Serum Electrolyte Levels Research Articles

Association of regular plasmapheresis donation with serum protein and electrolyte levels: a multicentre cross-sectional study in China

BackgroundChina’s plasmapheresis donation policy differs from that of Western countries. The association between regular plasmapheresis donation and donor health in China is still unknown.ObjectivesTo investigate the association of regular plasmapheresis...

Evaluation of the Level of Electrolytes in Children with Steroid Sensitive or Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome

Background: Childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is one of the most common conditions pediatric nephrologists encounter globally. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, and edema. The degree and duration of proteinuria have an impact on serum electrolyte levels. However, local data is limited. Objectives: To assess and compare the degree of electrolyte imbalance and its relationship to kidney function indicators during relapse and remission in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Methods: In this case-control study, blood samples were collected from 80 Iraqi children with an age range of (2-14) years. They were divided into three groups: Group I (20 individuals with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS)), Group II (20 individuals with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRSN)), and Group III (40 healthy individuals as the control group). Serum electrolyte levels (Na, Ca, Cl, and K) were measured by an ion-selective electrode (9180 electrolyte analyzer). Blood creatinine and urea were measured by a Cobas c311 autoanalyzer during the relapse and remission phase. The patients were clients of the pediatric nephrology consultation center at the Children's Teaching Hospital / Baghdad Medical City and Al-Batoul Teaching Hospital for Women and Children from 15 February to 20 August 2022. The controls were healthy children whose medical history was reviewed to eliminate a history of kidney disease and underwent a comprehensive physical examination. Controls were recruited from a network of family, friends, relatives, and the National Autism Center/ Child Protection Teaching Hospital affiliated with Medical City/Baghdad. Results: Serum Calcium levels showed a clear decrease in all SSNS and SRSN patients compared to the control group. The levels of Sodium and Chloride were significantly lower than the control group during the relapse phase. The results of the relapse phase of SRNS patients indicated higher serum potassium concentration compared with the control group and the SSNS patient group, with a statistically significant difference). Conclusion: All children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome had hypocalcemia in the relapse and remission phase. SRNS cases had hyperkalemia, Sodium, and chloride fluctuated between low levels during the relapse phase and normal levels during the remission phase.

A study on serum potassium and serum magnesium levels in acute myocardial infarction with special emphasis on rhythm disturbance

Background and objectives. Myocardial infarction (MI) is a severe cardiac event associated with plaque formation in arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart. Arrhythmias, such as bradyarrhythmia or tachyarrhythmia, commonly accompany MI, contributing to its morbidity and mortality. Electrolyte disturbances, particularly potassium and magnesium imbalances, can exacerbate arrhythmic risks in MI patients. This study aimed to assess the incidence of alterations in serum potassium and magnesium levels during acute MI and their correlation with rhythm disturbances. Material and methods. A prospective analytical study was conducted with 150 patients diagnosed with acute MI based on ECG changes and elevated cardiac markers. Serum potassium and magnesium levels were measured, and rhythm disturbances were assessed using continuous cardiac monitoring and standard ECG. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum potassium, serum magnesium, and rhythm changes. Results. The study investigated the demographic and clinical characteristics of participants and the potential relationship between serum electrolyte levels and arrhythmic changes. The mean age of the participants was 54.3 years, with a male predominance (76% male, 24% female). Among the participants, 50.67% had diabetes, 52% had hypertension, and 28% had both conditions. Serum electrolyte analysis showed elevated magnesium levels in 6.66% and elevated potassium levels in 12.66% of patients. Notably, arrhythmic changes in ECG were present in 62% of patients, with sinus tachycardia being the most prevalent (17%). However, statistical analysis revealed no significant correlation between serum magnesium, serum potassium, and rhythm changes (p >0.05). These findings suggest that while arrhythmic changes are common, they are not directly associated with elevated levels of these electrolytes, indicating the need for further investigation into other potential factors influencing arrhythmias in this population. Conclusion. Despite the prevalence of electrolyte disturbances in acute MI patients, this study found no significant association between serum magnesium, serum potassium levels, and rhythm disturbances. Further research is warranted to elucidate the complex interplay between electrolyte imbalances and arrhythmias in MI.

