Serrata Community Research Articles

변산반도국립공원 꽝꽝나무군락의 생태적 특성

In order to preserve and restore the habitats of Ilex crenata community distributed in Byeonsanbando National Park, the ecological characteristics of flora and major vegetation were investigated centered on the community distribution area. A total of 36 taxa with 22 families, 21 genera, 32 species, and 4 variants, were investigated in the vicinity of the Ilex crenata community. At close distances centered on the area around the Ilex crenata community, the vegetation was found to be a mountain coniferous forest called Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community(35° 39′ 18.62″ north latitude, 126° 34′ 56.70 east longitude), at an elevation of 85m to 95m above sea level, an inclination of 10° to 15°, and clustered around the south and southwest slopes. In the Tree-1 layer, there are Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, and Prunus serrulata var. pubescens. In the Tree-2 layer, there are Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Prunus serrulata var. pubescens, Styrax japonicus, and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum. In the Shrub layer, there are Ilex crenata, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Smilax china, Lindera obtusiloba, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Lindera glauca, Juniperus rigida var. rigida. In the past, before the Buam Dam was built, the surrounding area was a rice paddy field and farmland, but after the Buam Dam was completed, due to changes in the climatic environment, such as fog and humidity, which occurred around the Buan Dam, It is predicted that changes in species composition within the community will appear as the blooming of Quercus serrata increases in the Tree-1 layer and Tree-2 layer, as Fraxinus sieboldiana, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Lindera obtusiloba, etc. appear in the shrub layer, and Sasa borealis Indigofera kirilowii, Carex lanceolata, and Fraxinus sieboldiana, etc. appear in the herb layer. The distribution area of Ilex crenata community was measured to be 384㎡, the height of Ilex crenata was in the range of 2.2 to 2.5m, and the diameter of the rhizome of Ilex crenata community was Ø48.5mm+39.4mm+46.9mm+37.3mm, It is considered to be in good growth condition due to the stable management and protection of the colony area. In addition, as it is expected that Ilex crenata community will gradually spread as a constituent species of the shrub layer and the herbaceous layer in the pine and Ilex crenata community communities near the native habitats of the black oak community, a detailed investigation into these areas and monitoring for continuous conservation and restoration are needed in the future.

Analysis for the relationship of environmental factors and vegetation structure at natural streamside valley and riparian forest in South Korea

We classified the streamside plant community by phyto-sociological method and analyzed the relationship between en vironment factors and vegetation structure by using the classification and ordination method. We found that twenty one plant communities were classified according to dominant species at the natural streamside valley forest with surveying the 65 quadrats (10 m × 10 m). From the survey results, the hardwood plant communities were classified as streamside valley forest and the softwood plant communities as riparian forest according to the degree of flooding. The valley forest had a distribution of 17 plant communities which was 65% (42 quadrats) of 65 quadrats: Maackia amurensis community, Betula davurica community, Quercus variabilis community, Pinus densiflora community, Q. serrata community, Prunus sargentii community, and Meliosma oldhamii community etc. The riparian forest had a distribution of four plant communities which was 35% (23 quadrats) of 65 quadrats: Salix koreensis community, S. rorida community, S. purpurea var. japonica community, and S. glandulosa community, etc. From the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) analysis, we found indicator species Oplismenus undulatifolius and Lindera obtusiloba for the streamside valley forest and Humulus japonicus, Phragmites japonica, and S. koreensis for the riparian forest. From the results of the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), coordinates, altitude, and stream structure showed low correlation to the distribution of the plant community. Therefore, it seemed that valley forest and riparian forest were distinguished by the stream gradient and waterway width which determined by the stream water level.

지구온난화를 고려한 지리산 국립공원 내 사찰림의 식생구조 연구

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the shrine forest vegetation located in Jirisan national park affiliated to an ecotone in southern part of Korea, foreseeing a vegetation change based on composition species and dominant species on canopy, and proposing the direction of vegetation management. The shrine forests were classified into the 7 community units as Chamaecyparis obtusa-Cryptomeria japonica afforestation, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus rigida afforestation, Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community, Zelkova serrata-Kerria japonica for. japonica community, Phyllostachys bambusoides forest, Camellia japonica community. This research is also expatiated on the analogous results of ordination analysis with phytosociological analysis. The constituents of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the warm temperate zone were appeared in the most vegetations. It emerged less that the constituents of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone and deciduous broad-leaved forest in the cold-temperature zone. The life form analyses were made use with the two ways: appearance species in total communities and each community. The species diversity of shrine forests is declined because the high dominances of Sasa borealis and Pseudosasa japonica emerged in the shrub and herb layers. These shrine forests will be succession to Q. variabilis-Q. serrata community as the representative vegetation of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone, owing to the temperature rise by global warming, and an evergreen broad-leaved forest will be able to be also formed if a temperate rise will be continued. The one of the artificial management of shrine forests is to consider the introduction of the constituents of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone.

