Serum Nonprotein Nitrogen Research Articles

Influence of Dietary Calcium on Chlordecone-Induced Biochemical Changes in Serum of Rat

Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with different (1, 10, 50, and 100 ppm) concentrations of chlordecone (Cd) in calcium-sufficient (Ca-S) or calcium-deficient (Ca-D) diet for 15 days. No significant changes in serum total proteins were observed. However, serum nonprotein nitrogen compounds (urea, uric acid, and creatinine) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, creatine kinase, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased at 50 and 100 ppm of Cd. Chlordecone induced more increase in these serum components of rats fed with Ca-D as compared to Ca-S diet. Increased serum nonprotein nitrogen compounds and enzymes indicate Cd-altered glomerular and hepatic functions.

Comparative Studies on Lipid Peroxidation in the Kidney of Rats, Mice, and Hamsters and on the Effect of Cysteine, Glutathione, and Diethyl Maleate Treatment on Mortality and Nephrotoxicity After Administration of Potassium Bromate

As an index of lipid peroxidation (LPO), levels of thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive substances were examined in the kidneys of male F344 rats, BDF1, CDF1, and B6C3F1 mice, and Syrian golden hamsters after a single intravenous (IV) administration of potassium bromate (KBrO3) at various doses. In the rats, LPO levels were significantly increased in both a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. However, when the rats were given intraperitoneal (IP) injection of cysteine, the levels of LPO were not significantly different between KBrO3-treated animals and controls. In CDF1 mice, the slight increases in LPO levels observed were much weaker and not statistically significant. On the other hand, treatment of BDF1 and B6C3F1 mice or hamsters with KBrO3 resulted in decreased values as compared to controls. The effect of treatment with cysteine, glutathione (GSH), or diethyl maleate (DEM) on mortality was tested in male F344 rats given IV injection of KBrO3 at various doses. Significant reduction and elevation in the mortality were observed in rats treated with cysteine or GSH and DEM, respectively. Significant dose-dependent and time-dependent increases were observed in the levels of serum non-protein nitrogen (NPN), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine, and absolute and relative weight of the kidneys in male F344 rats administered KBrO3 IV. Microscopically, the appearance of numerous eosinophilic droplets in the cytoplasm of proximal tubular epithelium of KBrO3-treated rats was noteworthy. All these changes were reduced and exacerbated by treatment with cysteine or GSH and DEM, respectively. The possibility of LPO formation in the kidney by active oxygen radicals generated by KBrO3 is suggested. A possible relationship between LPO levels in the kidney and species differences in the renal toxicity and carcinogenicity of KBrO3 is implicated.

Continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD)--an alternative to hemodialysis in acute renal failure after cardiovascular operations.

In our experience hemodialysis proved to be unsatisfactory in the treatment of acute renal failure after cardiovascular surgical intervention because of its negative influence on the often critical hemodynamic situation of the patients. In 21 cases we performed a continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD) for 1 to 29 (mean 9.2) days by using a Tenckhoff catheter (16). Treatment was started when anuria occurred or when serum nonprotein nitrogen increased. Satisfactory volume equilibration was established by this treatment. A pathological increase of serum electrolytes could be prevented; serum potassium, in particular, did not exceed 5.6 mVal/l. No dysfunctions in acid-base balance occurred. The serum levels of nonprotein nitrogen decreased: Serum carbamid was diminished from 229 +/- 14 mg% to 160 +/- 10 mg% and serum creatinine from 7.7 +/- 0.6 mg% to 6.0 +/- 0.8 mg% (p < 0.05). Disturbances of hemodynamic and respiratory functions could be avoided by CPD. Peritoneal reactions were noted in 5 cases. In our opinion continuous peritoneal dialysis seems to be a suitable alternative to hemodialysis in the treatment of acute renal failure after open heart surgery.

Serum chemistry of the small Indian mongoose, herpestes auropunctatus

1. 1. Thirty serum components were quantitatively determined in Herpestes auropunctatus and Rattus norvegicus. 2. 2. Serum cholesterol was higher in wild mongooses than laboratory rats ( P < 0.01). 3. 3. The higher serum osmolality ( P < 0.01) in mongooses compared to rats was partially due to higher sodium ( P < 0.01) and urea nitrogen ( P < 0.01) concentrations. Serum nonprotein nitrogen components (creatinine, urea nitrogen, and uric acid) were more than 100% higher in mongooses than rats ( P < 0.01). These relatively high serum values may be due to the urine concentrating mechanism of the mongoose kidney. 4. 4. Serum total protein was greater in wild mongooses than laboratory rats ( P < 0·05), due to a higher gamma globulin concentration ( P < 0·01).