Prevalence and Patterns of Electrolyte Imbalance in Children Diagnosed with Acute Severe Malnutrition at a Nutritional Stabilization Center

Malnutrition accounts for around 35% of all fatalities in Pakistan among children under five, making it the primary cause of childhood mortality in that country. The most severe type of malnutrition, known as severe acute malnutrition (SAM), was frequently linked to electrolyte abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how frequently electrolyte imbalance occurred in children with SAM who were admitted to a tertiary care facility. Objective: To Determine the Prevalence and Patterns of Electrolyte Imbalance in Children Diagnosed with Acute Severe Malnutrition at a Nutritional Stabilization Center”. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Nawabshah at the Department of Pediatrics, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences, from May 16 to August 15, 2024. This study comprised 92 patients with severe acute malnutrition, ranging in age from 2 to 60 months. Non purposive sampling technique was used for data collection. Children with secondary causes of wasting were excluded, including those with congenital heart disease, chronic renal or liver illness, TB, cancer, and hemolytic anaemia. Weight-for-height was calculated using measurements of weight, length, and height. When the weight-for-height ratio fell below the -3 standard deviation (SD), children were diagnosed with SAM. The lab received blood samples that were taken for serum electrolytes. The chi-square test was used for stratification, and descriptive statistics were computed. Results: Participants' average ages ranged from 23.63± 12.71 months. A total of 85 (93.4%) of the 92 SAM patients had an electrolyte imbalance. The prevalence of hypokalemia (70.08%), hypocalcemia (56.52%), hyponatremia (32.60%), and hypomagnesemia (28.26%), respectively. Conclusions: Children with SAM experience dyselectrolytemia both with and without problems. In all cases of SAM, serum electrolyte levels may need to be assessed in order to identify hyponatremia and hypokalemia in the absence of symptoms. This will facilitate the inpatient treatment triage process for patients with asymptomatic hyponatremia and hypokalemia.

Systematic Review On The Effect Of Evaporation On The Evaluation Of Serum Electrolyte Levels

Evaporation is a critical factor that can influence the accuracy and reliability of serum electrolyte measurements. This systematic review aims to assess the impact of evaporation on serum electrolyte levels and its implications for clinical and laboratory practices. We analyzed studies that investigated the effects of evaporation on various electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. The review highlights the mechanisms by which evaporation affects electrolyte concentrations, evaluates different strategies to mitigate these effects, and provides recommendations for best practices in serum electrolyte analysis

Passive Immunotherapy of Cynomolgus Monkeys with Anti-Rotavirus IgY.

Immunoglobulins Y (IgY) purified from egg yolks of hens represents an attractive, cost-effective alternative for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic platforms. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of rotavirus-specific IgY in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) model. Animals were experimentally infected with human rotavirus Group A (RVA), the most common cause of severe acute diarrhoea among young children worldwide. Animals were administered human RVA (3.1 × 107 FFU/mL) by oral gavage, challenged with 2.5 mg of anti-RVA IgY orally, and monitored for five days according to clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters; serum electrolyte levels; viral shedding; and histopathological changes. Immunotherapy with anti-RVA IgY had a protective effect against severe rotavirus-induced enteritis in four of the ten treated monkeys, as evidenced by histopathological findings. Although only one animal had diarrhoea, all but one exhibited virus shedding regardless of the treatment.

Examining the Frequency of Hypomagnesemia in Multiple Trauma Patients Hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit

Background: Electrolyte imbalance is one of the influential causes in determining the outcome of traumatic patients. One of the electrolytes that get less attention from healthcare providers is magnesium. Therefore, this study investigated the frequency of hypomagnesemia in trauma patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit. Methods: The descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted after approval at Zahedan University of Medical Sciences on 118 patients with multiple traumas from 2021 to 2022. Patients were selected by convenience sampling method according to the inclusion criteria. Age, sex, weight, body mass index, level of consciousness, and level of blood serum electrolytes were measured and recorded on the first and fifth days after hospitalization. The data were analyzed and compared using descriptive statistics, chi-square, and independent t-test. Results: Of 118 patients studied, 81 (68.6%) were male, and 38 (31.4%) were female. On the fifth day after hospitalization, the mean serum magnesium level of the patients was 1.4 ± 0.81 mg/dL. 87 patients (73.7%) had normal magnesium serum levels, 27 patients (29.9%) had hypomagnesemia, and 4 patients (3.4%) had severe hypomagnesemia. No statistically significant relationship existed between hypomagnesemia and gender, age group, and comorbidity diseases. The level of other blood serum electrolytes on the fifth day after hospitalization, age, weight, body mass index, and status of consciousness was not statistically significant between the two groups of patients with hypomagnesemia and without hypomagnesemia. Conclusion: Trauma and the subsequent treatment measures lead to decreased magnesium serum levels in intensive care patients. Therefore, the normal serum level of other electrolytes should not be considered a diagnostic indicator for the normality of magnesium serum level. Magnesium should be measured along with other electrolytes to make a timely decision to replace magnesium supplements in a patient with hypomagnesemia.

N-Acetylcysteine Ineffective in Alleviating Hangover from Binge Drinking: A Clinical Study.

Alcohol hangover (veisalgia) is a fairly common phenomenon. The pathogenesis of veisalgia is not understood and treatment has not yet been established. Occasionally, students take N-acetylcysteine (NAC) before binge drinking to alleviate hangover. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of NAC on serum levels of electrolytes, enzymes, oxidative stress biomarkers and symptoms of veisalgia in binge drinking. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, healthy students were randomly assigned into two groups: one receiving NAC and the other receiving a placebo. Blood samples were taken before drinking, 30 min after a 1.5 h long drinking session, and the subsequent morning. Serum levels of electrolytes, urea, enzymes, ethanol, 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and N-epsilon-hexanoyl-lysine were measured. The participants completed the Acute Hangover Severity Scale (AHSS) assessment based on symptoms, and 40 students (20 male), aged 23 ± 2 years, were included in the study. Their mean blood ethanol concentration was 1.4 g/kg. Serum sodium levels were increased after drinking, and urea decreased the following morning compared to their levels before drinking in both groups. Serum 8-OHdG levels were increased after drinking and remained elevated until the following morning, compared to the levels before drinking, in both groups. NAC had no effect on sodium, urea and 8-OHdG levels or the symptoms of veisalgia. In conclusion, binge drinking causes a transient increase in serum sodium and as a prolonged increase in oxidative marker 8-OHdG levels. NAC had no effect on the sodium and 8-OHdG levels.

Optimizing serum electrolyte levels in stroke patients: a multimodal approach with soymilk supplementation.

Electrolyte imbalances are common in stroke patients and can significantly impact their overall health, potentially leading to severe complications and even fatal outcomes. In this study, we investigated the impact of combining multiple exercise training modalities (METM) with soymilk supplementation on serum electrolyte levels in stroke patients. In a single-blind, four-arm randomized clinical trial, 120 stroke patients were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: (1) the METM group, (2) the soymilk group, (3) the METM plus soymilk group, and (4) the control group. Changes in serum electrolyte levels were compared both within and across groups over four consecutive weeks. Upon admission, 38.3% of the participants presented with hyponatremia, 26.7% hypokalemia, and 73.3% hypocalcemia. Over time, there was an overall improvement in serum electrolyte imbalances across all study groups compared to the baseline. Between-group comparisons revealed that the METM plus soymilk group exhibited statistically significant improvements compared to the other groups with absolute reductions in the proportion of participants with hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia by 43.3%, 33.3%, and 73.4%, respectively. The study findings substantiate the common occurrence of hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia during the acute phase of stroke. Implementation of the METM alongside soymilk intake demonstrated potential in rectifying electrolyte imbalances among stroke patients, hinting at a promising intervention strategy.