충남 오서산 산림식생의 종 조성 및 군집 특성

A phytosociological vegetation survey was conducted in July to September 2011 in order to examine the vegetation community structure in Mt. Ohseo area. It was aimed to provide basic data for the effective vegetation conservation by analyzing the importance, species diversity and community similarity of the forest community in Mt. Ohseo for each layer, followed by the classification of the actual forest vegetation. According to the cluster analysis, the community type of Mt. Ohseo was classified into a total of 4 vegetation communities: Pinus densiflora community, Cornus controversa-Quercus serrata community, Miscanthus sinensis community, and Quercus mongolica community; the vegetation type 4 showed the lowest species diversity index of 0.5236, and vegetation type-2 showed the highest species diversity index of 0.6606. The community similarity between Quercus mongolica community and Pinus densiflora community showed the highest 0.679, and the community similarity between Quercus serrata community and Pinus densiflora community and between Quercus serrata community and Quercus mongolica community showed the levels of 0.5, respectively.

Studies of Vegetation Structure Analysis and Vegetation Transition over 25 years of Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest in Hong-Do Island

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the vegetation structure and the vegetation transition over 25 years (between 1986 and 2010), and the correlation with the change of some conditions (the vegetation height and coverage on each layer and the climate factors as WI, CI, mean annual temperature, mean annual total precipitation etc.) in the Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest,, Hong-Do island. The EBLF is classified into five units of vegetation (Hedera rhombea-Machilus thunbergii community (M-M comm.), Castanopsis sieboldii forest (Machilus japonica-Castanopsis sieboldii community; Raphiolepis indica var. umbellata-C. sieboldii community), community (Qa comm.), Carpinus turczaninovii community (Ct comm.), Camellia japonica stand (Cj stand)). The vegetation transition by CCA had high correlation with the height and coverage on each layer and the climate factors, and it did the succession (transition) that the M-M comm. (2010) from Mallotus japonicus community･Machilus thunbergii community･Carpinus coreana community (Cc comm.)･Aucuba japonica community (Aj comm.)･Trachelos permum asiaticum var. intermedium-Quercus acuta community (TQ comm.) (1986), the communities of C. sieboldii forest (2010) from Aj comm.･TQ comm.･Raphiolepis umbellata-Camellia japonica community (RC comm.) (1986), the Qa comm. (2010) from Ardisia japonica-Castanopsis sieboldii community (AC comm.) and TQ comm. (1986), the Ct comm. (2010) from Cc comm.･RC comm.･Aj comm.･Quercus serrata community and the Cj stand (2010) from AC comm. (1986). the height and coverage on each layer are also changed.

지리산국립공원의 산림식생에 관한 연구

In this study, the forest vegetation of Jirisan National Park were classified into 20 communities, 3 subcommunities by the Z-M method. In the analysis of environmental factors, the organic matter and total nitrogen had the highest correlation on the subalpine forests. among them Picea jezoensis community showed the highest, Betula ermanii community, Taxus cuspidata community, Pinus koraiensis community, Abies nephrolepis community and Abies koreana community were represented in order. the K, Mg, Ca had correlation on th montane forests; Quercus mongolica community, Quercus serrata community, Stewartia pseudocamellia community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community were in order. the total nitrogen, electrical conductivity and organic matter had the highest correlation of the montane ravine forests; Fraxinus mandshurica community, Abies holophylla community, Betula costata community, Cornus controversa community and Carpinus laxiflora community were in order.

온량지수에 따른 느티나무군락의 다층구조 식재모델

This study suggested the planting model of Zelkova serrata communities in the areas with the warmth index of both 80～100 and 100～120°C·month. Warmth index was calculated with 449 weather points using inverse distance weighted interpolation method. The planting species were selected by correlation analysis between Z. serrata and each species of four or more frequency among the 36 releve surveyed for this study. The result of this study is summarized as follows： Warmth index of Z. serrata communities was among 74～118°C·month. Results of the correlation analysis between Z. serrata and each species observed that the Z. serrata belongs to the tree layer with warmth index of 80～100 and 100～120°C·month. On the other hand, the species of Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata, Prunus sargentii and Platycarya strobilacea appeared only in the tree layer with warmth index of 80～100°C·month. Z. serrata and Styrax japonica appeared in the subtree layer with the warmth index of 80～100 and 100～120°C·month, while Acer pseudosieboldianum, Lindera erythrocarpa, Acer mono, Quercus serrata, etc. appeared in the subtree layer with the warmth index of 80～100°C·month. Z. serrata, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Lindera obtusiloba, Callicarpa japonica and Zanthoxylum schinifolium all appeared in the shrub layer with the warmth index of 80～100 and 100～120°C·month. Lindera erythrocarpa, Orixa japonica, Staphylea bumalda, Akebia quinata and Sorbus alnifolia appeared in the shrub layer with the warmth index of 80～100°C·month and Styrax japonica and Stephanandra incisa appeared in the shrub layer with the warmth index of 100～120°C·month, The numbers of each species planted in a 100m2 area of the Z. serrata community were suggested as follows：five in tree layer, five in subtree layer and nine in shrub layer. The average area of canopy are suggested to be about 86m2 for tree layer, 34m2 for subtree layer and 34m2 for shrub layer.

