Serum Magnesium Levels Research Articles

Serum Magnesium concentration in normal and preeclamptic pregnancy: A tertiary center experience

Preeclampsia and maternal mortality are more prevalent in underdeveloped nations. Preeclampsia has an estimated 16% incidence rate in Bangladesh, which is extremely high. One of the body's major macronutrients is magnesium. It also serves a multitude of enzymes as a cofactor. This cross-sectional study was done in the department of Biochemistry of Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, from July 2016 to June 2017. This study involved a total of 100 individuals, where 50 preeclamptic patients and 50 healthy pregnant women served as the case and control groups, respectively. The results were shown as mean ±SD. For both the case and control groups, the mean ±SD of serum magnesium levels were 1.75 ±0.22 mg/dl and 1.63 ±0.21, respectively. Comparison of the mean ±SD of serum magnesium in the case and control groups revealed a highly significant difference (P<0.001). Students' unpaired ‘t’ test was used to compute the statistical difference. Mediscope 2024;11(2): 73-76

The Concurrent Association of Magnesium and Calcium Deficiencies with Cognitive Function in Older Hospitalized Adults

Background/Objectives: Hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia are common conditions among older adults that may contribute to cognitive decline. However, most of the existing research has focused primarily on dietary intake rather than the actual serum levels of these nutrients or examined them separately. This study aims to investigate the relationship between hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and the concurrent presence of both deficiencies in relation to cognitive performance among seniors. Methods: A total of 1220 hospitalized patients aged 60 and older were included in the analysis. The participants were categorized into four groups: those with normal serum levels of magnesium and calcium, those with hypomagnesemia, those with hypocalcemia, and those with both serum magnesium and calcium deficiencies. To evaluate the potential influence of age, sex, common comorbidities, and disturbances in magnesium and calcium levels on cognitive performance, two general linear models were employed, using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clock-Drawing Test (CDT) as dependent variables. Results: After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and comorbidities, the mean values for the MMSE and CDT were 23.33 (95%CI: 22.89–23.79) and 5.56 (95%CI: 5.29–5.83) for the group with normomagnesemia and normocalcemia, 22.59 (95%CI: 21.94–23.24) and 5.16 (95%CI: 4.77–5.54) for the group with hypomagnesemia, 19.53 (95%CI: 18.36–20.70) and 4.52 (95%CI: 3.83–5.21) for the group with hypocalcemia, and 21.14 (95%CI 19.99–22.29) and 4.28 (95%CI 3.61–4.95) for the group with both hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia, respectively. Magnesium and calcium deficiencies contributed to MMSE and CDT variance in the general linear models. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that in addition to age, body mass index, and chronic heart failure, both hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia are associated with reduced cognitive performance.

Zinc oxide nanoparticle biofortification of lentil seedlings enhances plant growth and zinc bioavailability in rats

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in the biofortification of lentil seedlings and subsequently improve the Zn status in rats. In the first phase of the study, the effects of various ZnO NPs concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 ppm) on the lentil growth, Zn accumulation, and other physiological parameters were investigated. Subsequently, the rats were fed ZnO NP-biofortified lentil seedlings (20 and 160 ppm) to assess their impact on animal health and Zn status. The results highlighted a concentration-dependent response of lentil seedlings to ZnO NPs, with optimal growth observed at 20 ppm, whereas higher concentrations inhibited lentil growth. Pigment and biochemical analyses revealed a complex interplay between chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugars, and proteins with distinct responses to nanoparticle concentrations. Elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde of lentil seedlings at high concentrations of ZnO NPs suggest oxidative stress, countered by the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and increased phenolic compounds. On the other hand. animal studies have showed that ZnO NP-biofortified lentil seedlings enhance serum zinc and magnesium levels in rats without affecting body weight. While serum triglyceride levels of rats decreased in both treatment groups, an elevation in creatinine and a marked increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were observed at a higher ZnO NP concentration (160 ppm), indicative of potential kidney and liver stress. Paradoxically, serum iron levels were lower in all groups consuming lentil seedlings than in the control group, suggesting a potential interaction between lentil components and iron metabolism. These findings suggest that ZnO NP-biofortified lentils may be a promising approach to enhance Zn nutrition; however, further investigation is needed to optimize ZnO NPs concentration and assess long-term safety.