The Investigation of the Effect of Electrolyte Disorder on Sweat Test in Newborns with Positive Cystic Fibrosis Screening

Background and objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the electrolyte and acid-base status present at the time of admission to the hospital on the sweat test (ST) of the patients who were found to have a positive newborn screening test (NST) for Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Methods: The patients who referred to pediatric pulmonology clinic for ST with positive NST for CF and diagnosed as CF were analyzed retrospectively. From the medical records acid-base status measured simultaneously with the ST and with serum sodium, potassium, and chloride levels were included in the study. Results: The study completed with 37 patients who met the inclusion criteria. At the time of ST, the mean sodium, potassium and chlorine values were 134.83±4.25 (122.0-141.0), 4.94±0.95 (2.9-7.6) and 97.72±12.40 (64.0-116.0) mEq/L, respectively. Patients whose electrolytes were measured at the time of diagnosis, 27.0% (n=10) had hyponatremia, 8.1% (n=3) had hypokalemia, and 4.8% (n=1) had hypochloremia. There was a significant difference between serum chloride and bicarbonate levels according to the negative, borderline, positive ST groups (p=0,036). In addition, no significance detected between the sweat test values of patients with Pseudo-Bartter Syndrome (PBS) (38.7%) and without. Conclusion: The chloride level during ST is lower in patients with borderline and negative ST results. The mean potassium and chloride values of the patients with PBS are lower while the mean bicarbonate value is higher. This may cause false negative results in ST. So, it is important to check the serum electrolyte levels before the ST is performed in the newborn screening positive baby.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY AND ELECTROLYTES BEFORE AND AFTER DIALYSIS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Background: Cardiovascular events are the most important cause of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Rapid volume changes and electrolyte shifts during dialysis lead to arrhythmias. Objective: We aimed to determine whether there is a relationship between electrocardiographic (ECG) wave and interval changes and electrolyte levels before and after hemodialysis in dialysis patients. Materials and Method: A total of 112 patients undergoing hemodialysis three times a week for four hours for more than six months were included in the study. Before and after hemodialysis, 12-lead ECG, weight, arterial blood pressure, hemogram, biochemistry, and demographic data were recorded. Waves and intervals were calculated from the 12-lead ECG taken before and immediately after dialysis, and the relationship with serum electrolyte levels was evaluated. P

Intentional Insulin Overdose and Depression in Subjects with and Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Commentary.

Insulin is an essential medication for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus and for some people with type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, insulin abuse has been reported as a mode of suicide, not only among people with diabetes, but also among their relatives, and among medical and paramedical personnel who have access to insulin. The aim of the present commentary was to raise awareness of potential depression-related intentional insulin overdose and its complications, as well as of the diagnosis and treatment of this entity. Insulin overdose may lead to severe and prolonged hypoglycemia, hypoglycemic coma, and death. Moreover, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, and elevated liver enzymes are common. Insulin overdose should be suspected among people with diabetes in case of unexplained prolonged hypoglycemia and among people without diabetes who exhibit hypoglycemia and may have access to diabetic medications. The ratio of insulin to C-peptide helps distinguish exogenous insulin administration from endogenous secretion. The cornerstone of therapy is prompt administration of concentrated glucose infusions for days with simultaneous oral intake, when possible, and intense glucose monitoring to prevent hypoglycemia. Moreover, monitoring of serum electrolyte levels is recommended. Finally, psychiatric evaluation aiming at early identification of depression and suicidality is of paramount importance.

Beneficial Effects of Ketoanalogues on the Evolution of Renal Function and Bone Mineral Disorders in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study.

The supplementation with Ketoanalogues in patients on very low-protein diets has shown a favorable effect on the evolution of renal function. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the progression of renal function in advanced chronic kidney disease patients on a low-protein diet (<0.8 g/kg/d) with or without additional Ketoanalogues. The primary criterion is the evolution of the renal function at 6, 12, and 24 months for the two groups. The secondary criteria comprise the evolution of the body weight, mean blood pressure, 24-h proteinuria, salt and protein consumption, energy consumption, hemoglobin levels, serum albumin, prealbumin, C-reactive protein, liver function tests, serum electrolyte and phosphate levels, parathormone as well as calcium levels at the same time periods. There was a significant nephroprotective effect of the Ketoanalogues after 12 and 24 months with no differences in the protein consumption between the two groups. Mean blood pressure, hemoglobin levels, 24-hour proteinuria, serum electrolyte, liver function tests, salt and protein consumption, and serum albumin and prealbumin did not present any significant differences. Serum bicarbonate and calcium levels were higher while serum phosphate and parathormone levels were lower in the Ketoanalogue group at all follow-up time points. During the 24-month follow-up period, 4 patients from the Ketoanalogue group and 8 patients from the control group quit the study. A low-protein diet supplemented with Ketoanalogues exerts significant nephroprotective effects and better bone mineral metabolism parameters compared to a low-protein diet only.