월출산 국립공원 추이대 군락의 수직적 분포를 통해 본 지구 온난화의 영향과 금후의 천이 가능성

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the vegetation structure and analyzing the correlationship between communities and environmental conditions in Mt. Wolchulsan. We also predicted the succession possibility and the vertical distribution change of vegetations according to the global warming, through the pioneer species of a forest change and dominant species of canopy vegetations. We also analyzed the Raunkiaer's life-form. The communities in this ecotone are distributed vertically in the order of a Quercus acuta community, a Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community and a Q. serrata community. A Pinus densiflora community appears on the most of altitudes. The distribution of communities correlates highly with an altitude. The Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community will be succession to the Q. acuta community, and the Q. variabilis will be under natural selection gradually or remain locally. The Q. serrata community will possibly maintain as it is, and the P. densiflora community will be also under natural selection gradually. The valuable quantitative and numerical life-forms are confirmed and the layer structure of present vegetation will not be changed.

한반도 맥문동속 집단의 자생지 생육환경과 군락구조

This text was analyzed and investigated the vegetation and floristic composition by cluster analysis and classification of phytosociological method, to evaluate the species composition, habitat environment and community structure of Liriope platyphylla and Liriope spicata group in Korea. The southeast slope gradient of the habitat of L. platyphylla and L. spicata was 6.7 to 8.4%, and the habitat altitude of L. platyphylla (41.0 m), L. spicata (114.9 m) was different. Habitat distribution of L. spicata was broader than L. platyphylla. Appearing plants of L. platyphylla and L. spicata group was 58 taxa, 99 taxa, respectively, and Coverage of tree layer was 87.5%, 92.5% respectively. In genus Liriope group, the highest appearing frequency of plant grow in the moist valley as Quercus serrata. Thus, plants of genus Liriope growth was better in moist shade. The vegetation of L. platyphylla group was classified into Quercus serrata community, Castanopsis sieboldii community, Pinus densiflora community and Pinus thunbergii community, and the Liriope spicata group was classified into Quercus serrata community, Quercus alien community, Quercus acutissima community, Prunus verecunda community, Robinia pseudoacacia community, Pinus densiflora community and Pinus thunbergii community. In genus Liriope group, Quercus serrata and Pinus densiflora communities was the closest the similarities.

Classification by Plants Community of the Wi-do (Island), Buan: Focused on Jilli Evergreen Forest, Chido Wetland and Seokgeum

The flora of the Wi-do (Island) were listed 146 taxa; 61 families, 117 genera, 119 species, 21 varieties and 6 forms. Divided into 146 taxa; woody plants were 73 taxa (50.0%) and like to herbaceous plants were 73 taxa (50.0%). Based on the list of rare plants by Korea Forest Service, existed of the Wi-do (Island); Penthorum chinense (Preservation priority order: No. 144) and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 4 taxa existed; Carpinus turczainovii for. coreana, Lespedeza maximowiczii for. tomentella, Indigofera koreana and Euonymus quelpaertensis. Based on the list of specific plant species by floral region were total 29 taxa (19.9% of all 146 taxa of flora); Raphiolepis umbellata in class III, Caryopteris incana in class II, 27 taxa (Asparagus cochinchinensis, Quercus acuta, Machilus thunbergii, Pittosporum tobira, Euscaphis japonica, Elaeagnus glabra, Ardisia japonica, Aster spathulifolius, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were listed 5 taxa (Chenopodium ficifloium, Phytolacca americana, Robinia pseudoacacia, Erigeron annuus, Erechtites hieracifolia) and naturalization rate was 3.4% of all 146 taxa vascular plants. The plants community in the Wi-do (Island) were classified into 7 communities; Carpinus turczainovii for. coreana community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Quercus acuta community, Machilus thunbergii community, Quercus serrata community, Salix nipponica community and Pinus thunbergii community.

Vegetation and Flora in the Cheonbansan (Mt.), Jinan

The vascular plants in the Cheonbansan were listed 241 taxa; 72 families, 157 genera, 307 species, 27 varieties and 7 forms. Divided into 241 taxa; woody plants were 95 taxa (39.4%) and herbaceous plants were 146 taxa (60.6%). Based on the rare plants (IUCN) by the Korea Forest Service and Korea National Arboretum, 2 taxa (Viola albida, etc.). Based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 8 taxa (Salix koriyanagi, Lespedeza maximowiczii for. tomentella, Indigofera koreana, Weigela subsessilis, Carex okamotoi, Lilium amabile, etc.). Specific plant species by floral region were total 15 taxa (6.2% of all 241 taxa of vascular plants); Lonicera subhispida in class, Orostachys sikokianus, Ostericum melanotilingia in class, 9 taxa (Betula schmidtii, Quercus variabilis, Clematis patens, Spiraea blumei, Ilex macropoda, Vaccinium oldhami, Lonicera praeflorens, Microstegium japonicum, Hosta capitata) in class. The naturalized plants in the surveyed sites were 8 families, 13 genera, 16 taxa (Rumex acetocella, Silene armeria, Lepidium apetalum, Trifolium pratense, Oenothera odorata, Cuscuta pentagona, Xanthium strumarium, Eragrostis curvula, etc.) and naturalization rate was 6.6% of all 241 taxa of vascular plants. The vegetation of results in the Cheonbansan, a total of 4 plant communities; Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community, Quercus serrata community, Quercus mongolica community. The occupied in low-slope and valley of Quercus serrata community, mountain side of Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community, top and ridge of Quercus mongolica community.