EFFECTIVENESS OF MAGNESIUM SULFATE IN TERM NEONATES HAVING PERINATAL ASPHYXIA

In Pakistan, neonatal mortality and morbidity are remarkably high. Birth asphyxia (perinatal asphyxia) is one of the main contributors to this, apart from prematurity, sepsis and other causes. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of magnesium sulfate in term neonates having perinatal asphyxia Methods: This Randomized Controlled Trial was carried out at the Department of Pediatrics, Sheikh Zayed Hospital Rahim Yar Khan from July 2023 to December 2023. The overall sample size was 130 patients (65 patients in each group). Neonates in group A received MgSO through I/V, 3 doses 250mg/kg/dose, 24 hours apart along with standard treatment. Group B was a control group that received 20 ml of normal saline infusion at the same interval with similar supportive and symptomatic treatment with regular monitoring. The outcome in terms of mortality, seizure, early initiation of feed, time to the establishment of full oral feeding, duration of seizures and duration of hospital stay were assessed. All the data was analyzed by using SPSS version 25.Results: In the current study, a total of 130 neonates were enrolled. Among them, moderate asphyxia was observed in 90 (69.23%) patients whereas severe perinatal asphyxia was observed in 40(30.77%) patients. In group A, the mean level of serum magnesium in neonates with moderate asphyxia was 2.81 (±0.20) mEq/L while in neonates with severe asphyxia, it was 2.89 (±0.61) mEq/L. The moderate asphyxia patients in group-A showed significant statistical improvement in terms of seizure control (hours) (14.11±1.22 vs 18.11±1.56; P=0.01), normal cry appearance (Days) (11.1±0.12 vs 13.11±1.29; p=0.03), normal activity appearance (Days) (11.9±0.02 vs12.00±1.51; p=0.01), full oral feed acceptance by sucking (Days) (13.31±0.99 vs 14.61±1.51; p=0.01) and mean hospital stay duration (Days) (14.99±1.66 vs 16.21±1.11; p 0.02). Conclusion: Our study concludes that in asphyxiated newborns, postnatal magnesium sulphate infusion is safe and likely to enhance the short-term neurological prognosis in cases with moderate-grade encephalopathy.

Low dietary magnesium and fiber intakes among women with metabolic syndrome in Kuwait.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a growing health concern among Kuwaiti women. Dietary magnesium and fiber have been implicated in reducing the risk of MetS; however, their specific effects on this population remain underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the association of dietary magnesium and fiber intake with the prevalence of MetS and its components among women in Kuwait. This study included 170 women aged 18-65 (years) recruited from AL-Adan Hospital, Mubarak Hospital, and Riqqa Polyclinic. Data were collected using a modified Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFQ) to assess dietary intake, and biochemical measurements were performed to evaluate serum magnesium and other metabolic markers. MetS was diagnosed according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. Statistical analyses included Mann-Whitney U-tests, chi-square tests, Spearman correlations, logistic and linear regression models, and Cohen's kappa statistics. The prevalence of MetS was 24 and 18% based on the IDF and ATP III criteria, respectively. Women with MetS had significantly lower dietary magnesium and fiber intakes than those in women without MetS (p < 0.001). A strong positive correlation was found among dietary magnesium intake, fiber intake, and serum magnesium levels (r = 0.957, p < 0.001 for magnesium; r = 0.917, p < 0.001 for fiber). Increased dietary magnesium and fiber intakes were linked to reduced odds of developing MetS and its components, except for blood pressure measurements. Cohen's kappa demonstrated a strong agreement (K = 0.70, p < 0.001) between dietary and serum magnesium inadequacy. Increased dietary intakes of magnesium and fiber are associated with reduced odds of developing MetS among Kuwaiti women. These findings support the promotion of magnesium- and fiber-rich diets as preventive strategies against MetS.