Role of the Stress Index in Predicting Mortality among Patients with Traumatic Femoral Fractures.

Traumatic femoral fractures, often resulting from high-energy impacts such as traffic accidents, necessitate immediate management to avoid severe complications. The Stress Index (SI), defined as the glucose-to-potassium ratio, serves as a predictor of mortality and adverse outcomes in various trauma contexts. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic value of the SI in patients with traumatic femoral fractures. This retrospective cohort study included adult trauma patients aged 20 or above with traumatic femoral fractures from the Trauma Registry System at a level 1 trauma center in southern Taiwan between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2022. At the emergency room, serum electrolyte levels were assessed using baseline laboratory testing. By dividing blood glucose (mg/dL) by potassium (mEq/L), the SI was calculated. The best cut-off value of the SI for predicting mortality was determined using the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). A total of 3717 patients made up the final group, of which 3653 survived and 64 died. In comparison to survivors, deceased patients had substantially higher blood glucose levels (199.3 vs. 159.0 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and SIs (53.1 vs. 41.6, p < 0.001). The optimal SI cut-off value for predicting mortality was 49.7, with a sensitivity of 53.1% and a specificity of 78.7% (AUC = 0.609). High SI was associated with increased mortality (4.2% vs. 1.0%, p < 0.001) and longer hospital stays (12.8 vs. 9.5 days, p < 0.001). The adjusted odds ratios of mortality, controlled by comorbidities, the Glasgow Coma Scale, and the Injury Severity Score, were significantly higher in patients with a higher SI (AOR 2.05, p = 0.016) than those with a lower SI. Elevated SI upon admission correlates with higher mortality and extended hospital stay in patients with traumatic femoral fractures. Although the SI has a moderate predictive value, it remains a useful early risk assessment tool, necessitating further prospective, multi-center studies for validation and standardization.

The Effect of Renastart Formula Supplementation in Serum Electrolytes in Children with Acute Kidney Injury

Abstract Background patients of renal disease suffer from electrolyte disturbances including hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia and hypermagnesemia. Unfortunately, patients with kidney disease require close monitoring for serum electrolytes to maintain normal levels; with traditional nutritional interventions they may need receiving potassium and phosphorus binders Aim: This study will concentrate on the effect and tolerability of Renastart formula supplementation on correction and maintaining serum levels of electrolytes in AKI or AKI on top of CKD pediatric patients. Methods Double arm clinical convenient trial, conducted in Pediatric Nephrology Unit,Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, where 24 participants who had AKI or AKI on top of CKD with hyperphosphatemia and / or hyperkalemia were recruited, the mean of age of participants was 4.1±3.15 years ranged from 0.5 to 10 years. Subjects were divided into two groups, 12 patients per group (group A received a calcium carbonate (phosphorus binder) (9 patients) with dosage 45-65 mg/kg/day orally alone or withsodium polystyrene sulfonate (potassium binder) (11 patients) with dosage 0.5-1mg/kg/day oral and group B received Renastart formula supplemented with breast milk, standard infant formula or diet), the dosage ratio was adjusted to be 1:3 (Renastart was 1/4 daily caloric intake) if serum potassium level ≥5.5 - &amp;lt;6 meq/L and / or serum phosphorus &amp;gt; 7mg/dl. But, if potassium level was ≥ 6 meq/L, the ratio was 1:1 (Renastart was ½ daily caloric intake). Readjusting dosage ratio was according to serum electrolyte levels response for treatment. Follow up of serum levels of potassium was every day until its serum level returned to normal then every month for three months and serum phosphorus was every month for three consecutive months. Results All the included subjects in both groups had high serum potassium (&amp;gt; 5.5 meq/L) and / or high serum phosphorus (&amp;gt;7 mg/dl) upon enrollment, mean serum potassium and serum phosphorus were (5.7±0.41 meq/L) (7.2±1.6 mg/dl) respectively. Regarding the decrease of serum potassium, Renastart formula supplementation in group B and potassium binders in group A resulted in equal decrease in serum potassium levels; Potassium after 3 months of management in group B was (4.22±0.28 mEq/L) (p value between 3rd month- baseline month in group B p &amp;lt; 0.01) and potassium binders in group A (4.48±0.27 mEq/L) (p value between 3rd month – baseline month in group A p &amp;lt; 0.01). Renastart formula in group B ((potassium after 1 month of management = 4.7±0.32 meq/L) (p value between 1st month – baseline month in group B p &amp;lt; 0.01)) had more rapid effect than potassium binders in group A during 1st month of the study ((potassium after 1 month of management =5.1±0.41 meq/L) (p value between 1st month – baseline month in group A p &amp;gt; 0.05). Regarding decrease in serum phosphorus, Renastart formula supplementation in group B resulted in more decrease in serum phosphorus levels though both showed significant drop in phosphorus level (( serum phosphorus after 3 months of management = 4.60±0.29 mg/dl (p value between 3rd month – baseline month in group B p = 0.002)) in comparison to that achieved by phosphorus binders in group A ((5.21±0.29mg/dl) (p value between 3rd month – baseline month in group A p = 0.01)), moreover Renastart supplementation in group B was more rapid than phosphorus binders in group A in decrease serum phosphorus (p value between 1st month and baseline in group B p = 0.002) (p value between 1st month and baseline in group A p = 0.17) Conclusion We can conclude that Renastart formula supplementation was more rapid than potassium binders in decreasing serum potassium levels in AKI pediatric patients, moreover more effective and rapid than phosphorus binders in decreasing serum phosphorus.

