Serum Levels Of Na Research Articles

Assessment of trace elements, systemic inflammation, and electrolytes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BackgroundSystemic inflammation, electrolytes, and trace element derangements are thought to be involved, directly or indirectly, in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD).AimOur aim is to evaluate systemic inflammation and disturbance in serum electrolytes and trace elements in patients with COPD.MethodsThis study was conducted in the Chest Department, Cardiothoracic Minia University Hospital. One hundred COPD patients and 40 healthy controls were included in the study. Sixty patients were in a stable state, while 40 patients were in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Serum C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α, copper (Cu), zinc (Z), Na, K, and Mg levels were measured for all participants.ResultsCRP, TNF, Cu, and Z were significantly higher in the stable group than in the control group (p-value 0.0002*, 0.0018*, 0.04*, 0.034*, respectively) with significantly higher levels during exacerbation (8.47 ± 6.3, 24.36 ± 9.53, 201 ± 39.02, 192 ± 32.3). The Cu/Z ratio was significantly lower in the exacerbation group than in the stable group (p-value 0.042*). Serum levels of Na, K, and Mg were significantly lower in the patients group than in the control group (p-value 0.024*, 0.039*,0.044*, respectively), with more reduction observed in the exacerbation group (132 ± 5.45, 3.24 ± 0.52, 1.67 ± 0.38).ConclusionCRP, TNF-α, Cu, and Z levels were significantly higher in stable COPD patients, with higher levels during exacerbation. The Cu/Z ratio was lower in the exacerbation group than in the stable group. Na, K, and Mg levels were lower in patients than in the control group with more reduction during exacerbation.

The chemical profiling of aqueous soluble fraction from Lagopsis supina and its diuretic effects via suppression of AQP and RAAS pathways in saline-loaded rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLagopsis supina (Steph.) Ik. -Gal. ex Knorr. has been widely used as a remedy treatment for diuresis and edema in China over 2500 years. Our previous results showed that the aqueous soluble fraction from L. supina (LSB) possessed acute diuretic effect. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to appraise the acute (6 h) and prolonged (7 d) diuretic effects, underlying mechanisms, and chemical profiling of LSB. Materials and methodsThe chemical profiling of LSB was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-qTOF-MS/MS). Then, oral administration of LSB (40, 80, 160 and 320 mg/kg) and furosemide (10 mg/kg) once daily for 7 consecutive days to evaluate the diuretic effects in saline-loaded rats. The body weight, food consumption, and water intake were recorded once daily. The urinary volume, pH and electrolyte concentrations (Na+, K+, Cl−, and Ca2+) were measured after administration drugs for acute and prolonged diuretic effects. In addition, the serum levels of Na+-K+-ATPase, angiotensin II (Ang II), anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone (ALD), atriopeptin (ANP), aquaporins (AQPs)-1, 2 and 3 were determined by ELISA kits. The mRNA expressions and protein levels of AQPs-1, 2 and 3 were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot assays, respectively. Results30 compounds were identified in LSB based on accurate mass and MS/MS fragmentation compared to literature, among which phenylpropanoids and flavonoids could be partly responsible for the major diuretic effect. Daily administration of LSB (160 or 320 mg/kg) prominently increased urinary excretion volume after the 2 h at the first day of treatment, remaining until the 7th day. LSB did not cause Na+ and K+ electrolyte abnormalities, and has minor effect on Cl− and Ca2+ concentrations at 320 mg/kg. Furthermore, LSB observably suppressed renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation, including decreased serum levels of Ang II, ADH, and ALD, and prominently increased serum level of ANP in rats. LSB treatment significantly down-regulated the serum levels, mRNA expressions and protein levels of AQP1, AQP2, and AQP3. ConclusionLSB has a prominent acute and prolonged diuretic effects via suppression of AQP and RAAS pathways in saline-loaded rats, and support the traditional folk use of this plant. Taken together, LSB might be a potential diuretic agent.

A scientific compendium of the effects of sildenafil citrate on the liver, kidney and heart of male albino rats at Nnewi, South East Nigeria

This study investigated the various effects of Sildenafil citrate on the liver, kidney and heart of male albino rats. Twenty eight male rats randomly divided into 4 groups and weighing 131-214g were used. While the animals in group 1 (control) received food and water only, those in the study groups 2,3&4 respectively received 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg of Sildenafil citrate orally, daily for 4 weeks. All animals were sacrificed and blood samples collected by cardiac puncture for analysis of biochemical parameters. The rats Liver, kidneys and hearts were subjected to histopathological tests. Study results showed no changes in food consumption, fluid intake, body weight and relative organ weight of the animals. The animals in group 4 showed significant increase in mean Lactate dehydrogenase and Aspartate aminotransferase ⃰(P<0.05) compared to control. Mean levels of creatinine was significantly higher among group 4 animals ⃰(p<0.05) but not significantly high among the animals in other groups. Mean Na+ and Cl- level were significantly high among the animals in group 4 ⃰(p<0.05). Although no histopathological changes were observed in the heart of the rats in groups 2,3 and 4, there were significant increase in serum levels of Na+, K and Cl- of animals in group 4 which could have affected their heart owing to fatigue. Sildenafil citrate (100mg/kg) caused distortion in cyto-architecture of the liver and mild distortion of cortical structures in the kidneys of albino rats. Sildenafil citrate has potential toxic effects on the liver, kidney and heart of studied rats with higher doses. Conclusion: Sildenafil citrate has potential toxic effects on the liver, kidney and heart of male albino rats especially with higher doses.

Abstract 14334: Best Electrocardiographic Criteria for Hyperkalemia in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients

Introduction: To date, the effects of hyperkalemia (HK) on the ECG in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients are inconsistent. No studies examining all of the possible effects of HK on the ECG of HD patients have been performed. We studied the ECGs of 128 consecutive HD patients with acutely clotted grafts or fistulas. ECGs from 46 HK patients with potassium levels ≥5.5 mEq/L were compared to 82 patients with normal potassium (NK) levels < 5.5 mEq/L. Methods: Patients with bundle branch block or cardiac events within 3 months were excluded. There were no differences between HK & NK patients for dialysis duration, causes of ESRD, cardiac disease or serum levels of Na + , Ca 2+ , HCO3, or phosphorus. ECG analysis included: height & width of P waves, T waves in V4 & Lead II, time intervals of PR, QRS, QT, QTc, PR/QT, PR/QTc & slopes of ascending & descending T waves in Lead II & V4. For the first time ever in HK HD patients, the ECG measurements in 32 HK patients were compared to their own NK ECGs obtained 3 to 6 months from the HK event. Results: Univariate analysis between the 46 HK & 82 NK patients showed 4 differences in mean values: V4 T wave height 4.0 vs 2.9mm, Lead II T wave height 2.7 vs. 2.0 mm, & V4 T wave ascending (.03 vs .02) & descending slopes (.04 vs .03). Multivariate analysis for all clinical & ECG findings between HK & NK patients found only the increased height of the T wave in V4 was significant, p<0.05. In contrast, the ECG analysis of the HK patients to their NK ECGs revealed more differences: higher T wave height in V4 (5.0 vs 3.7mm), higher T wave height in Lead II (4.0 vs 2.7 mm), shorter width of T wave in V4 (2.4 vs 4.1ms) & Lead II (2.1 vs 4.1ms), longer PR (188 vs 167ms) & steeper slopes in the T waves in Leads II & V4. Regression analysis of the change in potassium from NK to HK to each ECG measurement above showed that the only significant correlation was to the width (r= -.433, p= .007) & height (r= .333, p=.03) of the T wave in V4. In these HK HD patients T wave tenting in V4 was present in 56%. Conclusion: Intra-patient comparison of baseline NK to HK ECGs in HD patients confirms the importance of the height of the T wave in Lead V4 to diagnose HK. Shortened width and increased height of T waves in V4 are the most predictive ECG changes of HK.

Evaluation of Serum Haematological and Electrolyte Changes in Wistar Rats Administered Some Polyherbal Preparations

Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) has today become a major public health threat. Despite several ongoing clinical trials, there is as yet no specific treatment for this disease. This study evaluated the effects of 3 polyherbal mixtures (CoV-1, CoV Pla-2 and CoV Pla-3) on some electrolyte and haematological parameters in laboratory animals.
 The parameters evaluated were PCV, HGB, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RBC, WBC, neutrophils and lymphocytes counts, including Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, K+. Treatment was per oral with doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg for the 3 polyherbal mixtures. Control group had 0.1 mL of distilled water per oral. The extract was safe up to 5000 mg/kg. An insignificant (P>0.05) decrease in RBC was observed at all doses except for 200 mg/kg for CoV Pla-3 which was significant (P<0.05) compared to control. When compared to control, an insignificant increase in the mean lymphocyte values in all extracts was observed. WBC in CoV Pla-1 and CoV Pla-3 increased, compared to control, as well as MCV, MCH for all polyherbal mixtures. Neutrophils increased in the rats administered the highest doses of Cov Pla-1 (200 and 400 mg/kg) and CoV Pla-3 (100 and 200 mg/kg) extracts. An insignificant difference (P>0.05) in serum levels of Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3- were observed in all test animals, compared to control. The results obtained in this study indicate that the extracts did not cause significant changes in haematological parameters evaluated, which implies it is non-toxic.

Cardiovascular Evaluation in Bitches in Oestrus, Pregnancy and Puerperium

Background: Pregnancy may change maternal hemodynamic, which is considered a physiological mechanism for adaptation. Cardiac output tends to be influenced by reductions in vascular resistance and increases in uterine vasculature, as well as reduced autonomic tone combined with gestational physiological anaemia and increased blood volume due to increased plasma volume and hormonal mechanisms. In bitches, few studies have been conducted investigating the changes of the system and the clinical implications for the mother and foetuses due to poor cardiac adaptation during pregnancy.Materials, Methods & Results: Systolic blood pressure (SBP), electrocardiographic and Doppler echocardiographic measurements and serum sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels were evaluated in six bitches of reproductive age. An evaluation was performed in oestrus (M0), followed by evaluations at 25 (M1), 45 (M2), and 60 days (M3) after the last natural or artificial insemination and 15 days after delivery (M4). For the statistical analysis, the means, medians and the standard deviation were calculated. The data were analysed using ANOVA and the Tukey test, with significance level of 5%. A descriptive analysis was performed for color Doppler in echocardiogram evaluation, cardiac axis and rhythm in electrocardiogram evaluation. In the electrolytic evaluation, significant differences were found only in the serum levels of Na, noticed as a reduction in M0-M1 and M3-M2 and an increase in M1-M2 and M3-M4. No significant differences were observed in the SBP, although there was a tendency to SBP reduction. ECG parameters were not significantly different, with no rhythm or conduction disturbances. There was not a significant difference in HR. Four animals (66.6%) had axis deviation to the right when comparing the oestrous phase with the final quarter of pregnancy. The echocardiographic parameters did not show significant changes.Discussion: The reduction observed in Na can occur by salt depletion, by dilutional or metabolic mechanisms. In contrast, the elevation in Na concentration could occur as a result of fluid and electrolyte retention by kidneys during gestation. The absence of electrocardiographic changes may be justified by the stability of mean serum potassium concentrations. An increase in HR five days before the expected calving time, demonstrating the maximum cardiac activity in this gestational phase, is related by other authors, therefore, in the present study, the absence of significant change in HR can be explained by the period in which the data collection was performed, 45 days of gestation, being therefore prior to the period of greatest HR. The cardiac axis deviation can be explained by the distension of the gravid uterus that cause compression of the adjacent organs, leading to diaphragmatic compression and consequent repositioning of the thoracic structures. A tendency to SBP reduction observed is directly influenced by peripheral vascular resistance and cardiac output that occur during pregnancy. Although the echocardiographic findings did not show changes, it is suggested that there are changes related to increased blood volume in pregnancy to provide an appropriate blood flow to the conceptus. It was concluded that pregnancy and the postpartum period in bitches did not cause changes in electrolytes levels, SBP values, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters as compared to values obtained during oestrus.

Effect of enriched housing on levels of natural (auto-)antibodies in pigs co-infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Housing of pigs in barren, stimulus-poor housing conditions may influence their immune status, including antibody responses to (auto-)antigens, and thus affect immune protection, which will influence the onset and outcome of infection. In the present study, we investigated the effects of environmental enrichment versus barren housing on the level of natural (auto-)antibodies (NA(A)b) and their isotypes (IgM and IgG) binding keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), myelin basic protein (MBP), and phosphorycholine conjugated to bovine serum albumin (PC-BSA) in pigs co-infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae). Pigs (n = 56) were housed in either barren or enriched pens from birth to 54 days of age. They were infected with PRRSV on 44 days of age, and with A. pleuropneumoniae 8 days later. Blood samples were taken on 7 different sampling days. Housing significantly affected the overall serum levels of NA(A)b binding KLH, MBP and PC-BSA, and before infection barren housed pigs had significantly higher levels of NA(A)b than enriched housed pigs, except for KLH-IgM and PC-BSA-IgG. Infection only affected the IgM, but not the IgG isotype. Moreover, changes in MBP-IgM and PC-BSA-IgM following infection were different for enriched and barren housed pigs. These results suggest that the effect of infection on NA(A)b is influenced by housing conditions and that NA(A)b, especially IgM may be affected by infection.

Retraction note: Serotonin 5-HT7 receptor agonist, LP-211, exacerbates Na+, K+-ATPase/Mg2+ ATPase imbalances in spinal cord-injured male rats.

The observed controversy that N-(4-cyanophenylmethyl)-4-(2-diphenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide (LP-211), a selective serotonin (5-HT7) receptor agonist, may either modify or exacerbate imbalances in serum electrolyte concentrations and renal tissue of spinal cord trauma cases has not been reported yet. The aim of this study was to better understand the effects of a new 5-HT7 receptor agonist, LP-211, on serum electrolyte changes in spinal cord injured- (SCI) rats. Sixty male rats were assigned to the following groups: A) Intact (saline as vehicle, 1 ml/kg, i.p.), B) Intact [LP-211, (0.003–0.3 mg/kg, i.p.)], C) Sham-operated [laminectomy + vehicle (1 ml/kg, i.p.)], D) Sham-operated [laminectomy + LP-211 (0.003–0.3 mg/kg, i.p.)], E) Treatment [laminectomy + spinal trauma (SCI) + vehicle (1 ml/kg, i.p.)], F) Treatment [laminectomy + spinal trauma + LP-211 (0.003–0.3 mg/kg, i.p.)]. SCI was performed by placing an aneurysm clip, extradurally at the level of T10. After two weeks, LP-211 was administered cumulatively and each dose was injected (i.p.) with 20 min interval. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical evaluations of the electrolytes employing standard commercial kits. The present results indicate elevated serum levels of Na+, K+, and Mg2+ in SCI rats and significant differences demonstrated between the groups [P < 0.001, F(5, 35) = 23.92], [P < 0.001, F(5, 35) = 67.63], [P < 0.001, F(5, 35) = 71.144], respectively. So that, in groups B, D and F, there was a significant increase in K+ and Mg2+ serum levels compared to the groups A, C, and E (P < 0.001). Furthermore, Na+ serum levels in SCI (LP-211), laminectomy (LP-211), and intact (LP-211) groups tended to be statistically lower than SCI (saline), laminectomy (saline) and intact (saline) groups. Infact, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia was obtained in group F. Nevertheless, in the remaining measured serum electrolytes such as calcium (Ca2+), iron (Fe2+) and phosphorus (P3−), chlorine (Cl−), copper (Cu+), and zinc (Zu+), no significant changes were observed. It was shown that acute additive LP-211 treatments in the SCI group led to hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia, it may be stated that LP-211 treatment as a promising candidate for treating SCI complications in some systems especially urinary tract might take into consideration and further studies would be needed to clarify its benefits or drawbacks. The observed discrepancies, nevertheless; will also pose new questions. Altogether, this will ultimately contribute to further understanding the pathophysiological role regarding 5-HT7 receptor activation.

Evaluation of Electrolytes Imbalance and Dyslipidemia in Diabetic Patients

Electrolytes and Lipids have always played significant roles, and changes in their concentrations gives good indications of disease progression in a number of non-communicable diseases. Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder in the community. Diabetics may suffer from electrolyte disorders due to complications of diabetes mellitus and the medication they receive. Serum glucose, electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl− and Ca++), and lipid profiles (total cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL-c) were determined in 100 diabetics and in non-diabetic subjects. All the diabetic patients had a significant (p < 0.001) increase in glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, chloride and calcium levels. There was significant (p < 0.001) decrease in the serum levels of Na+ and K+ in all diabetics. It was concluded that differences in lipids and electrolytes found in diabetics may have great potential as a diagnostic tool in clinical practice and have a significant effect upon the risk of contracting many diseases.

Comparison of Serum Zinc Level Between Neonates With Jaundice and Healthy Neonates

Background: Neonatal jaundice is the most common cause of hospitalization in the first month of life. Factors that reportedly affect the severity of neonatal jaundice include: maternal, prenatal and neonatal factors as well as environmental factors (such as zinc). Animal study demonstrated a decrease in serum bilirubin level after zinc treatment in hyperbilirubinemic rats. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate serum zinc level in the neonates with idiopatic jaundice. Patients and Methods: A case-control study was undertaken from 2008 to 2010 on 263 neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit and obstetrics department in Ghaem hospital, Mashhad, Iran. Of the 263 infants, 114 and 149 neonates were in the control and the case groups, respectively. Infants with a gestational age of > 35 weeks or with idiopathic jaundice were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were as follows: neonates with sepsis or any congenital abnormalities or with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PD) deficiency, ABO and RH incompatibility. Serum levels of zinc and bilirubin were compared between the control (114 neonates without jaundice) and case (149 neonates with jaundice) groups using atomic absorption spectrometry. The maternal and neonatal information were recorded. Spearman correlation coefficient, chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were employed to analyze the data by SPSS software. Results: The mean value of the zinc serum level was 1024.74 ± 245.17 μmol/L in the control group and 841.42 ± 211.99 μmol/L in the case group (P 0.05). Also, no significant correlation was observed between serum levels of Na, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), white blood cell (WBC), platelet, hematocrit (Hct) and zinc (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The level of serum zinc in the neonates with hyperbilirubinemia jaundice was lower than that of the ones without jaundice. It seems that zinc has a protective effect. However, more studies are needed for better decision making.

Quality of life in the patients with central diabetes insipidus assessed by Nagasaki Diabetes Insipidus Questionnaire

Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is characterized by polyuria and polydipsia due to a deficiency of vasopressin. Currently, the treatment goal for CDI is improvement of quality of life (QOL) by desmopressin (DDAVP) without developing hyponatremia. However, there is no reliable measure for QOL in CDI patients. We evaluate our original questionnaire for QOL, consisting of 12 questions focusing on polyuria, polydipsia, and DDAVP treatment, in CDI patients who underwent a switch from nasal spray to oral disintegrating tablets of DDAVP. Twenty-five CDI patients under nasal DDAVP treatment, six with newly developed CDI, and 18 healthy individuals without known polyuric/polydipsic disorders as control subjects were enrolled. QOL scores were determined by our questionnaire at the enrollment and 3 months after the start of oral DDAVP treatment and were examined by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Eleven questions detected improvement in QOL. The sum of the QOL scores of the eleven questions increased from 29.2 ± 5.6 under nasal to 36.8 ± 4.5 under oral DDAVP (p < 0.001). There were no clinically relevant changes in serum levels of Na. After eliminating two questions about DDAVP treatment, the sum of QOL scores was 15.3 ± 6.5 in untreated CDI patients, 24.4 ± 5.2 in those with nasal treatment, 28.9 ± 4.9 in those with oral DDAVP, and 29.5 ± 3.6 in healthy controls. The difference among groups was significant (p < 0.05 in Steel-Dwass test) except between patients treated with oral DDAVP and healthy controls. Our questionnaire can be used to accurately assess QOL in CDI patients.