한국 상수리나무(Quercus acutissima)림의 분포와 군집구조 분석

본 연구는 우리나라에 분포하고 있는 상수리나무림을 대상으로 식물사회학적 조사를 통하여 상수리나무림의 군집을 분류하고 각 군집간의 상관관계, 잠재자연식생, 입지에 따른 상수리나무의 분포 양상 등을 분석하여 한국 상수리나무림의 특성을 밝히고자 한다. 1. 한국 상수리나무림의 군집구분은 1군단, 3군집, 3아군집, 3전형아군집으로 유형화되었다. I. 상수리나무군단(Quercion acutissimae) A. 상수리나무-졸참나무군집(Quercetum serrato-acutissimae ass. nov.) A-1. 갈참나무아군집(Quercetum serrato-acutissimae quercetosum subass. nov.) A-2. 전형아군집(Quercetum serrato-acutissimae typicum subass. nov.) B. 상수리나무-신갈나무군집(Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae asso. nov.) B-1. 갈참나무아군집(Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae quercetosum subass. nov.) B-2. 전형아군집(Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae typicum subass. nov.) C. 상수리나무-서어나무군집(Carpino-Quercetum acutissimae asso. nov.) C-1. 갈참나무아군집(Carpino-Quercetum quercetosum subass. nov.) C-2. 전형아군집(Carpino-Quercetum typicum subass. nov.) 2. DECORANA에 의한 요인분석 결과 상수리나무-졸참나무군집은 저지대 산지, 상수리나무-신갈나무군집은 상대적으로 해발이 높은 지역의 산지대, 상수리나무-서어나무군집은 주로 계곡부에 형성되어 있음을 입증하고 있다. 그러나 각 군집들이 서로 혼재되어 있는 경우가 많아 그다지 명료하게 나타나지는 않았다. 이러한 결과는 상수리나무림의 대부분이 저지대 및 농경지 주변의 교란요인이 심한 지역에 분포하고 있기 때문으로 사료된다. 3. 상수리나무림의 잠재자연식생을 추정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) Quercetum serrato-acutissimae asso. nov.<TEX>$\rightarrow$</TEX>Quercus serrata-Quercus aliena Community<TEX>$\rightarrow$</TEX>Quercus serrata Community 2) Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae ass. nov.<TEX>$\rightarrow$</TEX>Quercus mongolica-Quercus aliena Community<TEX>$\rightarrow$</TEX>Quercus mongolica Community 3) Carpino-Quercetum acutissimae asso. nov.<TEX>$\rightarrow$</TEX>Carpinus laxiflora-Quercus aliena Community<TEX>$\rightarrow$</TEX>Carpinus laxiflora Community This study has targeted Quercus acutissima forests in Korea and has classified the association between Quercus acutissima forests by using the phytosociological method. In addition, the correlation between each association, distribution, potential natural vegetation, and aspect of Quercus acutissima forest according to location have been analyzed to examine the characteristics of the Korean Quercus acutissima forests. Through factor analysis of DECORANA, it was revealed that Quercetum serrato-acutissimae forms in the basal zones of mountains, Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae is formed in the highlands, in the relatively high mountain area, and Carpino-Quercetum acutissimae is mainly distributed in valleys. However, this phenomenon is not very obvious, as each association structure is often mixed up. This result is caused by inhomogeneity of the Quercus acutissima forests, and most of it is distributed in basal zones or around farmlands where there are severe disturbance factors. The proposed potential natural vegetation of the Quercus acutissima forests in Korea is as follows; Quercetum serrato-acutissimae<TEX>$\rightarrow$</TEX>Quercus aliena-Quercus serrata community<TEX>$\rightarrow$</TEX>Quercus serrata community, Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae<TEX>$\rightarrow$</TEX>Quercus aliena-Quercus mongolica community<TEX>$\rightarrow$</TEX>Quercus mongolica community, Carpino-Quercetum acutissimae<TEX>$\rightarrow$</TEX>Quercus aliena-Carpinus laxiflora community<TEX>$\rightarrow$</TEX>Carpinus laxiflora community.

덕유산국립공원 산림 식생의 생태학적 연구-적상산 산림 식생을 중심으로-

This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation structure of Jeoksansan in Deogyusan National Park from September 2007 to July 2008 using the DCCA ordination and phytosociological method. The vegetation of the Jeoksangsan was classified into Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, Q. variabilis community, Q. serrata community, Carpinus laxiflora community and Fraxinus mandshurica community. Ecological characteristics such as species composition, layer structure, vegetation ratio, and the distribution of individual trees by DBH were significantly different among communities. The order of important value of the forest community with DBH 2cm above plants was Q. mongolica( 63.31), P. densiflora(40.47), Q. variabilis(34.75), Q. serrata(24.37), C. laxiflora(16.35), Carpinus cordata(14.81), Styrax obassia(14.50), F. mandshurica(13.88) and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum(12.99). Size-frequency distribution(DBH) of P. densiflora had a binomial distribution, suggesting a continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being. In contrast, Q. serrata had a higher frequency of young individuals. C. laxiflora, C. cordata and F. mandshurica is likely that the dominance of these species will be increased in the future. Q. mongolica and Q. variabilis had a higher frequency of young individuals and middle frequency, suggesting a continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being In contrast. This study examined the correlation between each community and the environment according to DCCA ordination. The Q. mongolica community and Fraxinus mandshurica community predominated in the highest elevation highest altitude which had a fertile soil whereas the P. densiflora community mainly occurred in the low elevation habitats which had an infertile soil. Q. variabilis community and Q. serrata community predominated in the low elevation and on the southern slope of the park habitats which had an infertile soil. The C. laxiflora community appeared on the northern slope of the park in the middle elevation.