Estimation of antioxidant enzymes in hemodialysis patients

Background Oxidative stress in hemodialysis (HD) is a critical concern in the management of patients. HD, a life-sustaining renal replacement therapy, exposes individuals to various factors that promote the production of harmful reactive oxygen species within the body. These reactive oxygen species, including free radicals, can overwhelm the body’s antioxidant defenses, leading to oxidative stress. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxides (GPx) and catalase (CAT), and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels with dyslipidemia in HD patients and compare them with control groups. Patients and methods The case–control study was conducted on 75 patients undergoing HD and 75 age-matched healthy controls. Oxidative stress markers include CAT, SOD, GPx, and MDA. Serum electrolytes including potassium ion (K+), phosphate (PO4), calcium (Ca+), urea, and creatinine (Cr) were measured for each group. Results Our results show a significant difference between patients and the control group in each of the oxidative stress markers, which are CAT, GPx, and SOD, showing a decrease that is statistically significant in patients in comparison to the controls. The level of MDA shows an increase that is statistically significant in patients in comparison to the controls. Serum electrolyte levels, which are K+, PO4, urea, and Cr, show a statistically significant increase in patients in comparison to the controls. Ca+ shows a decrease that is statistically significant in patients in comparison to the controls. Conclusions From the results, we could conclude that oxidative stress plays a role in HD patients and can affect the management of end-stage renal failure patients.

Evaluating serum electrolyte and trace element variations between Babesia ovis-infected and uninfected Lohi sheep

Babesiosis caused by Babesia ovis is a major threat to the livestock industry worldwide. In Pakistan, the Lohi sheep breed is an important economic resource, but limited information is available on the impact of B. ovis infection on this breed. This study aimed to investigate the serum electrolyte and trace element variations between B. ovis-infected and uninfected Lohi sheep from Pakistan. A total of 97 Lohi sheep was stratified based on the geographical distribution of Multan district, employing a multistage cluster sampling method. Blood and serum samples were collected from randomly selected sheep, and DNA extraction and PCR amplification were performed to detect B. ovis infection. Serum electrolyte and trace element levels were analyzed in infected (n=67) and uninfected (n=30) groups, stratified by age and gender. The study revealed a 69.07% overall infection rate of B. ovis in Lohi sheep. Infected sheep showed significantly elevated serum copper levels (p&lt;0.0001), with no substantial differences observed in serum iron, sodium, potassium, and chloride levels. However, age-wise variance analysis revealed statistically significant variations in sodium and potassium levels (p&lt;0.0001 and p&lt;0.05, respectively). Notably, serum chloride levels differed between infected and uninfected females in individuals younger than two years (p&lt;0.05). Serum iron levels remained consistent across different age groups. Comparative analysis indicated a higher prevalence of electrolyte imbalances, such as hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hyperchloremia, and hypoferremia, in infected sheep compared to normal reference ranges, while instances of hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and hyperferremia were less frequent. In conclusion, our study suggests that B. ovis infections could lead to alterations in serum electrolyte and trace element levels in Lohi sheep, emphasizing the importance of further research into the specific mechanisms driving these alterations to enhance disease management strategies tailored to this breed.