Comparison of Zinc Level between Neonates with Jaundice and Healathy Neonates

Introduction: Neonatal jaundice is the most common cause of hospitalization.Animal study demonstrated a decrease in serum bililrubin level after zinc treatment in hyperbilirubinemic rats. The objective of this study was the investigation of serum zinc level in the neonates with idiopatic . Materials and Methods: A case-control study was undertaken on 263 neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit and obstetrics department in Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. Health Infants with gestational age more than 35 weeks or with idiopathic jaundice were included to the study. Serum levels of zinc and bilirubin were compared for 114 neonates without jaundice jaundice(control group) and 149 neonates with jaundice (case group) using atomic absorption spectrometry. The maternal and neonatal information were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, spearman correlation coefficient, and chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: The mean value of the zinc serum level was 1024.74±245.17 μmol/L in the control group and 841.42±211.99μmol/L in the case group (P 0.05). Also, there was no significant correlation between serum levels of Na, BUN, Cr, WBC, platelet, HTC and zinc (P>0.05). Conclusion: The level of serum zinc in the neonates with hyperbilirubinemia jaundice was lower than those without jaundice. It seems that zinc has a protective effect. However, more studies are needed for better decision. Keywords: Laundice, Zinc, Neonate, Hyperbilirubinemia.

Myofibrillar protein overdegradation in overweight patients with chronic heart failure: The relationship to serum potassium levels

ObjectivesMuscle release of the amino acid 3-methyl-histidine (3MH) is a sensitive index of myofibrillar protein overdegradation (MPO). We hypothesized that patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) could have increased muscle release of 3MH, which in turn reflects MPO, and that serum electrolyte sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels may be associated with this 3MH muscle release. MethodsThirty-one overweight outpatients (body mass index, 27 ± 4.4 kg/m2; 22 men and 9 women; age, 56 ± 8.7 y) with clinically stable CHF were studied. After a 24-hour meat-free diet and overnight fasting, patients underwent blood sampling from a cannulated arm vein (V) and concomitantly from the arterial artery (A) to determine plasma 3MH levels and to calculate the A-V difference. Serum levels of Na+ and K+ in the venous blood were determined, and the Na+/K+ ratio was calculated. Ten healthy subjects who were matched for gender, age, and body mass index served as controls and underwent the same protocol as the patients with CHF. ResultsThe patient group had higher arterial (P = 0.02) and venous (P = 0.005) 3MH levels but a similar A-V 3MH difference (P = 0.28) as compared with the controls. Within the CHF group, 67.7% of patients released 3MH, which resulted in a negative A-V value (P < 0.02 as compared with controls). In patients with CHF, the A-V 3MH difference correlated positively with the serum K+ level (r = 0.62; P = 0.0002) and negatively with Na+/K+ ratio (r = −0.55; P = 0.002). No association was found between the A-V 3MH difference and the Na+ level. ConclusionsThe study demonstrated the existence of MPO in resting overweight patients with CHF, thereby suggesting that low serum levels of K+ may contribute to MPO.

Evaluation of ELectrolytes in Adult Patients with Acute Leukemia before and after Chemotherapy

Abstract:Leukemia is a cancer of early blood forming cells. Most of them are cancers of white blood cells , however some leukemias start in other blood cell types.Electrolytes have modulatory effects on several biological mechanisms in the body namely as stabilizers,element of structures, essential element for hormonal function and also co-factors for a number of enzymes.In this study serum electrolytes levels were measured in patients with acute leukemia (AL) disorders before and after chemotherapy(anthracycline, doxorubicin, cytarabine ,prednisone, vincristine and doxorubicin) during one month and compared with that of control group. Blood samples were obtained from (43) patients (28 males and 15 females) aged (15-55)years;juset before and after chemotherapy. The control group contained samples from (40) healthy volunteers (26 males and 14 females) aged (15-55) years.Serum electrolytes levels(sodium Na+1,potassium K+1,calcium Ca+1,chloride Cl-1,magnesium Mg+2and phosphate PO4-3) were estimated using flame atomic absorbtion photometry. Serum levels of Na, K,Ca and Cl were significantly decreased in patients before chemotherapy in comparasion with that of control group. The mean concentration of serum phosphoruse and magnesium in acute leukemia patients was non significant compared with that of control group. In this study, determination of serum electrolytes in leukemic patients indicates an abnormal metabolic process in these patients

Evaluation of ELectrolytes in Adult Patients with Acute Leukemia before and after Chemotherapy

