Serum Concentrations Of S100β Research Articles

Serum S100β Levels Are Linked with Cognitive Decline and Peripheral Inflammation in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2.

Experimental and clinical studies have indicated a potential role of the protein S100β in the pathogenesis and phenotype of neurodegenerative diseases. However, its impact on spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) remains to be elucidated. The objective of the study is to determine the serum levels of S100β in SCA2 and its relationship with molecular, clinical, cognitive, and peripheral inflammatory markers of the disease. Serum concentrations of S100β were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 39 SCA2 subjects and 36 age- and gender-matched controls. Clinical scores of ataxia, non-ataxia symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, and some blood cell count-derived inflammatory indices were assessed. The SCA2 individuals manifested S100β levels similar to the control group, at low nanomolar concentrations. However, the S100β levels were directly associated with a better performance of cognitive evaluation within the SCA2 cohort. Moreover, the S100β levels were inversely correlated with most peripheral inflammatory indices. Indeed, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio significantly mediated the effect of serum S100β on cognitive performance, even after controlling for the ataxia severity in the causal mediation analysis. Our findings suggested that, within physiologic concentrations, the protein S100β exerts a neuroprotective role against cognitive dysfunction in SCA2, likely via the suppression of pro-inflammatory mechanisms.

Exercise and taurine in inflammation, cognition, and peripheral markers of blood-brain barrier integrity in older women.

Immunosenescence contribute to increase the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, leading cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. Thus, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of exercise and taurine supplementation on peripheral markers of BBB, inflammation, and cognition of elderly women. Forty-eight elderly women (age, 83.58 ± 6.9 years) participated in the study, and were allocated into combined exercise training (CET: n = 13), taurine supplementation (TAU: n = 12), exercise training associated with taurine (CET+TAU: n = 11), or control (CG: n = 12) groups. Exercise was applied twice a week (multi-modal exercise). Taurine ingestion was 1.5 g., once a day. Participants were evaluated before and after 14-weeks of intervention. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and serum concentration of S100β and neuron specific enolase (NSE) were determined. The mini mental state examination (MMSE) was also applied. Concentrations of S100β were maintained in all intervention groups, while a subtle increase in the CG was found. NSE levels increased only in TAU group (p < 0.05). CET reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β/IL-1ra, IL-6/IL10, and TNF-α/IL-10 ratios (p < 0.05). TAU decreased the IL-1β/IL-1ra ratio (p < 0.05). MMSE score increased only in the CET+TAU group (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that there was a trend for changes in IL-1β and the Charlson Comorbidity Index to be independently associated with changes in S100β. Exercise and taurine decreased inflammation, and maintained the BBB integrity in elderly women. Exercise emerged as an important tool to improve brain health even when started at advanced ages.

Clinical scenarios for the use of S100β as a marker of hepatic encephalopathy.

To evaluate the association between serum concentrations of S100β in patients with cirrhosis and the presence of low grade hepatic encephalopathy (HE). This was a cross-sectional study. The population was categorized into four groups healthy subjects, cirrhosis without HE, cirrhosis with covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) and cirrhosis with overt HE. Kruskal-Wallis, Mann Whitney's U with Bonferroni adjustment Spearman correlations and area under the ROC were used as appropriate. A total of 61 subjects were included, 46 cirrhotic patients and 15 healthy volunteers. S100β values were different among all groups, and differences remained significant between groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.001), and also between groups 2 and 3 (P = 0.016), but not between groups 3 and 4. In cirrhotic patients with HE S100β was higher than in patients without HE [0.18 (0.14-0.28) ng/mL vs 0.11 (0.06-0.14) ng/mL, P < 0.001]. There was a close correlation between serum concentrations of S100β and psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score in patients with cirrhosis without HE compared to the patients with cirrhosis with CHE (r = -0.413, P = 0.019). ROC curve analysis yielded > 0.13 ng/mL as the best cutoff value of S100β for the diagnosis of HE (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 63.6%). Serum concentrations of S100β are higher in patients with cirrhosis than in healthy volunteers, and are further increased in the presence of hepatic encephalopathy. The results suggest that serum biomarkers such as S100β could help in the correct characterization of incipient stages of HE.