Hypomagnesaemia among Diabetic Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: The clinical role of magnesium, especially of hypomagnesaemia, in diabetic and chronic kidney disease patients has been underestimated for many years. Objective: To determine the frequency of hypomagnesaemia in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease and to investigate the relationship of magnesium level with glycemic and renal status. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional observational study performed on 100 diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease, admitted to BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, excluding patients with history of chronic diarrhea, laxative abuse, diuretic use, alcoholism and those on dialysis. Several socio-demographic and biochemical parameters were analyzed and compared with magnesium level. Results: Frequency of hypomagnesaemia among the study population was 37% (p= 0.009) and the frequency was found to be increasing with increasing stage of chronic kidney disease. Frequency of hypomagnesaemia was more in patients with uncontrolled fasting blood glucose, post meal blood glucose and HbA1c level (p&lt;0.05). Serum magnesium levels positively correlated with serum creatinine levels (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r=0.428, p=0.001) and inversely correlated with GFR (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r= -0.275, p= 0.006). Conclusion: The frequency of hypomagnesaemia among diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease is common. So it would be prudent to routinely monitor for hypomagnesaemia in diabetic patients with chronic kidney. Bangladesh Crit Care J September 2024; 12 (2): 132-137

Neurological manifestations of hypermagnesemia: a narrative review.

Hypermagnesemia is a rare but potentially fatal electrolyte disorder. High serum magnesium levels have been associated with the development of neurological manifestations such as dysautonomia, muscle weakness, respiratory failure, and altered level of consciousness from drowsiness to coma. Although rare, some subjects, such as those with chronic renal failure and those taking magnesium supplements or medications, are at risk of developing this condition. Recognizing this electrolyte alteration promptly allows for an immediate initiation of a therapeutic strategy that is often resolutive when addressed in time. This paper aims to review the neurological complications associated with hypermagnesemia, their pathophysiology, and management.

Hypomagnesaemia and Relationship Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Patients at Janzur Hospital in Libya.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to the development of complications, especially due to poor glycemic control. Magnesium (Mg) is a crucial element in human health, and its deficiency plays a critical role in the development of lipid abnormalities and the initiation of diabetic complications. The study aimed to evaluate the correlation of hypomagnesemia (Mg) with the alteration of lipid profile patterns and investigate the adverse effects of glycemic control and body mass index (BMI) on magnesium levels among patients with T2DM. A total of 163 subjects whose ages ranged between 35-60 years for both sexes (males and females) were included in this study: 90 type II diabetic patients (40 males and 50 females) and 73 healthy individuals (34 males and 39 females) in Tripoli region, Western Libya. Blood glucose, HbA1c, Magnesium, and lipid profile parameters were biochemically estimated in the study along with the measurement of BMI. All the results were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 25 for applying one-way ANOVA and Person's correlation coefficient tests. The study revealed a significant decrease in serum magnesium levels (1.59 ± 0.47 mg/dL) in T2DM patients compared to the control group (2.21 ± 0.70 mg/dL) (p &lt; 0.01). Significantly elevated levels of blood glucose (140.6 ± 30.95 mg/dL vs. 89.80 ± 12.62 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.01), HbA1c (7.27 ± 2.62% vs. 5.32 ± 0.65%, p &lt; 0.01), cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol also observed in T2DM patients compared to healthy individuals. Conversely, HDL cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the T2DM group than in controls (24.44 ± 8.88 mg/dL vs. 47.06 ± 8.75 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.01). There is a relationship between hypomagnesemia, glycemic control, and changed lipid profile in T2DM patients. Further, our results revealed a strong relationship between increased BMI and unfavorable alterations in all biochemical parameters examined.