Serum characteristics of spawning ( Polyodon spathula)

1. 1. Parallel estimates of thirteen serum parameters were made in four female and eight male paddlefish taken at spawning. 2. 2. Sexual “dimorphism” was found in serum non-protein nitrogen, cholestrol, and cortisol. 3. 3. Although paddlefish appeared to regulate the major electrolyte, Na, K and Cl, similar to other freshwater teleost, both sexes had lower serum Ca, NPN, protein and glucose concetrations. 4. 4. Low serum Ca levels in paddlefish suggest physiological hypocalcemia and, in this respect, paddlefish show phylogeneitc affinity to the other chondrostei, the sturgeons.

Nonprotein serum nitrogen in infancy.

WHEN evaluating clinical chemical data from small children, it is important to realize that the normal values and ranges of the concentrations of several serum constituents in infants differ from those of adults. However, the mean concentrations and their variations with the age of the child are of interest not only in routine clinical work but also from an ontogenetic point of view, since these changes may contribute to the understanding of the normal development of the child. The investigation reported in this paper is an attempt to study such changes in a limited field. In an earlier paper1it was reported that the serum nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) and creatinine levels in newborn infants were approximately similar to adult levels, and that the respective concentrations decreased to a significantly lower level than that of adults after five or six days. From this lower level they gradually increased, reaching adult

Erythrocyte anuon concentrations in renal insufficiency

In chronic renal insufficiency, concentrations of chloride and inorganic phosphate in human red blood cells are elevated. There is no correlation between serum non-protein nitrogen and the anionic concentrations of red blood cells. Positive correlations exist between corresponding cellular and extracellular anionic concentrations.

Case 43-1962

Presentation of Case* First admission. A fifty-year-old man entered the hospital because of edema. Edema involving the ankles and feet and occasionally the face and hands appeared one month previously. Except for mild nocturia the patient was otherwise asymptomatic. On admission to another hospital a markedly elevated serum cholesterol, a low serum protein and ++++ proteinuria were found; the urinary sediment, the serum nonprotein nitrogen and intravenous pyelograms were normal. He was discharged on a low-salt diet, and the edema decreased. There was no history of previous significant illness. A urinalysis performed five months before entry was said to . . .

Extrarenal action of adrenal glands on potassium metabolism.

Nephrectomized dogs have been used to demonstrate a relationship between extracellular pH changes and the net transfer of potassium from intracellular to extracellular fluid Similar experiments were done on adrenalectomized dogs to investigate the extrarenal action of the adrenal glands on potassium metabolism. These experiments were divided into three groups, each comprising adrenalectomized and nonadrenalectomized dogs. After bilateral nephrectomy, group A received no sodium salt, group B received isotonic sodium chloride and group C, isotonic sodium bicarbonate. Extracellular potassium, carbon dioxide of arterial blood and serum nonprotein nitrogen values were followed. In group A a more rapid development of acidosis coincident with a faster increase in extracellular potassium and nonprotein nitrogen occurred in adrenalectomized compared to nonadrenalectomized dogs. In groups B and C there were no obvious differences between adrenalectomized and nonadrenalectomized dogs. A faster breakdown of cells, which can be avoided by sodium salts, was considered responsible for the changes in the adrenalectomized dogs of group A, rather than change in permeability of intact cell membranes to potassium. These results imply a direct influence of sodium content of the body on protein catabolism, not mediated by the kidneys or the adrenal glands.

Metabolic studies in pregnancy and the puerperium.

ABSTRACT Metabolic balance studies, determinations of body fluid compartments and measurement of urinary corticosteroid excretion were carried out in 5 pregnant women during the latter part of gestation and immediately post partum. During the study significant storage of nitrogen and potassium and expansion of extracellular volume occurred in the antepartum period. The accelerated weight loss following delivery may have been in part associated with the restoration of body fluid compartments to normal. Negative nitrogen and potassium balances were observed at this time, associated with a rise in the levels of serum nonprotein nitrogen and potassium. Sodium storage was most marked in the antepartum period, and continued to a lesser degree in the postpartum period when the overall sodium balance was considered for this part of the study. Sodium diuresis was always observed soon after delivery. The establishment of a new metabolic equilibrium had not occurred by the time of cessation of these studies. In the ...

Hematologic effects of Crotalus adamanteus (rattlesnake) venom

1. Crotalus adamanteus venom produces a striking neutrophilic leukocytosis in dogs whether administered intramuscularly or intravenously. 2. Intramuscular administration of a lethal dose (1.28 mg/kg) of crystallineCrotalus adamanteus venom to dogs also produced: a terminal increase in serum nonprotein nitrogen, a hypoproteinemia, a reduction in plasma fibrinogen, and a terminal shortening of coagulation time. 3. It is noteworthy that no effects of this venom were noted on the serum bilirubin concentration. It follows, therefore, that contrary to existing impressions this venom does not produce any significant degree of hemolysis in vivo. 4. In addition, the intramuscular administration ofCrotalus adamanteus venom was found not to significantly affect the: blood glucose concentration, the platelet count, the plasma prothrombin time, the prothrombin time withRussell's viper venom, the prothrombin consumption, the thromboplastin generation, or the fibrinolysin activity. Two of five dogs showed a transient rise in erythrocyte count and hematocrit. 5. By contrast,Naja flava venom did not produce neutrophilic leukocytosis when administered in a subacutely toxic dose (0.2 mg/kg/day). 6. Intravenously administeredCrotalus adamanteus venom did not counteract the neutropenic effects of orally administered Myleran in dogs.

Studies on the Serum Non-protein Substance in the Course of Ekiri The shift of serum non-protein nitrogen, particularly creatine, creatinine and uric acid

Studies on the Serum Non-protein Substance in the Course of Ekiri The shift of serum non-protein nitrogen, particularly creatine, creatinine and uric acid

Reactions following excretory pyelography in infants and children.

Excretory pyelography is being performed with increasing frequency in infants and children. Not only is this study essential in the detection of congenital malformations of the genitourinary tract, but it is a helpful adjunct in the analysis of intra-abdominal tumors. While many pyelograms are being obtained in the very early months of life, little has been reported concerning the dangers of the examination and the reaction rate in this special age group. In a recent analysis of deaths following excretory pyelography by Pendergrass et al. (1) one of the 25 reported deaths was in a twoand-one-half-year-old child. However, no breakdown as to age distribution in his entire series is available.2 There has been some hesitancy in administering radiopaque media in sufficient doses in these young patients for fear of incurring serious reactions. McClure (2) recently analyzed the reactions in 210 patients in the pediatric age group receiving adequate doses of Hypaque. Only 8 mild reactions were noted, all in patients over six years of age. This paper will analyze the reactions associated with excretory pyelography in 300 infants and children examined consecutively. (Separate injections in the same child are considered as individual cases.) Methods and Materials In all of the patients the medium was injected intravenously. The greater number of the injections were performed by members of the Radiology Department and the children were carefully followed during the post-injection period. Urokon Sodium (50 and 70 per cent) was used 241 times and Hypaque (50 per cent) 59 times. Doses were generous, ranging from 5 c.c. of the 70 per cent Urokon to 20 c.c, of the 50 per cent Hypaque. No rigid schedule was followed, but the dosage rate was roughly equated to the patient's age and weight. No pretesting for sensitivity was done in any of the cases; serum nonprotein nitrogen determinations were not purposely obtained prior to the examination. The rate of administration varied but for the most part was quite rapid. Analysis of Results Comparison with reported adult series is impossible, since in the infants and younger children only such objective findings as vomiting, cardiovascular reactions, neurological abnormalities, and skin reactions can be considered. The subjective findings of nausea, unpleasant taste, and pain secondary to venous spasm cannot be evaluated. The reactions can actually be divided into two groups, objective and subjective, the latter analyzed only in the older age group. Because of this fact, the recorded reaction rate in infants may be much lower numerically than in adult groups. In the 300 cases there were 31 reactions (Table I), none of which was serious enough to warrant discontinuance of the examination.

The effect of oxytetracycline in pregnancy complicated by glomerular nephritis: A case study

To a pregnant patient with chronic glomerular nephritis oxytetracycline has been orally administered in doses of 2 to 3.5 Gm. daily for periods of 3 days to 5 weeks. Its administration was started when the patient began showing an increased output of urinary protein at 20 weeks' gestation, it having been ascertained that this increase was not associated with any infectious process. From the twentieth to the thirty-fourth weeks of gestation, when pregnancy was terminated, the influence of terramycin upon albuminuria, the urinary metabolites of progesterone, urinary creatin, potassium, sodium, and fluid balance, upon tubular resorption of electrolytes, and upon serum nonprotein nitrogen, proteins, sodium, potassium, and chlorides was investigated. Terramycin therapy was periodically interrupted in order to be sure any changes observed were due to its administration. The experiment was repeated during the first 12 postpartum days. The following changes resulted from OTC administration during pregnancy: (1) decreased albuminuria and a rise in the albumin to globulin ratio of the serum; (2) increased creatinuria; (3) a rise in serum nonprotein nitrogen when more than 2 Gm. of Terramycin was given daily; (4) increased urinary output of potassium with a suggestive rise in the level of serum potassium and evidence for decreased tubular resorption of potassium; (5) diuresis at periods that had been preceded by fluid retention, with increased urinary output of sodium and evidence for decreased tubular resorption of sodium; (6) a change in the urinary metabolites of progesterone indicative of a more normal metabolism of available progesterone, and a marked increase in pregnanediol output coincident with a pronounced lowering of urinary protein.During the postpartum period the changes in creatinuria, nonprotein nitrogen, and the urinary output of fluid and electrolytes were equally marked during OTC administration. Albuminuria and the A-G ratio of serum proteins, however, were not significantly influenced at this time.