Electrolyte Imbalance and Impaired Kidney Functions in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients

Abstract Objective: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, is a pandemic infection that first appeared in Wuhan, China and is responsible for acute respiratory illness. The symptoms of this infection range from being mild and restricted to developing fever, cough, and loss of smell or taste, to severe life-threatening pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the severity could reach beyond that level and convert to a multi-organ failure or death. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is known to be the receptor that used by coronavirus to enter the cells, and hence, multi-organ infection could result. From that point, renal involvement, including impaired kidney function and electrolyte imbalance, is one of the complications that might develop. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 patients, 29 males and 31 females, were recruited in this study, where blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chloride were evaluated. Results: The results revealed elevated levels of BUN and serum creatinine and decreased levels of sodium and chloride and to some extent, potassium levels. Few samples were diagnosed with increased levels of serum electrolytes. Conclusion: The results revealed the presence of electrolyte imbalance and kidney dysfunction associated with COVID-19 infection. Further investigations need to be carried out to estimate to what extent the changes in these biochemical parameters could be risk factors for developing acute kidney injury (AKI) and eventually death.

Impact of aqueous leaf-extract of psychotria vogeliana (benth) on serum electrolytes concentration in wistar rats with complete freund's adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis

Plant extracts can influence electrolytes concentration and potentially have implications for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management. 48 female albino rats weighing between 100 and 200g were used in this study. RA was induced in the rats using 0.1ml of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). Arthritis index was tracked following the Chondrex technique, which only showed signs of inflammation such as redness, edema in the injected paw. Experimental animals were divided into six groups. Group 1 (control) received feeds and water only. Group 2 (toxic) was induced with RA and left untreated. Group 3 (Standard) was induced with RA and treated with standard drug (methotrexate at the dose of 0.225 mg/kg daily). Groups 4, 5 and 6 (treated groups) were induced with RA using CFA, 3 hours later, administered orally with Psychotria vogeliana aqueous leaf-extract at the doses of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600 mg/kg respectively. Standard methods were employed to determine serum electrolytes concentration. Psychotria vogeliana leaf extract at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg significantly raised the levels of serum electrolytes of RA rats in a manner comparable to the group that was treated with standard drug and the normal control group. Our findings revealed that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) causes a notable decrease in the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, and bicarbonates, which can lead to a depletion of the serum electrolyte balance. Nonetheless, Psychotria vogeliana leaf extract showed a lot of potential for resupplying these vital bodily electrolytes.

Evaluating the associations between compliance with CKD guideline component metrics and renal outcomes

Understanding the association between compliance to the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) guidelines in real-world clinical settings and renal outcomes remains a critical gap in knowledge. A comprehensive analysis was conducted using data from a national, multicenter CKD registry. This study included 4,455 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measurement on the index date and eight additional metrics recorded within six months. These metrics comprised serum electrolyte levels, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hemoglobin, and the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. The primary outcome was a composite of renal events, defined by a decline in eGFR to < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 or a reduction of ≥ 30% in eGFR, confirmed by follow-up tests. Over a median follow-up of 513 days, 838 renal events were observed. High serum potassium levels (> 5.4 mmol/L) were associated with increased event rates compared to lower levels. Similarly, low serum sodium-chloride levels (< 33) correlated with higher event rates. Usage of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, low serum calcium (< 8.4 mg/dL), and high uric acid levels (> 7.0 mg/dL) were also linked to increased events. Conversely, higher hemoglobin levels (≥ 13 g/dL) were associated with lower event rates. Compliance to guidelines, categorized into quartiles based on the number of met metrics, revealed a significantly reduced risk of events in the highest compliance group (meeting 8 metrics) compared to the lowest (0–5 metrics). Compliance to CKD guidelines in clinical practice is significantly associated with improved renal outcomes, emphasizing the need for guideline-concordant care in the management of CKD.