EFFECT OF PHOTOTHERAPY ON SERUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM LEVELS IN NEWBORNS WITH HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA ADMITTED TO NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE AT A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL IN THE KOLHAN REGION OF JHARKHAND

Objectives: Neonatal jaundice is a medical condition causing yellowish skin discoloration, leading to hospital readmissions in the first 2 weeks of life. It affects 60% of full-term babies and 80% of premature infants. Severe jaundice can cause kernicterus and neurological damage. Treatment options include phototherapy, exchange transfusions, or pharmacological therapy. Phototherapy is the safest and most effective treatment, but it can lead to hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia due to its effect on the pineal gland. The present study shows the effect of phototherapy on serum calcium and magnesium levels in hyperbilirubinemia. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 221 neonates with hyperbilirubinemia who were treated with phototherapy. We measured bilirubin, calcium, and magnesium levels in their blood samples at admission and 48 h after initiation of phototherapy. The data were analyzed using Epi-Info software. Results: Before phototherapy, the mean serum calcium was 8.79±1.44, but it decreased significantly to 8.13±1.67 (p&lt;0.05). Before phototherapy, the mean serum magnesium level was 3.22±0.72 and reduced considerably to 2.56±0.50 (p&lt;0.05). After phototherapy, total serum bilirubin levels reduced dramatically (from 13.07±3.41 to 8.63±3.10) (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The present study shown that phototherapy has a significant effect on the levels of serum calcium, magnesium, and total serum bilirubin by reducing the level.

Analysis of changes in serum calcium and magnesium levels during plateletpheresis on different apheresis machines in healthy donors: A cross-sectional study

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The most common observed complication of plateletpheresis procedure is hypocalcemia due to citrate’s chelation of free calcium. Magnesium is also affected by citrate infusion. We have evaluated the impact of plateletpheresis on the total serum calcium (Ca++) and magnesium (Mg++) levels of the donor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and thirty-seven healthy plateletpheresis donors were included in the study. Samples were collected from the donor at 0 min (baseline), 30 min, and 60 min, at the end of the procedure and 30 min after completion of the procedure. The pattern of changes in serum Ca++ and serum Mg++ levels at different time points for different apheresis machines (Fenwal Amicus, Fresenius COM.TEC, Spectra Optia, and Hemonetics MCS+) was studied. RESULTS: A significant decline in serum Ca++ and serum Mg++ levels from baseline to the end of the procedure was observed. This decline was observed maximum for Hemonetics MCS+. The baseline values were regained 30 min after completion of the procedure. Difference from baseline values 30 min after the procedure was lowest in amicus in the case of serum Ca++ and COM.TEC in case of serum Mg++. Twenty donors (14.60%) experienced adverse donor reactions. CONCLUSION: Serum calcium and serum magnesium levels decreased transiently during the procedure and regained normal values after 30 min of the completion of the plateletpheresis procedure on all four apheresis machines (whether based on continuous or intermittent centrifugation). Hence, it is concluded from our study that plateletpheresis is a well-tolerated and safe procedure.

8317 Biochemical Adequacy And Renal Complications In Long-Term Management Of Patients With Postsurgical Hypoparathyroidism

Abstract Disclosure: A. Hong: None. J. Park: None. W. Choi: None. J. Yoon: None. H. Kim: None. H. Kang: None. Background: Hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT) most commonly develops after neck surgery, particularly thyroid surgery. Permanent postsurgical HypoPT necessitates calcium and active vitamin D supplementation for 12 months or more due to irreversible parathyroid damage following surgery. This study investigated the biochemical adequacy of conventional therapy (i.e., active vitamin D and/or calcium) in patients with permanent postsurgical HypoPT based on recent guidelines and assessed the incidence of renal complications. Materials and Methods: The study included 62 adult patients with permanent postsurgical HypoPT who underwent total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid cancer at Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital. Biochemical parameters, including albumin-adjusted serum total calcium, ionized calcium, phosphate, creatinine, parathyroid hormone, magnesium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), and 24-h urine calcium, were measured. Renal ultrasound and KUB X-ray were performed for all patients. Results: The mean age of the patients was 55.5 ± 12.4 years, with 48 (77.4%) being female. The median follow-up duration after surgery was 10.6 years (interquartile range 9.0-15.5 years). At the time of evaluation, all patients were treated with calcitriol. Additional treatment, including calcium carbonate or cholecalciferol, was received by 43 (69.4%), and 28 (45.2%) were given thiazide diuretics. Thirty-seven (59.7%) patients had values below the recommended serum calcium (albumin-adjusted or ionized) concentration, while three (4.8%) had values above the upper normal limit of serum phosphate level. Serum 25(OH)D levels were maintained within the normal range (30-50 ng/mL) in 27 (43.5%) patients, and 47 (75.8%) patients met normal serum magnesium levels. Hypercalciuria, defined as &amp;gt;7.5 mmol/day in men and &amp;gt;6.25 mmol/day in women, was observed in 12 (19.4%) patients. Nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis were present in 2 (3.2%) patients each. No patient had chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate &amp;lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Conclusion: Conventional management for permanent postsurgical HypoPT appears suboptimal for certain patients. However, the incidence of renal complications, such as hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis/nephrocalcinosis, and CKD, was not commonly observed in a real-world setting during the 10 years of follow-up. This observation may be associated with a higher prescription rate of thiazide diuretics. Presentation: 6/2/2024

Proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia, a rare cause of reversible delirium: A case report with literature review.

Hypomagnesemia is associated with multiple electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia, hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used in gastrointestinal disorders and are generally considered safe by clinicians. However, it is unusual side effect of hypomagnesemia is potentially under-recognized. Delirium is usually thought to be a clue of cerebrovascular disease, and the association between delirium and hypomagnesemia is unexpected. We describe a patient used PPI with hypomagnesemia showed normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) despite hypocalcemia and reversible delirium. To enhance clinicians' vigilance, we performed a literature review on cerebellar syndromes due to hypomagnesemia. A 74-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with intermittent nausea, vomiting, hand tremors, and delirium. Laboratory analysis showed hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and normal parathyroid hormone despite hypocalcemia, physical examination showed horizontal nystagmus and the brain MRI was negative. Surprising, detailed medical history revealed that the etiology was the usage of omeprazole. Omeprazole was discontinued and oral supplementation with magnesium, calcium, and potassium was administered. Delirium quickly disappeared and the serum potassium, magnesium, and calcium levels gradually normalized; at discharge, nystagmus gradually disappeared, and plasma electrolyte levels were stable at follow-up. Hypomagnesemia is associated with a variety of neurological symptoms up to life-threatening conditions if left untreated; as Mg is not present in routine electrolyte panels, hypoparathyroidism, hypokalemia, and delirium may be a clue, and physicians must be alert to consider PPI as a potential cause of unexplained hypomagnesemia, and timely treatment to avoid sequelae.

Elevated serum magnesium levels prompt favourable outcomes in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint blockers

BackgroundMagnesium deficiency influences the activation and cytotoxicity of immune cells. Nevertheless, whether serum magnesium levels influence the clinical outcomes of immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) treatment still remains ambiguous. There is an urgent need for clinical research to elucidate the relationship between serum magnesium levels and the outcomes of ICB therapy. Such insights could offer new perspectives on immunotherapy for cancer. MethodsA multi-center retrospective study involving in pan-cancer patients treated with ICBs at three large cancer centers from August 2012 to May 2023 was conducted. The primary objective was to assess the correlation between serum magnesium levels and therapeutic response in patients receiving ICBs, and further evaluate the associations between serum magnesium levels and progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). ResultsA total of 1441 patients treated with ICBs, including 1042 with lung cancer, 270 with esophageal cancer, and 129 with Hodgkin lymphoma, were enrolled in this study. We found that patients with elevated serum magnesium levels exhibited a favourable response to ICBs treatment. The optimal cut-off point for serum magnesium level (0.79 mmol/L) was applied for stratifying patients into distinct groups. In the three tumor cohorts, patients in high magnesium level group (Mg2+ ≥ 0.79 mmol/L) had longer PFS and OS than those in low magnesium level group (Mg2+ < 0.79 mmol/L). Univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that the serum Mg2+ level serves as an independent prognostic factor for cancer patients receiving ICBs therapy. ConclusionOur multi-center study demonstrated that among patients receiving ICBs therapy, those with elevated serum magnesium levels exhibit significantly better clinical outcomes than those with low serum magnesium levels. Further prospective validation studies are needed to confirm these findings.

A study on serum potassium and serum magnesium levels in acute myocardial infarction with special emphasis on rhythm disturbance

Background and objectives. Myocardial infarction (MI) is a severe cardiac event associated with plaque formation in arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart. Arrhythmias, such as bradyarrhythmia or tachyarrhythmia, commonly accompany MI, contributing to its morbidity and mortality. Electrolyte disturbances, particularly potassium and magnesium imbalances, can exacerbate arrhythmic risks in MI patients. This study aimed to assess the incidence of alterations in serum potassium and magnesium levels during acute MI and their correlation with rhythm disturbances. Material and methods. A prospective analytical study was conducted with 150 patients diagnosed with acute MI based on ECG changes and elevated cardiac markers. Serum potassium and magnesium levels were measured, and rhythm disturbances were assessed using continuous cardiac monitoring and standard ECG. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum potassium, serum magnesium, and rhythm changes. Results. The study investigated the demographic and clinical characteristics of participants and the potential relationship between serum electrolyte levels and arrhythmic changes. The mean age of the participants was 54.3 years, with a male predominance (76% male, 24% female). Among the participants, 50.67% had diabetes, 52% had hypertension, and 28% had both conditions. Serum electrolyte analysis showed elevated magnesium levels in 6.66% and elevated potassium levels in 12.66% of patients. Notably, arrhythmic changes in ECG were present in 62% of patients, with sinus tachycardia being the most prevalent (17%). However, statistical analysis revealed no significant correlation between serum magnesium, serum potassium, and rhythm changes (p &gt;0.05). These findings suggest that while arrhythmic changes are common, they are not directly associated with elevated levels of these electrolytes, indicating the need for further investigation into other potential factors influencing arrhythmias in this population. Conclusion. Despite the prevalence of electrolyte disturbances in acute MI patients, this study found no significant association between serum magnesium, serum potassium levels, and rhythm disturbances. Further research is warranted to elucidate the complex interplay between electrolyte imbalances and arrhythmias in MI.

Association of cardiac autonomic nerve function with serum zinc, calcium and magnesium in female hypothyroid patients

Background: Hypothyroidism is related to impaired cardiac autonomic nerve activity with altered levels of serum Zinc (Zn), Calcium (Ca) ‍and Magnesium (Mg).Altered Serum Zn,Caand Mg levels are also associated with autonomic imbalance and may raise cardiovascular risk.Heart rate variability (HRV) is an important marker for assessing cardiac autonomic nerve function(CANF). Objectives: To evaluate the association of serum Zn, Cal and Mglevels withCANF in female hypothyroid patients. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 40 female hypothyroid patients aged 18-45 years. Thirty apparently healthy women were control. Serum Zn, Ca and Mg levels were estimated by autoanalyzer and CANF was assessed by time domain analysis of HRV recorded by Power Lab 8/35 AD Instruments, Australia. Statistical analysis was done by Independent sample‘t’ test, One way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Bonferroni test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. Results: Among time domain parameters of HRV, standard deviation of the RR intervals (SDRR), coefficient variation of RR interval (CVRR), SD rate, standard deviation of the difference between successive RR intervals (SDSD), square root of mean squared differences of successive RR intervals (RMSSD), proportion of RR interval with duration &gt;50 ms (pRR50%) were significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) in all hypothyroid patients as compared to control. On correlation analysis, serum Zn, Ca and Mg were significantly positively correlated with SDSD(p&lt;0.01, p&lt;0.001,p&lt;0.01) RMSSD(p&lt;0.01, p&lt;0.001, p&lt;0.01), pRR50%(p&lt;0.01, p&lt;0.01, p&lt;0.05)and serum Ca was also positively correlated with SDRR(p&lt;0.05) in hypothyroid patients. Conclusion:Serum ZnCa and Mg were associated with cardiac autonomic dysfunction. in female hypothyroid patients. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2023;18(1): 27-34

Correlation of serum zinc and magnesium with reduced heart rate variability in male Parkinson’s disease patients

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disorder associated with altered cardiac autonomic function. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a tool to assess the cardiac autonomic status. Altered serum zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) levels are observed in PD. The serum Zn and Mg alteration is associated with nerve function impairment. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between serum zinc, magnesium, and time domain measures of HRV in male patients with PD. Methods: This observational analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023on 30 newly diagnosed male PD patients aged 50-60 years. In this study, 30 healthy volunteers were the control. The 30 patients were divided into different categories based on serum mineral levels. The HRV was recorded by Power Lab 8/35, AD Instruments, Australia and the time domain measures of HRV were used in data analysis. The serum Zn and Mg levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Independent sample ‘t’ test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test were used for statistical analysis and p&lt;0.05 was considered statistical significance. Results: Significantly higher mean HR (Heart rate) (p&lt;0.01) and significantly lower mean RR (Normal to normal QRS complex) interval,CVRR (Coefficient variation of RR interval) (p&lt;0.01), SDRR (Standard deviation of the RR intervals), SDSD (Standard deviation of the difference between successive RR intervals), RMSSD (Square root of mean squared differences of successive RR intervals), pRR50% (Proportion of RR interval with duration &gt;50 ms) (p&lt;0.001)were observed in PD patients compared to control. In PD patients, significantly lower (p&lt;0.001) serum Zn and significantly higher (p&lt;0.01) serum Mg were observed compared to control. In addition,significant decrement was observed in SDRR, CVRR (p&lt;0.05), SDSD, RMSSD, and pRR50% (p&lt;0.01) in hypozincemic PD patients compared to normozincemic patients. On correlation analysis, significant positive correlations of serum Zn were observed with SDRR (p&lt;0.05),SDSD (p&lt;0.001), RMSSD (p&lt;0.001) and pRR50% (p&lt;0.01). Moreover,serum Mg was positively correlated with SDRR (p&lt;0.05) in PD patients. Conclusion: Hypozincemia and magnesium were directly related to reduced HRV in male PD patients. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2023;18(2): 63-71

Impact of Toxoplasma gondii on Serum Protein Levels and Mineral Content in Sheep and Goats at a Small Dairy Farm in White Nile State, Sudan

Aim: This study aims to investigate the effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the serum proteins and macro elements (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphate) for sheep and goat. Introduction: In sheep and goats, Toxoplasma infection is a major cause of abortion and stillbirth. Subclinical infections are also quite common in adult animals of affected flocks and herds. Serum proteins and macro elements plays an essential role in animal metabolism. Materials and Methods: Serological survey of T. gondii was conducted using Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) for 20 sera collected from sheep and goats (8 and12 respectively) in white Nile State, Sudan. Results: Out of twelve goats’ serum and eight sheep serum samples, seven samples were found to be positive for Toxoplasma (58.33%) in goats and four samples were found to be positive for Toxoplasma (50%) in sheep, the remaining samples were negative. It was observed that serum Total protein (Tp) level was increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) in both species, and albumin (Alb) level decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) in goats, while Globulin (Glob) was significantly (p&lt;0.05) low in sheep compared with control animals. The results showed that some minerals (Na and K) concentrations in the serum were higher in both sheep and goats compared to the controls. Conclusion: In conclusion infestation of goats with Toxoplama gondii increases the total protein, globulins and significantly decreases the albumin concentrations. For sheep the infestation increases the total protein, albumin and significantly decreases the globulin concentrations. Sheep and goats infected with Toxoplasma gondii showed increased serum sodium, potassium and magnesium levels affecting most of the enzyme systems.

High serum magnesium level is associated with increased mortality in patients with sepsis: an international, multicenter retrospective study.

