Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase Levels Research Articles

Altering plasma lipids and liver enzyme activities via hippocampal injections of hen Lysozyme amyloid aggregates in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model: Insights into the therapeutic role of Bis (Indolyl) phenylmethane.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent form of dementia in the elderly. There is currently no effective treatment available for this disease. Diagnosis of AD typically relies on clinical manifestations and specific biomarkers. The present study investigated the impact of inducing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in mice through the injection of lysozyme amyloids formed in the presence or absence of Bis (Indolyl) phenylmethane (BIPM) on alterations in plasma lipid profiles and liver enzyme activities. 24 adult Wistar rats were divided into control, Scopolamine, Lysozyme, BIPM groups and the blood samples were obtained from the groups for biochemical analysis. The findings of the study revealed significant changes in the plasma lipid profiles and liver enzyme markers of the Lysozyme group compared to the control group. The Lysozyme group exhibited elevated triglycerides (n=6, P<0.02) and LDL levels (n=6, P<0.02), reduced HDL (n=6, P<0.05) and cholesterol levels (n=6, P<0.02), and altered serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) level (n=6, P<0.05) compared to controls. While the level of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) did not change significantly compared to the control. BIPM groups showed no significant changes in lipid or enzyme levels compared to controls. Overall, our research has shown that BIPM has the ability to modify the structure of HEWL aggregates, thereby improving the detrimental effects associated with AD caused by these aggregates. Analyzing lipid profiles and liver enzyme markers presents a promising avenue for targeted therapeutic approaches. These alterations observed in the plasma may potentially serve as candidate biomarkers for diagnosing this disease.

The mitigative role of novel aflatoxin-degrading enzymes in diverse broiler performance indicators and gut microbiota following the consumption of diets contaminated with aflatoxins.

This study aims to explore both the toxic effects of aflatoxins (AFs) and the protective effects of degrading enzymes (DE) on broilers exposed to AFs. The findings reveal that a diet contaminated with 69.15 μg kg-1 of aflatoxin B1 had significant adverse effects on broilers. Specifically, it led to a reduction in average daily gain, dressed yield percentage, half-eviscerated yield with giblet yield percentage, eviscerated yield percentage, as well as serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase activity and liver SOD activity (P < 0.05). Conversely, the diet increased the feed conversion ratio, liver index, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels and malondialdehyde levels in both serum and liver (P < 0.05). Additionally, AFs disrupted the intestinal microflora significantly (P < 0.05), altering the relative abundance of Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Escherichia in broiler jejunum. The addition of DE to AF-contaminated feed mitigated these negative effects and reduced the residues of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2 and aflatoxin M1 in the liver and duodenum (P < 0.05). We also observed that broilers fed the diet pelleted at 80 °C exhibited improved dressing percentage and water holding capacity compared to those on the 75 °C diet. In summary, DE serves as an effective feed additive for mitigating AF contamination in poultry production. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The role of pantothenic acid in alleviating hypoxia-induced liver injury of sub-adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus): Possible mechanisms and implication

