increased at T1 in H group （ P〈 0.05 ） . The serum S100β protein concentrations were significantly higher at T1 ,2 in H group than in group M （ P〈0.05 ） .Light microscopic examination showed that nucleus condensation , cell necrosis , and cell edema were significantly attenuated in L ,M , and H groups as compared with group I;normal neurons could be found in group M .Transmission electron microscopic examination showed that the severity of neuronal damage was significantly attenuated in L ,M ,and H groups as compared with group I .Conclusion Different doses of propofol can reduce traumatic brain injury in rats . Key words: Propofol; Brain injuries

Predictive value of S-100β protein for prognosis in patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives To determine the ability and accuracy of the S-100β protein in predicting prognosis after a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury.Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials...