Serum T3 Levels Research Articles

Association of Phthalate Exposure with Thyroid Function and Thyroid Homeostasis Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes.

Aims Phthalates, which are recognized environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals, are associated with thyroid hormone disruption. We aimed to evaluate the relationship of phthalate metabolites with thyroid function and thyroid homeostasis parameters in type 2 diabetes and to explore whether thyroid autoimmunity status and metformin, the most common antidiabetic drug, may influence such associations. Methods Concurrent urine and blood samples were collected from 639 participants with type 2 diabetes in the METAL (Environmental Pollutant Exposure and Metabolic Diseases in Shanghai) study. We measured urinary concentrations of thirteen phthalate metabolites along with serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total T4 and T3, free T4 (FT4) and T3 (FT3), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb). Four parameters of thyroid homeostasis, including the sum activity of step-up deiodinases (SPINA-GD), thyroid secretory capacity (SPINA-GT), Jostel's TSH index (TSHI), and thyrotroph thyroid hormone resistance index (TTSI), were also calculated. Results Among all participants, after full adjustment, multivariable regression analysis showed that some urine phthalate metabolites were negatively associated with TSH, TSHI, and TTSI levels and positively associated with FT3, T3, SPINA-GD, and SPINA-GT levels. None of the urine phthalate metabolites exhibited a significant association with thyroid autoimmunity. The associations of phthalate metabolites with thyroid function and thyroid homeostasis parameters differed based on thyroid autoantibody and metformin treatment status. Conclusions Urinary phthalate metabolites may be associated with thyroid function and thyroid homeostasis parameters among participants with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, our present study suggested that thyroid autoantibody status and metformin treatment status are potential mediators of such associations.

The relation of fat tissue hormones and some galactopoietic hormones with milk yield in Holstein and Simmental cows

The present study was conducted to investigate the physiological changes in leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin hormones, which are effective in the regulation of energy metabolism, and the galactopoietic hormones including growth hormone (GH), insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), cortisol, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4 ) levels, which are also effective in the regulation of metabolic activities and their correlation with milk yield levels in Holstein and Simmental cows with low, medium, and high milk yield. Holstein (n = 30) and Simmental cows (n = 30) with low, medium, and high milk yield were used. Cows were divided into 6 groups with 10 animals in each group, and body condition scores (BCS) were determined. Serum GH, insulin, IGF-I, cortisol, TSH, T4 , leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin levels were measured. GH level increased in both breeds (p < 0.05). As a result, in cases when the energy requirement increases during lactation without reaching a critical point, the GH, cortisol, and ghrelin hormone levels increase, while the plasma T4 level decreases and insulin, IGF-I, TSH, leptin, and adiponectin levels remain unchanged. An interaction between leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin and galactopoietic hormones was noted.

Effects of hormonal changes on sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: where are we now and what can we do?

Sarcopenia or muscle wasting is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder involving the accelerated loss of muscle mass and function, often associated with muscle weakness (dynapenia) and frailty. Whereas primary sarcopenia is related to ageing, secondary sarcopenia happens independent of age in the context of chronic disease states such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Sarcopenia has become a major focus of research and public policy debate due to its impact on patient's health‐related quality of life, health‐care expenditure, morbidity, and mortality. The development of sarcopenia in patients with CKD is multifactorial and it may occur independently of weight loss or cachexia including under obese sarcopenia. Hormonal imbalances can facilitate the development of sarcopenia in the general population and is a common finding in CKD. Hormones that may influence the development of sarcopenia are testosterone, growth hormone, insulin, thyroid hormones, and vitamin D. Although the relationship between free testosterone level that is low in uraemic patients and sarcopenia in CKD is not well‐defined, functional improvement may be seen. Unlike testosterone, it is known that vitamin D is associated with muscle strength, muscle size, and physical performance in patients with CKD. Outcomes after vitamin D replacement therapy are still controversial. The half‐life of growth hormone (GH) is prolonged in patients with CKD. Besides, IGF‐1 levels are normal in patients with Stage 4 CKD—a minimal reduction is seen in the end‐stage renal disease. Unresponsiveness or resistance of IGF‐1 and changes in the GH/IGF‐1 axis are the main causes of sarcopenia in CKD. Low serum T3 level is frequent in CKD, but the net effect on sarcopenia is not well‐studied. CKD patients develop insulin resistance (IR) from the earliest period even before GFR decline begins. IR reduces glucose utilization as an energy source by hepatic gluconeogenesis, decreasing muscle glucose uptake, impairing intracellular glucose metabolism. This cascade results in muscle protein breakdown. IR and sarcopenia might also be a new pathway for targeting. Ghrelin, oestrogen, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone may be other players in the setting of sarcopenia. In this review, we mainly examine the effects of hormonal changes on the occurrence of sarcopenia in patients with CKD via the available data.

A Study to Evaluate the Association Between Thyroid Function and Serum Potassium Level in Diagnosed Cases of Diabetic Nephropathy.

IntroductionCoexistence of diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases is common. One of the main microvascular complications of diabetes is diabetic nephropathy (DN) and it is found to be the leading cause of chronic kidney disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between hypothyroidism and serum potassium levels in diabetic nephropathy patients.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2020 to January 2021. We enrolled 100 patients with DN along with 50 healthy controls belonging to the same localities. Serum potassium, creatinine, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and total triiodothyronine (T3) levels of all the cases were measured to establish the correlation of serum potassium along with each parameter separately.ResultsSerum potassium, creatinine, TSH levels were increased in all the cases of diabetic nephropathy showing positive correlations of serum potassium with serum TSH and serum creatinine levels with correlation coefficient values 0.71 and 0.7 respectively and serum T3 levels were decreased in all the cases significantly showing negative correlation with serum potassium levels with correlation coefficient value -0.34.ConclusionEstimation of serum TSH and T3 levels along with serum potassium levels is important and helpful in patients with diabetic renal disease. Changes in thyroid parameters like decreased TSH or increased T3 are significantly associated with deterioration in the severity of renal function in diabetic patients.

Estrogenic and vitellogenic responses in genistein fed adult male Cyprinus carpio

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the impact of dietary phytoestrogen, genistein on inducing vitellogenesis in reproductively active male Cyprinus carpio. Adult male C. carpio were fed with graded levels of genistein, 0 (Control), 1 (Gen-1), 3 (Gen-3), 6 (Gen-6) and 9 (Gen-9) mg/100 g in fish feed. Serum levels of cholesterol, total testosterone and estradiol (E2) showed an increasing trend with increasing doses of genistein in the feed after the trial. Serum T3 level was reduced while the T4 level was induced with an increasing level of dietary genistein. Gene expression of brain and testicular aromatases were significantly reduced in Gen-9. The expression of estrogen receptor-α (erα) was upregulated, and that of erβ2 was downregulated with an increasing dose of genistein. Vitellogenin concentration was increased to its highest, 29.70 ± 2.63 μg/mL in Gen-6 and vtgb2 expression in the liver was increased to five-fold in Gen-6 & Gen-9 than that of control. The level of cortisol and the expression pattern of 20βHSD were reduced with an increasing dose of genistein. Hence, the study concluded that upregulation of the erα gene and high E2 concentration is responsible for genistein induced vitellogenesis in adult male C. carpio. The estrogenic responses in adult male C. carpio are accompanied by enhanced testosterone level and reduced activity of the steroidogenic enzyme, 20βHSD, indicating a possible delay in maturation.

Adipokine, gut and thyroid hormone responses to probiotic application in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) exposed to heat stress.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus reuteri E81 (LRE) probiotic supplementation on heat stress responses in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar). The birds were divided into two groups, one of which was exposed to heat stress (HS). Within each group, four subgroups, each including 64 birds, were created for the three treatment doses (200, 400 or 600 mg/kg) of LRE and the control. The experiment was started with day-old birds, kept at a temperature of 25 °C or 37 °C. After a 7-day adjustment period, the LRE supplementation lasted for 35 days. The levels of different adipokines, including visfatin (VF), adiponectin (ADP), chemerin (CHEM), as well as the concentration of plasma citrulline (CIT) and the levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood were measured at 21 and 42 days of age. A significant correlation (P < 0.01) was found between LRE supplementation and the decrease in serum VF, ADP, CIT, T3 and T4 levels in partridges exposed to HS. On the other hand, no significant relationship was found between LRE supplementation and the serum CHEM and TSH levels (P > 0.05). We concluded that the addition of 600 mg/kg LRE is beneficial in preventing intestinal damage and inflammation provoked by HS.

EVALUATION OF THYROID PROFILE OF TERM AND PRETERM NEONATES AT 1ST AND 4TH WEEK AFTER BIRTH: A HOSPITAL BASED OBSERVATIONAL STUDY.

Objective: st th To evaluate the thyroid prole(T4,FT4 and TSH) in term and preterm neonates at 1 week after birth and during follow up at 4 week. Material and Method: This prospective observational hospital based study was conducted with 30 term(&gt;37 completed week) and 30 preterm neonates(from 28 to 36 week 6days) with exclusion criteria of maternal thyroid disease or neonates with co-morbidity or signicant congenital st th anomalies. Serum T4,FT4 and TSH level were measured at 1 week and 4 week of postnatal age and results are analysed statistically. Results: st th We found TSH was elevated more in preterm than in term neonates in the 1 week, which decreased in both the groups at the 4 week . T4 st th and FT4 were signicantly higher in the term neonates than in preterm in the 1 week. During follow up in the 4 week, T4 and FT4 decreases in st term and increases in preterm so that the FT4 level almost matches in both the group at the end of 1 month. Conclusion: Our study shows that T4, FT4 and TSH has a signicant relationship with gestational age. Premature infants are born with higher th levels of TSH and lower levels of FT4 and T4 than term, which almost normalizes at 4 week.

Subclinical hypothyroidism.

Subclinical hypothyroidism (i.e. a condition characterized by serum TSH concentrations above the normal reference range in the presence of normal serum T4 levels) affects 4 to 20% of the population living in iodine-sufficient areas. The present work reviewed the clinical challenges regarding the signs and symptoms possibly related to subclinical hypothyroidism and the most recent guideline recommendations to treatment.

The Relationship between Triiodothyronine and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Serum Level into Melasma Severity

Background: Melasma is a chronic acquired hypermelanosis of the skin and relatively common skin disorder that primarily affects sunlight-exposed areas in women. While etiology of melasma is not yet well understood, a possible factor is thyroid hormones. Few studies have been conducted in order to find the relationship between melasma and thyroid disorders with varying results. This study is conducted to investigate the association between thyroid parameters (triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone) and melasma severity. Aim:To determine the relationship between triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) serum level into severeity of melasma. Subject and method: Thirty six women with melasma aged &gt;18 years old are included in the study group indoor at Dr. M. Djamil Hospital Padang. Exclusion criteria: pregnancy/lactation, using oral contraception, using hormonal therapy, taking photosensitizer systemic antifungi and anticonvulsant and taking topical/systemic of melasma treatment. History of sun protection usages and MASI score are recorded. Triiodothyronine and TSH level are measured by electrochemiluminescence-immunoasay (ECLIA) method. Result: Mean age of melasma patients in this study: 47.52±8.11 years old. Malar type is more common than centrofacial (61,1%) and we did not find mandibular type. The most common severity of melasma: mild (19 out of 36 people). MASI score: 21.46±10.40. Mean serum level of T3 and TSH: 1.578±0.282nmol/L and 1.773±1.457 μIU/L (p&gt;0,05). Conclusion: Mean serum levels of T3 and TSH hormones are not related to the severeity of melasma. Nevertheless, increasing levels of hormones are in accordance with the increase of melasma’s severeity degree, although it is not statistically significant. Further study could be done by adding hypothyroidism to patients who have melasma and comparing them with control group by using cross-sectional comparative sampling. An equal sample number of each severity degree of melasma would be ideal and then evaluate psychological/stress factors to the subjects

Effect of Micronutrients on Thyroid Parameters.