In aquaculture, hypoxia poses a significant threat to fish growth and survival. Despite this, there is limited research on the impact of pantothenic acid (PA) in enhancing the anti-hypoxia stress capability of fish. The primary objective of this study was to explore the effects and potential mechanisms of PA in alleviating hypoxia-induced liver injury in sub-adult grass carp. To achieve this, six experimental diets containing varying levels of PA (0.08, 11.95, 24.95, 37.95, 50.95, and 63.95 mg/kg) were formulated and administered to grass carp (initial weight 696.22 ± 2.45 g) for 63 days. Following the dietary intervention, the fish were segregated into hypoxia and control groups and treated for 96 h. The findings revealed that optimal PA levels could enhance the growth performance of sub-adult grass carp and ameliorate the adverse impacts of hypoxia. First, optimal PA levels reduced serum levels of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as mitigated hepatocyte vacuolization, improved liver and mitochondrial morphology, thereby alleviating hypoxia-induced liver injury. Furthermore, optimal PA levels were associated with increased contents of serum cortisol, glucose, liver glycogen, pyruvate, and the activities of Pantothenate kinase 2 (PanK2) and coenzyme A (CoA), while liver lactate content and LDH activity were reduced, indicating improvements in energy metabolism and PA utilization, potentially mediated by the down-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mRNA level. Moreover, optimal PA levels decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, enhanced liver antioxidant capacity, down-regulated autophagy-related gene mRNA levels, and up-regulated autophagy receptor protein 62 (p62) protein level, suggesting a reduction in oxidative damage and autophagy. Finally, a rise in levels of mitochondrial quality control-related mRNAs such as mitofusin 1/2 (MFN1/2), dynamin-related protein-1 (DRP-1), and nuclear respiratory factor 1/2 (Nrf-1/2) was observed, together with increment in the protein levels of PTEN induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), BCL-2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and FUN14 domain-containing protein 1 (FUNDC1). These alterations hinted at the role of PA in preserving mitochondrial homeostasis. In conclusion, PA exhibited a protective role against hypoxia-induced liver injury by enhancing liver energy metabolism, bolstering antioxidant defenses, suppressing autophagy, and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Through an assessment of percentage weight gain (PWG) and liver ROS level, the requirements of PA for promoting growth and resilience to hypoxia-induced liver injury in sub-adult grass carp were determined to be 37.44 mg/kg and 42.57 mg/kg, respectively.

New insights into the potential cardioprotective effects of telmisartan and nanoformulated extract of Spirulina platensis via regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in an experimental model.

Cardiotoxicity is one of the limiting side effects of the commonly used anticancer agent cyclophosphamide (Cyclo). The possible protective effects of telmisartan and nanoformulated Spirulina platensis (Sp) methanolic extract against Cyclo-induced cardiotoxicity were examined in this study. Experimental groups of rats were randomly divided into nine groups as control vehicle, control polymer, telmisartan (TEL, 10mg/kg), free Sp extract (300mg/kg), nano Sp extract (100mg/kg), Cyclo (200mg/kg), TEL + Cyclo, free Sp + Cyclo, and nano Sp + Cyclo. The groups with Cyclo combinations were treated in the same manner as their corresponding ones without Cyclo, with a single dose of Cyclo on day 18. The results indicate that Cyclo causes significant cardiotoxicity, manifesting in the form of notable increases of 155.49%, 105.74%, 451.76%, and 826.07% in the serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) enzyme activities, respectively, as compared to the control. In addition, the cardiac glutathione (GSH) content and activity of glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX-1) enzyme decreased by 65.94% and 73.85%, respectively. Treatment with nano Sp extract showed the most prominent restorations of the altered biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features as compared with those by TEL and free Sp; moreover, reductions of 30.64% and 43.02% in the p-AKT content as well as 60.43% and 75.30% of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) immunoreactivity were detected in the TEL and free Sp treatment groups, respectively. Interestingly, nano Sp boosted the autophagy signal via activation of beclin-1 (36.42% and 153.4%), activation of LC3II (69.13% and 195%), downregulation of p62 expressions (39.68% and 62.45%), and increased gene expressions of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) (90.3% and 225.9%) compared to the TEL and free Sp treatment groups, respectively. The findings suggest the protective efficiency of telmisartan and nano Sp extract against cardiotoxicity via activations of the antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and autophagy signaling pathways.

Influence of elevated liver enzyme level on 30-day mortality rates in patients undergoing nonemergency orthopedic surgery

BackgroundThe effect of elevated preoperative liver enzyme levels on postoperative outcomes is a topic of concern to clinicians. This study explored the association between elevated preoperative liver enzyme levels and surgical outcomes in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery.MethodsUsing the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we obtained data on adult patients who received nonemergency orthopedic surgery under general anesthesia between 2011 and 2021.ResultsWe evaluated the data of 477,524 patients, of whom 6.1% (24 197 patients) had elevated preoperative serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels. An elevated SGOT level was significantly associated with 30-day postoperative mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.39 to 1.90). We determined that the mortality rate rose with SGOT levels. The results remained unchanged after propensity score matching.ConclusionElevated preoperative SGOT levels constitute an independent risk factor for 30-day postoperative mortality and are proportionately associated with the risk of 30-day postoperative mortality.

Oxidative stress, inflammation, and steatosis elucidate the complex dynamics of HgCl2 induced liver damage in Channa punctata

Water bodies are highly pollution-prone areas in which mercury (Hg) is considered as a major menace to aquatic organisms. However, the information about the toxicity of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) in a vital organ such as the liver of fish is still inadequate. This study aimed to assess the impact of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) exposure on the liver of Channa punctata fish over 15, 30, and 45 days, at two different concentrations (0.039 mg/L and 0.078 mg/L). Mercury is known to be a significant threat to aquatic life, and yet, information regarding its effects on fish liver remains limited. The results of this study demonstrate that exposure to HgCl2 significantly increases oxidative stress markers, such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyls (PC), as well as the levels of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) in the fish. Additionally, the transcriptional and protein analysis of specific genes and molecules associated with necroptosis and inflammation, such as ABCG2, TNF α, Caspase 3, RIPK 3, IL-1β, Caspase-1, IL-18, and RIPK1, confirm the occurrence of necroptosis and inflammation in the liver. Histopathological and ultrastructural examinations of the liver tissue further reveal a significant presence of liver steatosis. Interestingly, the upregulation of PPARα suggests that the fish's body is actively responding to counteract the effects of liver steatosis. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of oxidative stress, biochemical changes, gene expression, protein profiles, and histological findings in the liver tissue of fish exposed to mercury pollution in freshwater environments.

Impact of Anti Tubercular Drugs on Biochemical Changes in Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis Patients

Background: The disease tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major global health concern, with high rates of morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing nations. It affects multiple organs and has the ability to alter metabolic processes. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how patients' serum biochemical markers were affected by tuberculosis and the medications used to treat it. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate impact of anti-tubercular drugs on biochemical changes in newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients. Methods: The cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Netrokona Medical College Hospital, Netrokona, from 1st January 2022 to 31st December 2023. A total of 120 newly diagnosed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were enrolled and analyzed in this study. The questionnaire was pretested, corrected and finalized. Data were collected by face-to-face interview and analyzed by appropriate computer based programmed software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24. Results: In this study, majority 48 (40.0%) of the patients were in 31 - 40 years age group and 28 (23.3%) patients were in 41 - 50 years age group, Mean±SD of age was 36.13±11.03 years. Most of the patients 69 (57.50%) were male and 51 (42.50%) patients were female. Most of the patients 87 (72.5%) were in normal range (18.5 – 29.9 kg/m2), 15 (11.7%) of the patients were underweight (&lt;18.5) and 19 (15.8%) of the patients were overweight (&gt;30). Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase level were 18.00 (4.01), 21.04 (3.16) before treatment but after treatment the level became 20.10 (3.52), 22.57 (4.41). Urea and Creatinine level were 18.20 (2.31), 0.63 (0.15) before treatment but after treatment 20.01 (5.34) and 0.53 (0.13). After treatment by anti-tubercular drug gastrointestinal adverse drug effects were nausea 3 (2.5%), vomiting 6 (5.0%), diarrhea 3 (2.5%) and abdominal pain 5 (4.2%), followed by itching ......

Association between chest X-ray score and clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients: A study on modified radiographic assessment of lung edema score (mRALE) in Indonesia.