Magnesium imbalances commonly exist in septic patients. However, the association of serum magnesium levels with mortality in septic patients remains uncertain. Herein, we elucidated the association between serum magnesium and all-cause mortality in septic patients from American and Chinese cohorts by analyzing data from 9099 patients in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-IV (MIMIC-IV) database and 1727 patients from a university-affiliated hospital' intensive care unit in China. Patients in both cohorts were categorized into five groups based on serum magnesium quintiles from the MIMIC-IV dataset. Patients with higher serum magnesium levels exhibited an increased risk of 28-day mortality in both cohorts. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves revealed a progressively elevated risk of 28-day mortality with increasing serum magnesium in MIMIC-IV cohort, while a J-shaped correlation was observed in institutional cohort. Our findings have validated the association between high serum magnesium and high mortality in sepsis across different races and medical conditions. Serum magnesium levels might be useful in identifying septic patients at higher mortality risk.

Role of Serum Magnesium on Insulin Resistance in Overweight and Obese Children.

Background Childhood obesity has become a global epidemic, with projections indicating it could affect 25% of children under 16 by 2050. This rise poses significant health risks, including early onset of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Recent research has shown a correlation between insulin action and magnesium levels, highlighting the link between low serum magnesium levels and obesity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum magnesium levels and obesity in children aged 5-16 years, to compare overweight and obese adolescents with age- and gender-matched controls, and to determine the association between insulin resistance and decreased serum magnesium levels. Methodology At a tertiary hospital, this 1.5-year cross-sectional comparativestudy investigated the relationship between magnesium levels in the blood and insulin resistance in children aged 5-16. Cases met the 2015 revised Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) growth charts for overweight or obesity in comparison to age-matched healthy controls. Exclusions included secondary causes of obesity and medical complications affecting magnesium. Assessments involved clinical history, examination, and fasting blood tests for insulin resistance indices. Results Compared to the controls, overweight children showed that mean serum magnesium levels are lower (1.03 mEq/l vs. 1.85 mEq/l, p<0.001); they were also reflected in higher anthropometric measures, which include body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage. Cases had significantly higher metabolic markers like fasting insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index, and lipid profiles, whereas systolic blood pressure although showing recognized differences did not significantly differ. Conclusion The study underscored the importance of detecting magnesium levels on insulin resistance in overweight and obese children.

Prevalence of hyponatremia among medically hospitalized patients and associated outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.

Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte disturbance among hospitalized patients and is linked to increased mortality as well as poor outcomes. Study the prevalence of hyponatremia among medically admitted patients and the outcomes associated with hyponatremia. Retrospective cohort. Medical ward at tertiary hospital setting. The study included adult (≥18 years) hospitalized patients in general medical wards. Three readings of serum sodium level were taken (initial sodium level, nadir during admission, and before discharge). The sample size of 350 was determined based on a presumed 35% incidence of hyponatremia among hospitalized patients, with a 5% error margin. The prevalence of hyponatremia among medically hospitalized patients and association with health outcomes including length of hospital stay, inpatient mortality, 90-days readmission and 1-year mortality. In this study, 736 patients met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 377 (51.2%) had hyponatremia on admission, increasing to 562 (76.35%) during hospitalization. Mild hyponatremia was observed in 49.6% (n=365), moderate in 13.6% (n=100), and severe in 13.2% (n=97). Severe hyponatremia patients were significantly older (P<.01), predominantly female (P=.014), and had lower serum magnesium and albumin levels (P<.01). Hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and diabetes were more prevalent in severe hyponatremia cases (P<.01, P<.01, P=.045, P<.01, respectively). Hospital stays were significantly shorter for patients with normal sodium levels (P<.01). Patients with severe hyponatremia had a shorter time for first hospital readmission (HR=0.80, P<.01 [95% CI; 0.69-0.94]). Hyponatremia was prevalent among medically hospitalized patients and more common among old patients, women, and patients with comorbidities. Hyponatremia was associated with increased length of stay in hospital and increased risk of 90-day re-admission. Single-centre design and retrospective nature.