대구 인접 지역 삼림식생의 진행천이와 잠재자연식생

대구 인접지역 삼림식생에 대한 진행천이의 메카니즘과 잠재자연식생을 추정하였다. DCA 에 의한 요인 분석에서는 해발 고도 및 습도구배에 따라 각 군락의 특성이 결정되는 것으로 나타났으며, 토양의 수분 함량과 유기물 함량 및 전질 소량은 군락이 발달함에 따라 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 종관 연관분석에서는 2개의 종집단으로 크게 구분되었으며, 이들 두 집단의 유형을 결정하는 요인은 기온 및 토양의 수분 요인으로 판단되었다. 특히, 두 종집단은 천이의 진행에 따라 종조성이 달라지는 군락의 발달단계를 보여주는 것으로 보이며, 생활형 조성도 이를 뒷받침하였다. 입지요인 및 종조성에 따라 소나무 군락, 굴참나무군락, 상수리나무군락 및 떡갈나무군락은 졸참나무군락이나 신갈나무군락으로 각각 천이가 진행될 것으로 예측되었다. 본 조사지역의 잠재자연식생은 종조성, 토양환경 및 지형요인에 의하여 산지 중 상부의 신갈나무군락, 계곡부의 고로쇠나무-까치박달군락, 산지 중 하부는 졸참나무군락 의 3개 유형으로 구분되었다. 그리고 신갈나무군락과 고로쇠나무-까치박탈군락은 현존 식생이면서 잠재자연식생이며, 소나무군락은 현재의 종조성 및 해발 영역을 토대로 신갈나무군락과 졸참나무군락으로 각각 발달할 것으로 예측되었다. This study represents the mechanism of progressive succession and potential natural vegetation on the forest vegetation in and surrounding Daegu. As a result of DCA, the feature of community was determined by an altitude and humid gradients. The soil moisture, contents of organic matter and total nitrogen increased as the community developed. In the interspecific association analysis, the forest vegetation was divided into two species groups and they were influenced by temperature and soil moisture. Especially, each two groups showed different stages of vegetation development according to the progressive succession and life form composition supported those results. It was predicted that Quercus variabilis, Q. acutissima, Q. dentata and Pinus densiflora communities would develop into Q. serrata community or Q. mongolica community depending on their location or species composition. In the study area, the potential natural vegetation was divided into 3 communities by biogeographical gradients such as species composition, soil environment, and geographical features: 1)Q. mongolica community in the middle-upper area of the mountain, 2)Q. serrata community in the middle-lower area of the mountain and 3)Carpinus cordata-Acer mono community in the cove area. It is suggested that the Q.mongolica and C.cordata-A.mono communities become actual vegetation and potential natural vegetation. But it is also suggested that the P. densiflora community would be changed into the potential natural vegetation of the Q. mongolica community and Q. serrata community on the basis of the present species composition.