Abstract:Leukemia is a cancer of early blood forming cells. Most of them are cancers of white blood cells , however some leukemias start in other blood cell types.Electrolytes have modulatory effects on several biological mechanisms in the body namely as stabilizers,element of structures, essential element for hormonal function and also co-factors for a number of enzymes.In this study serum electrolytes levels were measured in patients with acute leukemia (AL) disorders before and after chemotherapy(anthracycline, doxorubicin, cytarabine ,prednisone, vincristine and doxorubicin) during one month and compared with that of control group. Blood samples were obtained from (43) patients (28 males and 15 females) aged (15-55)years;juset before and after chemotherapy. The control group contained samples from (40) healthy volunteers (26 males and 14 females) aged (15-55) years.Serum electrolytes levels(sodium Na+1,potassium K+1,calcium Ca+1,chloride Cl-1,magnesium Mg+2and phosphate PO4-3) were estimated using flame atomic absorbtion photometry. Serum levels of Na, K,Ca and Cl were significantly decreased in patients before chemotherapy in comparasion with that of control group. The mean concentration of serum phosphoruse and magnesium in acute leukemia patients was non significant compared with that of control group. In this study, determination of serum electrolytes in leukemic patients indicates an abnormal metabolic process in these patients

Alterations in Hematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Sahel Goats with Clinical Mastitis

Mastitis is a widespread disease of the dairy goats associated with alterations in the physical, chemical, pathological and bacteriological quality of milk and glandular tissues. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of clinical mastitis on hematological and serum biochemical parameters of Sahel Goats in Nigeria. Twenty six Sahel goats with clinical mastitis and ten normal goats taken as the control group were used for the study. Blood samples were collected via the jugular vein for hematological and biochemical analysis. A significant increase (p<0.05) in neutrophil count and a significant decrease (p<0.05) in lymphocyte and eosinophil counts were observed in the goats with clinical mastitis. However, changes observed in the total red blood cell count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentrations were within the normal reference values. Serum levels of Na + , Cl - and HCO3 -- were significantly lower (p<0.05) in Sahel goats with clinical mastitis compared to the control group. There were no significant differences in total protein, albumin, globulin and serum K + concentrations in the Sahel goats with clinical mastitis compared to the control group. The alterations observed in the hematological and biochemical parameters in the Sahel goats with clinical mastitis could be due to altered quality of milk as a result of the physical, pathological, bacteriological and glandular changes.

Correlation between low-dose cyclophosphamide-induced hyponatraemia and the use of aprepitant.

e19546 Background: For prevention of nausea/vomiting during anthracyline/cyclophosphamide (CPA) therapy for breast cancer, use of aprepitant (AP) combined with serotonin antagonist and dexamethasone is recommended. It has been reported that AP does not influence AUC’s of 4-hydro-cyclophosphamide, an active metabolite of CPA, and DCE, a CPA-metabolite causing nephrotoxicity. Although, in the previous clinical reports for anthracyline/CPA, the toxicities were not significant in patients who were given AP, compared to those without AP, we have experienced several cases of severe hyponatremia probably caused by AP. Occurrence of hyponatremia during chemotherapy might be an issue to be cautious. Methods: We investigated serum levels of Na in 67 breast cancer patients who received CPA-combined therapy with the use of AP, or not. They all received 600mg/m2 of CPA combined with either of doxorubicine, epirubicin, or docetaxel. Their prior electrolytes were to be within normal range. In the first cycle, we evaluated serum Na levels before the CPA start and those of 24 hours after. We defined a serum Na level lower than 135 mEq/L as “hyponatremia”. Results: The background between the two groups, with AP and without AP, were comparable, in whom the prior Na levels were 140.0 ±1.97 mEq/L, and 140.1 ±1.88 mEq/L, in the AP- and in non-AP-group, respectively. The chemotherapies including CPA, the clinical stages, the uses of serotonin-receptor antagonist and dexamethasone were comparable between the two groups. Hyponatremia occurred in 11 patients out of 42 (26.2%) in AP-group, whereas 2 patients in 25 (8.0%) in non-AP-group. Since the rate in non-AP-group was comparable to the previous reports, hyponetremia seemed to occur frequently in AP-group. The average Na level at 24 hours after chemotherapy was 136.429 ±3.94 mEq/L in AP-group, and 138.68 ±3.05 mEq/L in non-AP-group, respectively. Among 11 patients who developed hyponateremia, they were resolved within 48 hours without any treatments in 10 patients, and only one needed Na replacement. The patient did not develop hyponatremia without using AP in the third cycle. Conclusions: According to our cohort study, AP might frequently cause hyponatremia in the CPA-combined chemotherapy.