Radiological examinations such as chest X-rays (CXR) play a crucial role in the early diagnosis and determining disease severity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Various CXR scoring systems have been developed to quantitively assess lung abnormalities in COVID-19 patients, including CXR modified radiographic assessment of lung edema (mRALE). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between mRALE scores and clinical outcome (mortality), as well as to identify the correlation between mRALE score and the severity of hypoxia (PaO2/FiO2 ratio). A retrospective cohort study was conducted among hospitalized COVID-19 patients at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia, from February to April 2022. All CXR data at initial admission were scored using the mRALE scoring system, and the clinical outcomes at the end of hospitalization were recorded. Of the total 178 COVID-19 patients, 62.9% survived after completing the treatment. Patients within non-survived had significantly higher quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score (p<0.001), lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio (p=0.004), and higher blood urea nitrogen (p<0.001), serum creatinine (p<0.008) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (p=0.001) levels. There was a significant relationship between mRALE score and clinical outcome (survived vs deceased) (p=0.024; contingency coefficient of 0.184); and mRALE score of ≥2.5 served as a risk factor for mortality among COVID-19 patients (relative risk of 1.624). There was a significant negative correlation between the mRALE score and PaO2/FiO2 ratio based on the Spearman correlation test (r=-0.346; p<0.001). The findings highlight that the initial mRALE score may serve as an independent predictor of mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients as well as proves its potential prognostic role in the management of COVID-19.

IJCM_299A: Clinical profile of patients with dengue: a cross-sectional study from a tertiary care hospital, Karnataka

Background: Dengue fever (DF) are among the most important mosquito- borne diseases of the Indian subcontinent and have become a major global public health concern. Its clinical manifestations of which vary from influenza- like illness (DF) to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)/dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The purpose of the study was to find out the mode of presentation, biochemical profile and complications of Dengue cases in an apical level. Objectives: 1. To identify socio-demographic characteristics and clinical features; 2. To document the disease specific management and outcomes Methodology: A cross-sectional study of admitted patients was conducted in the department of medicine and Infectious Diseases over a period of 9 months (15/2/2023 -15/11/2023). Patients aged above 18 years with serology proven (nonstructural protein 1 [NS1]/dengue immunoglobulin M [IgM]) DF were included in this study. Their Socio demographic Details, clinical and laboratory data was recorded and analyzed. Results: Preliminary Results: Out of 125 cases, - 89 (71.2 %) patients were males and 36 (28.8%) were females. - The most common presentations were fever (96%) followed by Nausea/vomiting (40%), Headache (35%) and myalgia (31%). - Dengue NS1 and IgM antibodies were positive in 87.3% and 88.12% of the patients, respectively. - the incidence of DF, DHF, and DSS was 87.2, 11.2, and 1.6% respectively. - Shock, bleeding, and elevated serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels predicted adverse outcome. Conclusion: DF can present with a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild self-limiting illness to severe fatal disease. It can have varied and multi-systemic manifestations which can go unrecognized. Continuous seroepidemiological surveillance is essential to control outbreak and minimize morbidity and mortality.

Association Between Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) and Ferritin with Hepatic Function in Patients with Thalassemia Major

Background: Thalassemia major is associated with ferritin levels and SII values with impaired liver function. Furthermore, the measurement of impaired liver function is carried out using Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) levels. Increased SGPT and SGOT levels are indicators of liver necrosis. Objective: This study aimed to prove the association between SII and ferritin with SGPT and SGOT levels in thalassemia major patients. Methods: An observational analysis with a cross-sectional approach was adopted to analyze the medical records of pediatric patients at the Kasuari Clinic of Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang from September to October 2023. SII value and ferritin level were the independent variables, while SGOT and SGPT were dependent. Data were collected and analyzed univariately for characteristic description and bivariately using the Spearman test. Results: The results showed that there was a moderately significant association between SII values and SGOT levels (p=0.010, r=-0.457) as well as ferritin and SGPT (p=007, r=0.475). There was no significant association between SII values and SGPT levels, as shown by a P-value of 0.122. Similarly, there was no association between ferritin and SGOT levels (p=0.088). Conclusion: A moderately significant association was found between SII values and SGOT levels, as well as ferritin levels and SGPT levels in thalassemia major patients. In the case of SII values and SGPT levels, as well as ferritin and SGOT, there was no significant association.