남해군 삼림식생의 군락생태

1998년 3월부터 2003년 9월까지 남해도 및 인접도서를 포함하는 남해군의 삼림식생에 대해 Z.-M.방법에 의한 식물사회학적 조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 본 조사지역의 삼림식생은 신갈 나무군락(전형하위군락, 철쭉꽃하위군락), 졸참나무군락(전형하위군락, 당단풍하위군락), 굴참나무군락(전형하위군락, 굴피나무하위군락), 상수리나무군락, 서어나무군락, 소사나무군락, 때죽나무군락, 느티나무군락, 히어리군락, 소나무군락(전형하위군락, 진달래하위군락, 서어나무하위군락), 곰솔군락(전형하위군락, 사스레피나무하위군락), 산철쭉군락, 편백식재림, 사방오리식재림, 리기다소나무식재림, 아까시나무식재림, 삼나무식재림 등 총 12군락, 11하위군락, 5식재림으로 구분되었다. 본 조사지역 삼림의 토양분석결과 삼림토양의 pH는<TEX>$4.2\sim5.4$</TEX>의 범위를 나타내었으며, 함수량은 유기물함량과 유의성이 높은 가운데 산철쭉군락이 가장 높고, 소나무군락이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 유기물함량은 신갈나무군락, 소사나무군락, 졸참나무군락에서 비교적 높게<TEX>$(15.8\sim19.1%)$</TEX> 나타났고, 상수리나무군락, 히어리군락, 곰솔군락에서는 낮게<TEX>$(3.3\sim5.4%)$</TEX> 나타났다. 식재림은 대부분 낮았으며. 리기다소나무식재림(2.8%)과 삼나무식재림(5.6%)이 가장 낮았다. 치환성 양이온(<TEX>$K^+$</TEX>, <TEX>$Ca^{2+}$</TEX> and <TEX>$Mg^{2+}$</TEX>)사이에는 높은 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. The forest vegetation of Namhae-gun was investigated using the methodology of the Z.-M. school of phytosociology from March, 1998 to September, 2003. The forest vegetation was classified into 12 communities, 11 subcommunities, 5 afforestations as follows : Quercus mongolica community(typical subcommunity, Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity), Ouercus serrata community(typical subcommunity, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum subcommunity), Ouercus variablis community(typical subcommunity, Platycarya strobilacea subcommunity), Quercus acutissima community, Carpinus laxiflora community, Carpinus coreans community, Styrax japonica community, Zelkova serrata community, Corylopsis coreana community, Pinus densiflora community(typical subcommunity, Rhododendron mucronulatum subcommunity, Carpinus laxiflora subcommunity), Pinus thunbergii community(typical subcommunity, Eurya Japonica subcommunity), Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense community, Chamaecyparis obtusa afforestation, Alnus firma afforestation, Pinus rigida afforestation, Robinia pseudo-acacia afforestation, Cryptomeria japonica afforestation. The soil pH of the study area was ranged from 4.2 to 5.4, and soil moisture content was strongly related to organic matter content. The Corylopsis coreana community contained the highest soil moisture content, whereas Pinus densiflora community contained the lowest one. The content of organic matter were <TEX>$15.8\sim19.1%$</TEX> in the Quercus mongolica, Carpinus coreans and Ouercus serrata communities, <TEX>$3.3\sim5.4%$</TEX> in the Quercus acutissima, Corylopsis coreana and Pinus thunbergii communities, and <TEX>$2.8\sim5.6%$</TEX> in the Pinus rigida and Cryptomeria japonica afforestation. There is significant correlation among the contents of cations(<TEX>$K^+$</TEX>, <TEX>$Ca^{2+}$</TEX> and <TEX>$Mg^{2+}$</TEX>).

경북 일원의 화성암 산지와 퇴적암 산지의 삼림식생에 대한 식생학적 비교

본 연구에서는 경북 청송·영천 지역의 화성암 산지와 의성·안동 지역의 퇴적암(역암 또는 역질사암) 산지에 대한 식생 구조를 비교하여 토지적 지표성을 가지는 식물종과 식물군락을 규명하였다. 두 지역에서 3영급 이상의 삼림식생으로부터 Z.-M.방법에 의해 108개의 식생자료를 획득하여 분석에 이용하였다. 총 85과 239속 444종로 이루어진 25개 식물군락을 구분하였으며, 식물군락 간의 유사성을 분석하기 위하여 출현식물종의 상대순기여도에 의한 PCA(Principal Coordinates Analysis)의 좌표결정법을 이용하였다. 화성암 산지에서는 졸참나무, 신갈나무, 생강나무, 쇠물푸레나무 등 139종의 상대순기여도가 증가하였으나 서어나무와 때죽나무는 감소하였다. 퇴적암 산지에서는 갈참나무, 산초나무, 양지꽃, 붉나무, 방아풀 등의 96종이 증가하고, 신갈나무-생강나무군단의 주요 표징종들인 신갈나무, 졸참나무, 철쭉나무, 고로쇠나무, 쪽동백나무 등은 감소하였다. 뿐만 아니라 조릿대, 느티나무-박쥐나무군락, 들메나무-고광나무군락 등은 결석되어 있음이 밝혀졌다. 결론적으로 의성·안동의 퇴적암 산지의 종조성과 식물군락은 지역의 퇴적암 토지, 구릉성 지형의 인간간섭의 용이성, 그리고 과우기후 등의 독특한 환경조건의 총화로부터 기인하는 왜생(倭生)한 소나무림 및 소림상(疏林相)의 활엽수림으로써 화성암 산지의 삼림식생과 구별되는 지역식생형(regional vegetation type)으로써의 그 독특성이 인정되었다. In order to identify plant species and communities characteristic of lithospheric condition, forest vegetations of igneous(mainly granite) and sedimentary(mainly sandstone) areas in Kyungpook province were compared. We collected 108 phytosociological releves from the older forests over 20 years old. 444 vascular plant species and 25 plant communities were identified. Results of Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCA) indicated that lithospheric conditions and human impacts were the most important factors related to the plant community diversity and species richness. In the igneous rock areas net contribution degree (rNCD) of 139 species including Quercus serrata, Q. mongolica, Lindera obtusiloba and Fraxinus sieboldiana increased and those of Carpinus laxiflora and Styrax japonica decreased. In the sedimentary rock areas, to a lesser extent, 96 species including Q. aliena, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Potentilla fragarioides var. major, Rhus javanica, and Plectranthus japonicus increased, whereas character species of Lindero-Quercion mongolicae such as Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Acer mono and Styrax obassia decreased, and particularily the species Sasa borealis, the Alangium-Zelkova serrata community and the Philadelphus-Fraxinus mandshurica community were absent. The vegetation of sedimentary rock area is characterized as a regional type shaping dwarf pine forests and sparse and light broad-leaved forests.