Kidney and Liver Function Parameters in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Aloe Barbadensis Juice Extract

Aloe barbadensis juice extract has been reported to possess hypoglycaemic property but the effects of its use on kidney and liver functions in diabetic animals have not been well investigated. This study investigated some biochemical parameters in the liver and kidney of alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with Aloe barbadensis juice extract. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were administered orally with Aloe barbadensis juice extract for seven days after which some biochemical indices in the serum, liver and kidney were measured and compared with the control. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea and creatinine of untreated diabetic group and treated diabetic groups were significantly elevated when compared with the normal control group with no significant changes in the levels of the enzymes in the liver and kidney. There were no significant changes (p>0.05) in the serum levels of Na+ and K+ in untreated diabetic group and treated diabetic groups when compared with the normal control rats which are not diabetic. These results suggest that administration of aqueous extract of Aloe barbadensis to diabetic rats did not have any adverse effect on the liver and kidney functions in rats showing that the extract is not toxic to man. Keywords: Aloe barbadensis, Alloxan, Liver function, Kidney function, Diabetic rats.

Immunoglobulin preparations affect hyponatremia in Kawasaki disease

Hyponatremia frequently occurs in Kawasaki disease (KD). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Na content of the intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparation on serum Na levels in KD. Seventy-eight subjects, of whom 27 had hyponatremia, were split up into two groups: group A receiving IVIG preparations containing high Na (0.9%) and group B receiving IVIG preparations containing trace Na. While the data before IVIG therapy revealed no significant differences in the median serum Na between the groups, an administration of IVIG preparations increased the serum levels of Na in group A (P < 0.01) but not in group B (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the median serum Na level was significantly higher in group A than that in group B (139.0 vs 137.0 mEq/L, respectively, P < 0.01). No significant difference was found in the prevalence of coronary artery lesions between the groups. In conclusion, we should keep it in mind that the IVIG products without Na have an adverse affect on hyponatremia in KD though their efficacy seems to be equivalent to those containing high Na.

The effect of carbon dioxide on near-death experiences in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors: a prospective observational study

IntroductionNear-death experiences (NDEs) are reported by 11-23% of cardiac arrest survivors. Several theories concerning the mechanisms of NDEs exist - including physical, psychological, and transcendental reasons - but so far none of these has satisfactorily explained this phenomenon. In this study, we investigated the effect of partial pressures of O2 and CO2, and serum levels of Na and K on the occurrence of NDEs in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors.MethodsA prospective observational study was conducted in the three largest hospitals in Slovenia. Fifty-two consecutive patients (median age 53.1 years, 42 males) after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were included. The presence of NDEs was assessed with a self-administered Greyson's NDE scale. The initial partial pressure of end-tidal CO2, the arterial blood partial pressures of O2 and CO2 and the levels of Na and K in venous blood were analysed and studied. Univariate analyses and multiple regression models were used.ResultsNDEs were reported by 11 (21.2%) of the patients. Patients with higher initial partial pressures of end-tidal CO2 had significantly more NDEs (P < 0.01). Patients with higher arterial blood partial pressures of CO2 had significantly more NDEs (P = 0.041). Scores on a NDE scale were positively correlated with partial pressures of CO2 (P = 0.017) and with serum levels of potassium (P = 0.026). The logistic regression model for the presence of NDEs (P = 0.002) explained 46% of the variance and revealed higher partial pressures of CO2 to be an independent predictor of NDEs. The linear regression model for a higher score on the NDE scale (P = 0.001) explained 34% of the variance and revealed higher partial pressures of CO2, higher serum levels of K, and previous NDEs as independent predictors of the NDE score.ConclusionsHigher concentrations of CO2 proved significant, and higher serum levels of K might be important in the provoking of NDEs. Since these associations have not been reported before, our study adds novel information to the field of NDEs phenomena.