Ameliorative Effect of Enhydra fluctuans on Liver Damage in Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance cause harm to the liver. In this study, ameliorative effect of Enhydra fluctuans on liver damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats were examined.&#x0D; Thirty acclimatized male albino rats divided into six groups (n = 5). Normal rats were fed a standard diet (Group 1); diabetic rats were provided standard feed (Group 2); diabetic rats were fed standard feed and glibenclamide (Group 3); and diabetic rats were fed standard food and fractions of n-hexane E. fluctuans 57.03, 114.06, and 171.09 mg/kg, respectively (Group 4, 5 and 6). For 21 days, rats were fed the n-hexane fraction orally. On day 1 and day 21 of treatments, blood sugar levels were measured. The histophatology of the liver, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) level were estimated.&#x0D; At a dosage of 57.03 mg/kg was substantially (p &lt; 0.05) beneficial in decreasing blood sugar and SGOT. The n-hexane fraction of E. fluctuans ameliorated liver damage in diabetic rats and avoided diabetes complications, according to our findings. As a result, E. fluctuans has a considerable amount of potential as a novel diabetic therapy.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Diabetes, Enhydra fluctuans, Insulin resistance, Liver cells regeneration.

Agaricus Subrufescens ameliorates ovarian dysfunction and regulates altered biochemical parameters in rats with Letrozole induced polycystic ovarian syndrome

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to investigate the effects of an ethanolic extract derived from Agaricus subrufescens on rat models exhibiting Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) induced by Letrozole.MethodsA total of thirty female Wistar rats were divided into five groups, each consisting of six rats. The negative control group was administered a volume of 1 mL of a 0.5% solution of carboxy methylcellulose (CMC). Letrozole (1 mg/kg) was administered to additional groups for a duration of 21 days in order to induce polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Animals designated as positive controls were euthanized on the 22nd day. Both the test group and the standard group were subjected to treatment from the 22nd day to the 36th day. The experimental group was administered ethanolic extract of Agaricus subrufescens at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg p.o, while the control group received clomiphene citrate at a dose of 1 mg/kg. The study observed various physiological markers in individuals with polycystic ovarian disease, including estimated blood glucose levels, total cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and hormonal fluctuations such as increased testosterone and estrogen levels, as well as decreased progesterone levels. The presence of menstrual irregularities was confirmed through the examination of vaginal smears and histopathological changes in the ovaries.ResultsThe consumption of Agaricus subrufescens was found to have a significant impact on various physiological parameters, including blood glucose levels, testosterone levels, anovulation, and menstrual irregularity. All therapeutic interventions significantly normalized the levels of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). The rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that were induced by Letrozole exhibited increased levels of urea and creatinine. The findings of this study indicate that the administration of Agaricus subrufescens therapy has a protective effect on renal function, as evidenced by a reduction in serum levels of urea and creatinine. In rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) induced by Letrozole, the inhibition of hepatic synthesis, promotion of ovarian follicle immaturity, and elevation of androgen secretions result in an increase in the weight of the liver and ovaries. The weight of endocrine organs exhibited a decrease across all treatment groups. The histopathological examination of PCOS specimens revealed an increased presence of cysts and theca lutein cells. The group of rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that did not receive treatment exhibited a higher number of cysts compared to the groups that received treatment.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that the administration of Letrozole orally resulted in the development of polycystic ovarian disease. The results indicated heightened levels of blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, as well as alterations in hormone levels such as increased testosterone and estrogen, and decreased progesterone. These hormonal changes were accompanied by menstrual irregularities, which were confirmed through the examination of vaginal smears and histopathological analysis of the ovaries in the control group with polycystic ovarian disease. The treatment groups that received Agaricus subrufescens exhibited a decrease in blood glucose, total cholesterol, and testosterone levels.

Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration And Heart Function In Industrial Workers In Surabaya

Background Xylene is an organic solvent that is often used by industrial workers. Some industries that require xylene include the painting, printing, and shoe industries. In general, this enters the body through the inhalation pathway, namely the inhalation of xylene vapors while working. Methods Observational analytic research is conducted by looking at the relationship test with calculations using the chi-square method. The study was conducted in five regions in Surabaya, namely Kalijudan, Ketintang, Jemursari, AUP, and Romokalisari. The population includes a total of 90 workers with 77 of them taken as samples using the accidental sampling method. Results The results show that there is a relationship between xylene concentration and Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) levels (p&gt; 0.05) and there is no relationship between xylene concentrations and Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) levels (p&gt; 0.05). There was no relationship between RQ and SGOT levels (p&gt; 0.05) and there was no relationship between RQ and SGPT levels (p&gt; 0.05). However, from the calculation of the prevalence ratio, workers with unsafe RQ (RQ&gt;1) have a 7.09x greater chance of experiencing damage to SGOT levels and a 1.06x greater chance to experience damage to SGPT levels. Conclusions Based on these results, the industry is encouraged to provide nutritious food intake that can help excrete xylene from the body of the worker. Xylene concentration and RQ may play a role in the potential damage to SGOT and SGPT levels in workers.

Effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on renal and liver function markers among healthy overweight and obese males: A prospective cohort study

Intermittent fasting (IF) has garnered attention for its potential to promote health and combat chronic diseases. This study focused on the effects of Ramadan fasting, a form of IF observed by Muslims, on renal and liver function markers, anthropometric measurements, and dietary intake in healthy overweight and obese men. The study involved 60 participants from Hargeisa, Somaliland, with an average age of 40.01 ± 7.99 years. Results revealed significant reductions in body weight (P ≤ 0.001), waist circumference (P ≤ 0.001), and body mass index (P ≤ 0.001) after Ramadan fasting. Urea levels decreased significantly (P = 0.003), and though creatinine levels showed a non-significant decrease, uric acid levels increased significantly within the normal range (P ≤ 0.001). Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) levels decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.001), while glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels remained stable. Dietary analysis indicated a significant decrease in total carbohydrates (P = 0.023), proteins (P = 0.006), and dietary cholesterol intake (P ≤ 0.001). These findings suggest that Ramadan fasting positively impacts anthropometric and renal-liver function markers in healthy overweight and obese men. The study contributes to the expanding understanding of intermittent fasting's potential health benefits, emphasizing the importance of considering Ramadan fasting as a preventive approach for metabolic disorders. Further research should explore long-term effects, mechanistic insights, and personalized clinical applications, while public health initiatives could educate individuals about safe and informed fasting practices.

Chalcones: The flavonoid derivatives synthesis, characterization, their antioxidant and in vitro/in vivo antidiabetic potentials

Chalcones (designated JA1, JA2 and JA3) were prepared from aromatic aldehyde and acetophenone which were then characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. The antioxidant potential of synthesized compounds was evaluated against DPPH free radical whereas the antidiabetic potential was determined against alpha glucosidase. Further the antidiabetic potential of the synthesized compounds was evaluated in rat model which were given orally experimental animals in doses 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight. The blood biochemical parameters like total cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine phosphatase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum creatinine, HDL, and LDL levels were determined using commercially available kits. The antioxidant potential was found high for JA3 followed by JA2 with IC50 value of 64.02 ± 1.47 μg/ml whereas against alpha glucosidase again the same compound with IC50 of 63.04 μg/ml exhibited highest inhibitory potential. The blood glucose level was brought to almost normal level (126.88 and 119.13 mg/dl at 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight) in diabetic rats (induced by STZ) by compound JA3 at the tested doses in comparison to acarbose at day 28th. The blood biochemical parameters were normalized in diabetic rats by compound JA3 compared with diabetic control group. Based on the results JA3 should be considered as effective antioxidant and antidiabetic drug candidate.