거제 서이말등대 주변의 식생

본 조사지역은 행정상 거제시 일운면 와현리 남단 서이말등대가 위치한 해발 228.4 m고지 일대로서 2001년 8월 1일부터 2002년 7월 30일 까지 1년동안 6회에 걸쳐 식생과 식물상을 조사하여 현존식 생도와 군락조성표를 작성하였다. 본 조사지역에는 미국자리공, 주홍서나물, 별꽃아재비등 27종류의 귀화식물과 동백나무, 우묵사스레피, 메밀잣밤나무 등 30종류의 상록활엽수가 자생하였다. 식물군락은 동백나무군락, 모밀잣밤나무군락, 참식나무군락, 졸참나무군락, 굴참나무군락, 소사나무군락, 때죽나무관락, 곰솔군락, 상수리나무군락, 느티나무군락, 생달나무군락 등 총 11개 군락으로 나타났다. 전반적으로 천이의 거의 최종단계에 이르는 매우 양호한 상록활엽수림이 보존된 지역으로서 백서향, 갯취, 개족도리, 보춘화, 죽절초 등의 자생은 학술적, 자원적 가치가 높게 인정된다. The vegetation of Seoimal-lighthouse area was investigated from August, 2001 to July, 2002. In order to analyze the vegetation of this area, synthesis table, actual vegetation map were prepared. The main community structures of this area represent evergreen broad-leaf community(about 48%), which are very good condition(nearly last sere) to preserve and 11communities(Camellia japonica community, Castanopsis cuspidnta var. thunbergii community, Neolitsea sericea community, Quercus serrata community, Quercus variabilis community, Carpinus corenna community, Srtrax japonica community, Pinus thunbergii community, Quercus acutissima community, Zelkova serrata community, Cinnamimum japonicum community) were classified by vegetation type. And Daphne kiusiana, Asirum maculatum, Cymbidium goeringii, Chloranthus glaber, Ligularia taguetii should be worthwhile species to conserve in this area.

내연산(內延山) 일대(-帶) 삼림식생(森林植生)의 군락분류(群落分類)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)

내연산의 삼림식생을 대상으로 ZM식물사회학적 방법에 의해 군락단위 및 그 하위단위를 분류하고, 분류된 각 단위와 환경사이의 상관관계를 서열법으로 해석하여 내연산 산림식생관리를 위한 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 본 연구를 수행하였다. 군락단위는 신갈나무군락, 굴참나무군락, 소나무군락, 서어나무군락, 느티나무군락이 구분되었고, 하위단위는 신갈나무군락에서 철쪽꽃군과 참회나무군, 굴참나무군락에서 우산나물군, 털조록싸리군 및 찰피나무군, 느티나무군락에서 까치박달군과 고욤나무군이 각각 세분되었다. 따라서 내연산 일대의 산림은 5개군락, 7개군으로 총 9개의 식생단위로 분류되었다. CCA 방법으로 식생과 환경사이의 상관관계 분석 결과 내연산 지역의 식생단위는 해발과 가장 높은 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 신갈나무군락의 철쪽꽃군과 참회나무군은 해발고와 지형이 높은 곳과 노암율이 낮은 곳에 각각 분포하는 경향이었다. 한편 느티나무군락은 신갈나무군락과 역의 관계로 나타났다. 앞으로 산림식생관리시 특히 계곡림에 대해서는 교목층의 우점종들이 상관적으로 이질적인 모습을 하고 있더라도 하나의 관리단위로 고려되어야 할 것으로 판단되었다. This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation of the Mt. Naeyeon with phytosociological analysis of ZM school and to explain ordination of communities with CCA. The research sites were located between the northern part of Pohang-si area and the southern part of Yeongdeok-gun area. The 70 plots consisted of 253 species were investigated. The forest vegetation was classified into Quercus mongolica community, Q. variabilis community, Pinus densiflora community, Carpinus laxiflora community and Zelkova serrata community. Q. mongolica community was divided into 2 groups such as Rhododendron schlippenbachii group and Euonymus oxyphyllus group and Q. variabilis community was divided into 3 groups such as Syneilesis palmata group, Lespedeza<TEX>$\times$</TEX>tomentilia group and Tilia mandshurica group, and Z. serrata community was divided into 2 groups such as Carpinus cordata group and Diospyros lotus group. According to the results of CCA ordination, Q. mongolica community showed high positive correlation to altitude and topography, whereas it showed negative correlation to bare rock. But Z. serrata community showed the opposite tendency to Q. mongolica community, Altitude was considered as the most important factor among 5 environmental variables in the correlation with axes.