Cerebral protective effect of dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients undergoing correction of tetralogy of Fallot with cardiopulmonary bypass

Objective To evaluate the cerebral protective effect of dexmedetomidine in the pediatric patients undergoing correction of tetralogy of Fallot with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) . Methods Sixty pediatric patients of both sexes, aged 11 months-14 yr, with body mass index of 9.8-21.4 kg/m2, of ASA physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ, scheduled for elective correction of tetralogy of Fallot with CPB, were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=30 each) using a random number table: normal saline group (group NS) and dexmedetomidine group (group Dex) . Dexmedetomidine was infused intravenously at a dose of 0.5 μg/kg over 10 min before induction of anesthesia, followed by 0.5 μg·kg-1·h-1 infusion until the end of surgery.The equal volume of normal saline was given instead in group NS.Before induction of anesthesia (baseline, T0) , and at 10 min after induction (T1) , after re-warming to 36 ℃ (T2) , and at 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after termination of CPB (T3-7) , blood samples were obtained from the radial artery and jugular venous bulb for blood gas analysis, jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjvO2) and jugular venous oxygen partial pressure (PjvO2) were recorded, and cerebral O2 extraction rate (CERO2) and arteriovenous blood O2 content difference (Da-jvO2) were calculated.The concentrations of S-100β protein and neuron-specific enzyme (NSE) in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at T0 and T3-7.The time for mechanical ventilation, duration of intensive care unit stay, and development of postoperative complications were recorded. Results Compared with the baseline value at T0, the serum concentrations of S-100β and NSE were significantly increased at T3-7, and SjvO2 and PjvO2 were increased, and CERO2 and Da-jvO2 were decreased at T2 in both groups.Compared with group NS, the serum concentrations of S-100β and NSE were significantly decreased at T3-7, and no significant changes were found in the time for mechanical ventilation, duration of intensive care unit stay, and incidence of sinus bradycardia, hypotension, and re-intubation in group Dex.The parameters of cerebral oxygen metabolism were all within the normal range in both groups, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion Dexmedetomidine infused intravenously at a dose of 0.5 μg/kg before induction of anesthesia, followed by 0.5 μg·kg-1·h-1 infusion until the end of surgery, provides cerebral protection in the pediatric patients undergoing correction of tetralogy of Fallot with CPB. Key words: Dexmedetomidine; Tetralogy of Fallot; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Brain; Child

Cerebral protection of dexmedetomidine during craniotomy under general anesthesia in patients with craniocerebral injury

Objective To evaluate the cerebral protection of dexmedetomidine during craniotomy under general anesthesia in the patients with craniocerebral injury. Methods Sixty patients with craniocerebral injury, aged 30-50 yr, with body mass index of 18-25 kg/m2, of ASA physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ, with Glasgow Coma Scale score of 6-12, scheduled for elective craniotomy under general anesthesia, were randomized into 2 groups(n=30 each)using a random number table: control group(group C)and dexmedetomidine group(group Dex). Anesthesia was induced with iv midazolam, propofol, cisatracurium and sufentanil.The patients were endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated.In group Dex, dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg was infused intravenously over 10 min before induction of anesthesia, followed by infusion at a rate of 0.5 μg · kg-1 · h-1 until the end of operation.The equal volume of normal saline was given in group C. Immediately before beginning of surgery(T0), at the moment when the duramater was opened(T1), at 2 h after beginning of surgery(T2), at the duramater closing(T3)and at the end of surgery(T4), blood samples were obtained from the radial artery and jugular venous bulb for blood gas analysis, arteriovenous blood O2 difference and cerebral O2 extraction rate were calculated.The serum concentrations of S-100β were measured by ELISA. Results The serum concentrations of S-100β were significantly increased at T2-4 than at T0 in both groups.The serum concentrations of S-100β were significantly decreased at T2-4 in group Dex than in group C. The parameters of cerebral oxygen metabolism were all within the normal range in both groups. Conclusion Dexmedetomidine(1 μg/kg infused intravenously before induction of anesthesia, followed by infusion at a rate of 0.5 μg·kg-1·h-1 until the end of operation)provides cerebral protection to some extent during craniotomy under general anesthesia in the patients with craniocerebral injury. Key words: Dexmedetomidine; Craniocerebral trauma; Anesthesia, general