Development of biscuits from bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) rhizome flour and purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) flour, and their potential as antihyperlipidemic functional foods

Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (ZC) and purple sweet potato (PSP) are the potential sources of antioxidants, and play an important role in reducing blood fat levels, and encourage the development of antihyperlipidemic products, usually in the form of biscuits. Biscuits are favoured by consumers because of their delicious and varied tastes, relatively cheap prices, and complete nutritional content. In the present work, biscuits were made with three formula variations of ZC:PSP ratios namely F1 (0.75:5.25 g), F2 (0.45:5.55 g), and F3 (0.2:5.72 g), and then tested for their physical quality based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI), and hedonic testing to get the best formula, including aroma, colour, texture, and taste. Furthermore, in vivo antihyperlipidemic testing was carried out on the best formula. The test was conducted by dividing Sprague-Dawley rats into four groups, namely normal, negative, positive (Nutrive Benecol animal, 3.6 mL/day for 28 days), and the best formula (1.944 g/day for 28 days). All groups were induced with high fat diet (HFD) for 28 days, except normal group. Results showed a decrease in cholesterol, triglyceride, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels in the normal group with values of 99.09 mg/dL, 90.36 mg/dL, 22.66 U/I, and 39.41 U/I, respectively, as compared to the negative group with values of 195.01 mg/dL, 142.44 mg/dL, 29.05 U/I, and 77.19 U/I, respectively. There was an increase in cholesterol, triglyceride, SGOT, and SGPT levels in the positive group with values of 108.39 mg/dL, 96.12 mg/dL, 24.11 U/I, and 48.55 U/I, respectively, as compared to the normal group test. A combination of biscuits made from ZC and PSP flour could have the potential to reduce lipid levels in the blood, and encourage the development of antihyperlipidemic products.

Gratophyllum pictum (L.) Griff Extract as Anti-Inflammatory on Wistar Rats With Experimental Hemorrhoids

Background The ethanol Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff extract (EGPE) exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on inflammatory-induced rat feet and has been used as a traditional medicine in Indonesia for treating hemorrhoids. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of EGPE as an anti-inflammatory on Wistar rats with experimentally induced hemorrhoids. Methods Twenty-eight Wistars were allocated into 4 groups. Groups 2, 3, and 4 hemorrhoids were induced with 6% croton oil into the anus, whereas group 1 was not induced. Groups 1 and 2 were given physiologic saline, and groups 3 and 4 were given EGPE 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively. On day 9, blood was aspirated from the retro-ocular region for the examination of serum interleukin (IL)-6, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a (ELISA method) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), urea, and creatinine levels. The anus was prepared for microscopic examination to count leucocytes. Results The induction of 6% croton oil significantly increased TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and leucocyte count. An EGPE dose of 100 mg/kg BW significantly decreases TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and leucocyte counts, whereas a dose of 300 mg/kg BW significantly decreased TNF-α and leucocyte count. SGOT, SGPT, blood urea, and creatinine levels were not significantly different among groups. Conclusion The EGPE dose of 100 mg/kg BW has anti-inflammatory effects on hemorrhoids by suppressing IL-6, COX-2, TNF-α, and total leucocytes, whereas the inflammatory effects of 300 mg/kg BW reduced TNF-α and total leucocytes. EGPE is safe for the kidneys and liver.

Antihyperlipidemic and Hepatoprotective Effect of Zingiber Cassumunar Rhizome Extract in High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats: The Role of Antioxidant Activity

Hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress are major risk factors for the onset of cardiovascular diseases, and the oxidative stress caused by high level of lipids can cause liver damage. Zingiber cassumunar has been reported to contain a high antioxidant content that may provide therapeutic advantages. The present study was to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Z. cassumunar rhizome extract (ZCRE) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemicrats model and investigate the mechanism through its effect on the endogenous antioxidant enzymes. In this study, the rhizomes of Z. cassumunar was extracted using ethanol 96% (v/v) and evaporated to get the concentrated Z. cassumunar rhizome extract (ZCRE). Thin layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry was performed to determine the curcumin content in the extract. High fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia model was used to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemic and hepatoprotectiveactivities of ZCRE in rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control; High fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats (HFD); High Fat Diet and 100 mg/kgBW of ZCRE (HFD + 100 mg/kgBW); High Fat Diet and 200 mg/kgBW of ZCRE (HFD + 200 mg/kgBW); and High Fat Diet and 400 mg/kgBW of ZCRE (HFD + 400 mg/kgBW). The antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective potential of ZCRE were assessed through a series of analyses of body weight, blood biochemical parameters, which include total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), the serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). The antioxidant activity of catalase (CAT) and glutation peroxidase (GSH-Px) were assessed on the liver homogenate. Data of the study were presented as mean ± SD and analyzed by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test for multiple comparisons. The TLC analysis showed that ZCRE contained a significant amount of Curcumin. In addition, the study has also shown that ZRCE was able to significantly lower the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, SGPT, and SGOT as compared to hyperlipidemic rats (p &lt;0.05). Concomitantly, the activity of CAT and GSH-Px was found significantly increased (p &lt;0.05) when compared to hyperlipidemic control, with the dose of 400 mg/kg BW being the most effective. This study showed the significant antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of ZCRE in HFD-induced hyperlipidemic rats, which mechanism might possibly connect to the increased antioxidant enzyme activities.

Sonological grading of non-alcoholic fatty liver and comparison with liver enzymes

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming more well acknowledged as a significant contributor to liver-related morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To assess the sonological grading of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and comparison with liver enzymes. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from 2022 August to 2023 January among the patients referred to radiology unit for liver sonography with diagnosis of non-alcoholic liver disease. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review committee of Kathmandu Medical College (Ref. 12082022/06). A convenience sampling method was used. The sample size calculated was 107. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, means, and standard deviations) was used to describe the variables of interest. One-way analysis of variance was applied for comparison of serum liver enzymes in between various grades of NAFLD at 5% significance level. Results: Mean age of the patients was 37.9 ± 17.8 years, with 60% females. Most patients had grade I NAFLD (82, 76.6%), whereas 23 (21.5%) were of grade II. Levels of liver enzyme: Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) with p-value 0.02 and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) with p-value 0.03 were associated with fatty liver grade. Conclusion: Ultrasound-based grading of the severity of NAFLD was associated with abnormalities in the liver enzyme profile of patients. The SGPT and SGOT levels correlated with increasing severity of NAFLD based on ultrasound.

Radioprotective Effects of Melatonin on Gamma Radiation- Induced Tissue Damage in Rats

&#x0D; &#x0D; Background &amp; Objective: Gamma rays are widely used in medicine despite their harmful effects on health. Our study evaluated the protective effects of melatonin on kidney, heart, and liver tissues.&#x0D; &#x0D; Materials &amp; Methods: Seventy-two adult male Wistar rats were categorized into nine groups. Groups 2 and 3 only received whole-body γ-ray irradiation (WBI) (2.0 Gy), no melatonin, interval time (IT) 8hr and 24hr. Groups 4 and 5 received WBI (8.0 Gy, no melatonin, 8hr and 24hr). Groups 6 and 7 received melatonin at 60 minutes (min) before WBI(2.0 Gy). Groups 8 and 9 received melatonin before WBI(8.0 Gy). All the rats were sacrificed 8 or 24 h after the experiments for laboratory and histopathological analysis. Serum levels of Blood Urea Nitrogen(BUN), Creatinine (Cr), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Potassium (K), Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT), Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase(SGOT), Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase(SGPT), Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP), c-reactive protein(CRP), Troponine(TPO) and histological features of liver, heart and kidney tissues were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed by One-Way ANOVA.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: Our data did not indicate significant differences in BUN, Cr, K, and CRP between groups with or without melatonin treatment (P&gt;0.05); but differences were significant for LDH, GGT, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and TPO (P&lt;0.05). The results showed that radiation-induced histopathological effects on the liver, heart, and kidneys were mitigated in the groups six to nine.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: The existence of significant differences in serum levels of LDH, GGT, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and TPO in groups(6 to 9) and amelioration of the histopathological effects of irradiation on the liver, heart, and kidneys in the groups six to nine showed that the melatonin(100 mg/kg) is able to protect the body in gamma-radiation(2.0 Gy and 8.0 Gy).&#x0D; &#x0D;