Micronutrients are involved in various vital cellular metabolic processes including thyroid hormone metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between serum levels of micronutrients and their effects on thyroid parameters. The correlation of serum levels of micronutrients and thyroid markers was studied in a group of 387 healthy individuals tested for thyroid markers (T4, T3, FT4, FT3, TSH, anti-TPO, RT3, and anti-Tg) and their micronutrient profile at Vibrant America Clinical Laboratory. The subjects were rationalized into three groups (deficient, normal, or excess levels of micronutrients), and the levels of their thyroid markers were compared. According to our results, deficiency of vitamin B2, B12, B9 and Vit-D25[OH] (p < 0.05) significantly affected thyroid functioning. Other elemental micronutrients such as calcium, copper, choline, iron, and zinc (p < 0.05) have a significant correlation with serum levels of free T3. Amino acids asparagine (r = 0.1765, p < 0.001) and serine (r = 0.1186, p < 0.05) were found to have a strong positive correlation with TSH. Valine, leucine, and arginine (p < 0.05) also exhibited a significant positive correlation with serum levels of T4 and FT4. No other significant correlations were observed with other micronutrients. Our study suggests strong evidence for the association of the levels of micronutrients with thyroid markers with a special note on the effect of serum levels of certain amino acids.

Intake of ω-3 fatty acids reduces obesity in mice through augmentation of lipid oxidation and thyroid signaling, and prevention of anemia

Background: ω-3 fatty acids in seafood, fatty fish, and supplements have health benefits as their variable physiological benefits. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of ω-3 fatty acids on body weight, levels of thyroid hormones, lipid components, oxidative markers and complete blood count (CBC). Materials and Methods: Mice (n=160) were divided into 8 groups for short and long treatments. Results: Data showed that oral treatment reduced the body weight of mice organs in a dose and time-dependent manner. The treatments also reduced serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels as well as GSH. In contrast, the treatment increased the serum levels of anti-oxidants such as GPx, SOD and MDA. Meanwhile, the treatments increased significantly the serum levels of both T3 & T4 and decreased the pituitary TSH. The treatment also increased RBCs and platelet counts, as well as the hemoglobin concentration. All recorded effects of ω-3 fatty acids were in a dose and time-dependent manner. Conclusion: Intake of ω-3 fatty acids decreases obesity and amends animea through reducing increasing oxidative stress and enhancing RBCs and hemoglobin biosynthesis.

Heterogeneous Clinical Characteristics of Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome with SLC16A2 Mutations

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to expand our understanding of phenotypic and genetic variation in Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS), which is a rare X-linked mental retardation syndrome characterized by hypotonia, generalized spasticity, and moderate-to-severe psychomotor retardation. AHDS is caused by a mutation of solute carrier family 16 member 2 (SLC16A2), which encodes monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), the transporter of triiodothyronine (T3) into neurons. Methods: We enrolled nine patients with AHDS from unrelated families, except for two patients who were cousins, through a retrospective chart review. Clinical features, brain imaging, electroencephalograms, thyroid hormone profiles, and genetic data were reviewed retrospectively and compared with previously reported cases. Results: We found three novel and five previously reported pathogenic variants in nine patients from eight families. All patients presented with hypotonia, spasticity, severe developmental delay, and elevated serum T3 levels. Cataplexy, which is a previously unreported phenotype, was found in two patients with the same mutation. In our cohort, seizures were uncommon (n=1) but intractable. Conclusion: This study broadens the known phenotypic variations of AHDS, ranging from relatively mild global developmental delay to a severe form of encephalopathy with hypotonia, spasticity, and no acquisition of independent sitting. The syndromic classification or genetic etiology of global developmental delay is extremely heterogeneous; therefore, early clinical suspicion is challenging for clinicians. However, severe mental retardation with hypotonia, spasticity, and elevated serum T3 levels in male patients is a highly suspicious clinical clue for the early diagnosis of AHDS.

Evaluating the Effects of Noise Pollution on the Levels of Blood Cortisol, Testosterone, and Thyroid in Male Wistar Rats

Background: Noise pollution is a global problem causing changes in the secretion of various hormones and consequently affecting social well-being and quality of life in cities. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of noise pollution on the levels of testosterone, thyroid, and cortisol hormones in male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, a total of 70 male Wistar rats (200 - 250 g) were randomly assigned into one control and six experimental groups, with 10 rats in each group. Experimental groups were exposed to noise with different intensity (dB) and time (min) as follows: (I) 60 dB, 30 min; (II) 60 dB, 60 min; (III) 85 dB, 30 min; (IV) 85 dB, 60 min; (V) 110 dB, 30 min; (VI) 110 dB, 60 min; (VII) controls. Animals in the experimental groups were exposed to noise in an acoustic chamber designed for this purpose for 50 days. The Noise.exe software was used to generate noise, and the sound level meter (model TES 1358) was used to determine the accuracy of the intensity and frequency of sound. To determine plasma levels of the hormones, appropriate research and commercial kits were used, which were based on the ELISA method. To determine the concentration of hormones other than TSH, human assay kits were used. All statistical tests were performed in SPSS software version 21. Results: Serum levels of cortisol in the 110-dB (30 and 60 min), 65-dB (60 min), and 85-dB (60 min) groups were significantly higher than the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Also, cortisol levels in the 65-dB and 85-dB (30 minutes) groups were higher than the control group; however, the increase was not significant (P &gt; 0.05). The levels of T4, T3, and TSH in the 60-dB and 85-dB groups were significantly lower than in the control group (P ≤ 0.05). The serum levels of T4, T3, and TSH hormones in the 110-dB group were insignificantly lower than the control group (P &gt; 0.05). The serum level of testosterone in the 110-dB group was significantly lower than the control group (P ≤ 0.05). The mean serum levels of testosterone in the 65-dB and 85-dB groups were insignificantly lower than the control group (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Based on this study, exposure to noise pollution increased cortisol secretion and decreased T4, T3, TSH, and testosterone levels in rats. As this hormonal imbalance may create direct and indirect effects, studies and strategies are recommended to control the imbalance of hormones in the polluted environments.

Colorectal cancer causes alteration of thyroid hormone profile in newly diagnosed patients

ABSTRACT Objectives Subcellular alteration of thyroid hormones (THs) signaling is proposed in many types of cancers. Some studies show deiodinase type 3, as an oncofetal protein, re-expresses in some cancer types. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the product of this enzyme, reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) in serum of newly diagnosed colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Methods In this cross-sectional study, blood from 38 laboratory-confirmed cases was taken, and serum levels of rT3, total T3 (triiodothyronine), total T4 (thyroxine), free T3, free T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were detected by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The results illustrated that rT3 and free T3 levels increased in patients with early stages of colorectal cancer, despite normal levels of total T3, total T4, free T4, and TSH. Conclusion The elevation of rT3 in CRC patients can probably be due to the re-expression of deiodinase type 3 in CRC. Further research is needed to study the role of intracellular THs modulation in CRC and its impact on CRC treatment.

Antibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor cause maternal-neonatal transmission of Graves' Disease.

The present study aimed to investigate whether the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies (Ab) from mothers with Graves' disease (GD) could cause neonatal thyroid disease and the underlying mechanisms of this. An adenovirus expressing the TSHR A-subunit and a control adenovirus expressing β-galactosidase was constructed by Beijing Sino Geno Max Co., Ltd. The sequences were subsequently verified and amplified via PCR. A GD model was established in female BALB/c mice (n=90) by three intramuscular injections of a TSHR-expressing adenovirus (Ad-TSHR). Mice injected with Ad-β-galactosidase served as a sham immunization group. The immunized females were paired with unimmunized males to generate offspring. The serum levels of TSHR-Ab and thyroxine (T4) of mothers and neonates were measured after delivery. Breast milk was collected from the stomachs of neonatal mice to determine the TSHR-Ab levels. The positive rate of serum TSHR-Ab (>0.3 IU/l) in the TSHR group was 99% (89/90) and 0% in the sham group. The mother mice in the TSHR group had elevated serum T4 levels and the thyroid pathological features of Graves' hyperthyroidism.GD mice gave birth to smaller newborns with thyroid pathological changes and higher serum levels of TSHR-Ab and T4, compared to the offspring in the sham group. The TSHR-Ab levels in breast milk from the GD mice declined with time. Mice immunized with Ad-TSHR exhibited the clinicopathological features of human GD and give birth to neonates with thyroid disease at birth.

The Correlation Between Perfectionism and Serum Thyroid Hormone Levels in Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Patients.

Perfectionism is one of the leading clinical symptoms of the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). This research aimed to compare perfectionism and serum thyroid hormone levels between individuals with OCPD and healthy individuals of a control group. The serum levels of free T4, free T3, and thyroid-stimulating hormone of 37 patients diagnosed with OCPD and 36 healthy controls with similar sociodemographic traits were measured. Furthermore, the Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Form, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) were applied to all participants in the study. There was a statistically remarkable correlation between the FMPS total score and the T3 level (r = -0.47, P = .004), and between the BAI and the T3 level (r = -0.41, P = .011). The research findings demonstrated that there could be a correlation between perfectionism and thyroid hormone levels.

Thyroid Hormone Profile and Its Prognostic Impact on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korean Patients.

BackgroundData on the association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and thyroid have been reported, including overt thyrotoxicosis and suppression of thyroid function. We aimed to evaluate the thyroid hormone profile and its association with the prognosis of COVID-19 in Korean patients.MethodsThe clinical data of 119 patients with COVID-19, admitted in the Myongji Hospital, Goyang, South Korea, were retrospectively evaluated. The thyroid hormone profiles were analyzed and compared based on disease severity (non-severe disease vs. severe to critical disease). Clinical outcomes were analyzed according to the tertiles of thyroid hormones.ResultsOf the 119 patients, 76 (63.9%) were euthyroid, and none presented with overt thyroid dysfunction. Non-thyroidal illness syndrome was the most common manifestation (18.5%), followed by subclinical thyrotoxicosis (14.3%) among patients with thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels were significantly lower in patients with severe to critical disease than in those with non-severe disease (P<0.05). Patients in the lowest T3 tertile (<0.77 ng/mL) had higher rates of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission, and death than those in the middle and highest (>1.00 ng/mL) T3 tertiles (P<0.05). COVID-19 patients in the lowest T3 tertile were independently associated with mortality (hazard ratio, 5.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 25.32; P=0.038) compared with those in the highest T3 tertile.ConclusionThyroid dysfunction is common in COVID-19 patients. Changes in serum TSH and T3 levels may be important markers of disease severity in COVID-19. Decreased T3 levels may have a prognostic significance in COVID-19 related outcome.