內延山 一帶 森林植生의 群落分類에 關한 硏究

내연산의 삼림식생을 대상으로 ZM 식물사회학적 방법에 의해 군락단위 및 그 하위 단위를 분류하고, 분류된 각 단위와 환경사이의 상관관계를 서열법으로 해석하여 내연산 산림식생관리를 위한 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 본 연구를 수행하였다. 군락단위는 신갈나무군락, 굴참나무군락, 소나무군락, 서어나무군락, 느티나무군락이 구분되었고, 하위단위는 철쭉꽃군과 참회나무군, 굴참나무군락에서 우산나물군, 털조록싸리군 및 찰피나무군, 느티나무군락에서 까치박달군과 고욤나무군이 각각 세분되었다. 따라서 내연산 일대의 산림은 5개군락, 7개군으로 총 9개의 식생단위로 분류되었다. CCA 방법으로 식생과 환경사이의 상관관계 분석 결과 내연산 지역의 식생단위는 해발과 가장 높은 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 신갈나무군락의 철쭉꽃군과 참회나무군은 해발고와 지형이 높은 곳과 노암율이 낮은 곳에 각각 분포하는 경향이 있다. 한편 느티나무군락은 신갈나무군락과 역의 관계로 나타났다. 앞으로 산림식생관리시 특히 계곡림에 대해서는 교목층의 우점종들이 상관적으로 이질적인 모습을 하고 있더라고 하나의 관리단위로 고려되어야 할 것으로 판단되었다. This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation of the Mt. Naeyeon with phytosociological analysis of ZM school and to explain ordination of communities with CCA. The research sites were located between the northern part of Pohang-si area and the southern part of Yeongdeok-gun area. The 70 plots consisted of 253 species were investigated. The forest vegetation was classified into Quercus mongolica community, Q. variabilis community, Pinus densiflora community, Carpinus laxiflora community and Zelkova serrata community. Q. mongolica community was divided into 2 groups such asRhododendron schlippenbachii group and Euonymus oxyphyllus group and Q. variabilis community was divided into 3 groups such as Syneilesis palmata group, Lespedeza × tomentilla group and Tilia mandshurica group, and Z. serrata community was divided into 2 groups such as Carpinus cordata group and Diospyros lotus group. According to the results of CCA ordination, Q. mongolica community showed high positive correlation to altitutde and topography, whereas it showed negative correlation to bare rock. Buck Z. serrata community showed the opposite tendency to Q. mongolica community. Altitude was considered as the most important factor among 5 environmental variables in the correlation with axes.

A Year Climatic study of Hydro-climatological Environment in Yamagata Prefecture, Northeast Japan

climatological conditions were investigated by the year climatic consideration of water balance in Yamagata prefecture, Northeast Japan. The water balance was evaluated by “bookkeeping procedures” based on the Thornthwaite's potential evapotranspiration. The data used here were monthly precipitation amount and monthly mean temperature recorded at 31 meteorological or AMeDAS stations in Yamagata and the surrounding prefectures for sixteen years 1967-1982 (Fig. 1).The amount of the potential evapotranspiration was 700-720mm in the Shonai plain, 680mm-700mm in the Yamagata and Yonezawa basins and about 650mm in the Shinjo basin (Fig. 2). Along the border between the Shinjo basin and the other two regions, the potential evapotranspiration becomes 660mm-680mm.According to the warmth index by Kira (1945), the Shinjo basin was classified into the cool temperate and the other two into the warm temperate zone. These character of temperature regions were also supported by sporadic distribution of vegitaton such as laurel forest (Machilus thunbergii, Quercus salicina) in the Shonai plain and Yamagata basin and the deciduous broadleaved forest (Fagus crenata) in the Shinjo basin. Moreover, it was revealed by the important relatioship between the potential evapotranspiration and paddy rice production that the 670mm of potential evapotranspiration is significant for the paddy rice cultivation (Fig. 6). From the energy-budget equation, the about 50W/m2 of the net radiation can be calculated by using the 670mm of potential evapotranspiration and the zero of Bowen ratio.The number of dry months, which the amount of the potential evapotranspiration exeeds that of the monthly precipitation, is about 1.5 in the Shonai plain and Shinjo basin and reaches 2.5-3.0 in the Yamagata and Yonezawa basins (Fig. 3). The distribution of the maximum values of water deficit for the sixteen years (1967-1982) shows almost the same pattern with that of the number of dry months; it is about 50mm in the Shonai plain and Shinjo basin and reaches above 100mm-200mm in the Yamagata and Yonezawa basins (Fig. 4).At Yamagata the dry months occurred in April to October and most frequently in June and August (Table 3). On the occasion of water deficiency, however, the occurrence frequency of the dry month increases on the whole and specially in July (Table 4). This suggests the significance of the precipitation in the “Baiu Season”, one of the rainy seasons in Japan, for the occurrence of water deficit. Water deficiency occurred thirty six times for ninety-two years (1891-1982) and tends to continue about two years. Taking this tendency into account, it can be said that a drought with water deficiency comes on the average every three to four years. The frequency and the amount of water deficiency tend to increase in the period when the sunspot numbers change from the maximum to the minimum, especially in one to two years after the maximum of sunspot number (Table 2).It can be also considered that the condition of water balance as described above influenced on the distribution of Quercus-forest. The Quercus serrata community is typical of the secondary forest in the low land. This forest shifts into the Quercus-mongolica var. grosseserrata community or Fagus crenata-Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata community, which is typical of the montane secondary forest, as increasing an altitude. In general, the altitude of this boundary decreases gradually toward north. In Yamagata prefecture, this boundary runs 400m-600m of altitude in the Yamagata and Yonezawa basins, 300m or so in the Shinj