Patient Mood and Neuropsychological Outcome After Laparoscopic and Conventional Colectomy

The study was designed to compare patients after laparoscopic and conventional colectomy with regard to early postoperative mood, cognitive function, and neurocognitive variables S100beta and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Forty-five laparoscopic and 25 open colectomies were enrolled into the prospective study. Outcome measurements were positive and negative postoperative mood (BSKE), neuropsychological tests (Trail-Making Test; word reproduction; Stroop Test), and serum biochemical parameters (S100beta; NSE). Following laparoscopic procedure, patients described significantly better positive mood (P< .05), tended to require less time in the Trail-Making Test and Stroop Test, and had lower postoperative serum concentrations of S100beta compared to conventional colectomy patients (P< .01). The current results revealed several group differences, which, in their entirety, seem to represent a more beneficial outcome after laparoscopic colonic surgery.

Blood-brain barrier integrity may be threatened by exercise in a warm environment

Seven active men were recruited to examine changes in the serum concentration of S100beta, a proposed peripheral marker of blood-brain barrier permeability, following prolonged exercise in temperate (T) and warm (W) conditions. Subjects were seated immersed to the neck in water at 35.0 (0.1) degrees C (T) or 39.0 (0.1) degrees C (W) for 30 min. Subjects then entered a room maintained at either 18.3 (1.8) degrees C (T) or 35.0 (0.3) degrees C (W) and completed 60 min of cycle exercise at 60% peak oxygen uptake. Serum S100beta concentration was elevated after exercise in the W trial (+0.12 (0.10) microg/l; P = 0.02) but not after the T trial (P = 0.238). Water immersion and exercise elevated core temperature by 2.1 (0.5) degrees C to 39.5 (0.3) degrees C at the end of exercise in the W trial compared with a 0.9 (0.2) degrees C increase during the T trial (P < 0.001). Weighted mean skin temperature was higher throughout the W trial compared with the T trial (P < 0.001). Heart rate (P < 0.001) and blood glucose (P < 0.001) and lactate (P < 0.001) concentrations were elevated to a greater extent during exercise in the W trial than in the T trial. Ratings of perceived exertion (P < 0.001) and thermal comfort (P < 0.001) were markedly higher throughout the W trial than in the T trial. The results of this study demonstrate that serum S100beta was elevated after water immersion and prolonged exercise in a warm environment, suggesting that blood-brain barrier permeability may be altered.

Protein S-100beta in brain and serum after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in rabbits: relationship to perivascular astrocytic swelling.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the kinetic patterns of the protein S-100beta, an astroglial cell marker, and its immunohistochemical expression in the brain in rabbits that underwent cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Fourteen New Zealand rabbits (weight, 3.1+/-0.25 kg) were anaesthetised, intubated and mechanically ventilated. Four animals were not connected to the cardiopulmonary bypass and served as controls. Ten animals were perfused according to a uniform protocol. After systemic cooling, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest was induced for 60 minutes. After reperfusion and rewarming, the animals were weaned from bypass and sacrificed. In the brain, astrocyte reactivity for S-100beta was evaluated immunocytochemically (DPC Immustain) and the serum concentrations of S-100beta were analysed using a commercially available immunoluminometric kit (Byk-Sangtec, Dietzenbach, Germany). In all experimental animals a significant increase of the serum concentration of the protein S-100beta was found immediately after reperfusion and the termination of cardiopulmonary bypass. In comparison with the control animals, increased staining of S-100beta was found in the astroglial cells and swollen astrocytic end-feet in the perivascular regions. There were fewer signs of neuronal cell injury of neurones in the hippocampus structure. In conclusion, astrocytic activation and S-100beta overexpression seems to precede the neurodegeneration following deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. The marked perivascular cell swelling may support the assumption of reperfusion injury of the astroglial cell complex that forms the blood-brain barrier, which may be indicative of the source of the released S-100beta into the blood stream.