Efficacy and safety of Barg-e-Sahajna (Moringa olifera Lam.) in primary hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism is the most common disorder arising from hormone deficiency. It frequently affects women than men. The prevalence of overall hypothyroidism has been reported to be 4.8-11%. Levothyroxine is the treatment of choice for all types of hypothyroidism. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Barg-e-Sahajna (Leaves of Moringa olifera Lam.) among diagnosed patients of primary hypothyroidism. This study was an open observational study. A total of 22 patients were screened, out of which 10 were excluded (did not meet inclusion criteria) and 2 refused to consent to be part of the study, rest 10 participants were enrolled after obtaining written informed consent finally 8 subjects completed the study and 2 are dropout in last follow up. The drug was given in the form of decoction at the dose of 5g fresh leaves twice a day after meal for 45days. The study effects on objective parameter thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) were found extremely significant when compared before (16.62±11.49, 132±19.32, 9.28±1.46) and after (4.75±3.12, 150.37±20.68, 11.84±3.81) treatment with a significant decrease in serum TSH level (p<0.0246) and an increase in serum T3 (p<0.0005) and T4 (p<0.0438) levels. The results were analyzed using paired "t" test. The improvements in thyroid profiles (TSH, T3 and T4) after consuming 'Barg-e-Sahajna' show that the test drug is effective in primary hypothyroidism and the relief was considerable. No significant effect on safety parameters (serum-glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase [SGOT], serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [SGPT], blood urea, and serum creatinine) was observed. Therefore, it may be concluded that the Barg-e-Sahajna is preliminarily safe and effective in the management of primary hypothyroidism.

Efficacy and safety of Barg-e-Sahajna (Moringa oleifera Lam.) in primary hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism is the most common disorder arising from hormone deficiency. It frequently affects women than men. The prevalence of overall hypothyroidism has been reported to be 4.8-11%. Levothyroxine is the treatment of choice for all types of hypothyroidism. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Barg-e-Sahajna (Leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam.) among diagnosed patients of primary hypothyroidism. This study was an open observational study. A total of 22 patients were screened, out of which 10 were excluded (did not meet inclusion criteria) and 2 refused to consent to be part of the study, rest 10 participants were enrolled after obtaining written informed consent finally 8 subjects completed the study and 2 are dropout in last follow up. The drug was given in the form of decoction at the dose of 5g fresh leaves twice a day after meal for 45days. The study effects on objective parameter thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) were found extremely significant when compared before (16.62±11.49, 132±19.32, 9.28±1.46) and after (4.75±3.12, 150.37±20.68, 11.84±3.81) treatment with a significant decrease in serum TSH level (p<0.0246) and an increase in serum T3 (p<0.0005) and T4 (p<0.0438) levels. The results were analyzed using paired "t" test. The improvements in thyroid profiles (TSH, T3 and T4) after consuming 'Barg-e-Sahajna' show that the test drug is effective in primary hypothyroidism and the relief was considerable. No significant effect on safety parameters (serum-glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase [SGOT], serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [SGPT], blood urea, and serum creatinine) was observed. Therefore, it may be concluded that the Barg-e-Sahajna is preliminarily safe and effective in the management of primary hypothyroidism.

Increased sympathetic tone and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation impact in metabolic parameters from hypertensive rats

• Hypertensive rats showed a reduction in adiposity when compared to their controls; • SHR presented the most evident lipodystrophy; • SHR exhibited significant alteration in endocrine function of adipose tissue. Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) may play an important role in the development of hypertension and in adiposity disorders. We aimed to investigate the influence of increased sympathetic tone and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation in metabolic parameters by evaluating the morphometry of isolated adipocytes from different fat pads and energy consumption. Serum levels of catecholamines, HPA hormones, T3 and adipokines were measured in 15-weeks-old Wistar (WIS), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) and WIS treated with N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). L-NAME and SHR showed a reduced adiposity when compared to their controls, which may be related to higher concentrations of T3. However, SHR presented the most evident lipodystrophy, presenting significant changes in the morphometry from isolated adipocytes and the production of adipokines. Thus, our study suggests that endocrine changes in hypertension models may highlight possible therapeutic targets in the treatment of metabolic changes associated with hypertension.