Series Of Subsamples Research Articles

Italian Grape Ale Beers Obtained with Malvasia di Candia Aromatica Grape Variety: Evolution of Phenolic Compounds during Fermentation.

Italian grape ale (IGA) beers have been categorized by the Beer Judge Certification Program as a sub-category of fruit beers in which grape, or grape must, is added during the brewing process to provide additional characteristics to the final beer. In the present work, IGA beers have been produced with must and pomace of the Malvasia di Candia Aromatica (MaCA) grape variety, which were added before fermentation at two different percentages (10% and 20%). The (poly)phenolic profile of IGA beers have been characterized with HPLC-MS/MS and compared to a golden ale control beer (produced in the same conditions without the addition of grape-derived ingredients). A series of sub-samples have been collected to monitor the (poly)phenol profile at time 0 and during the different phases of the fermentation process (1, 3, 5, 7 30, 65 days). Results demonstrated how the addition of pomace allowed to significantly enrich (p < 0.05) final beers in total (poly)phenols detected by MS, while must addition did not influence that amount if compared to the control sample. However, a PCA cluster analysis identified strong similarities among IGA beers and differentiated them to control beer samples. This study underlined how the addition of must and pomace from the MaCA grape variety improved the (poly)phenolic profile of beer from both a qualitative and quantitative point of view.

Developing image analysis pipelines of whole-slide images: Pre- and post-processing.

Deep learning has pushed the scope of digital pathology beyond simple digitization and telemedicine. The incorporation of these algorithms in routine workflow is on the horizon and maybe a disruptive technology, reducing processing time, and increasing detection of anomalies. While the newest computational methods enjoy much of the press, incorporating deep learning into standard laboratory workflow requires many more steps than simply training and testing a model. Image analysis using deep learning methods often requires substantial pre- and post-processing order to improve interpretation and prediction. Similar to any data processing pipeline, images must be prepared for modeling and the resultant predictions need further processing for interpretation. Examples include artifact detection, color normalization, image subsampling or tiling, removal of errant predictions, etc. Once processed, predictions are complicated by image file size - typically several gigabytes when unpacked. This forces images to be tiled, meaning that a series of subsamples from the whole-slide image (WSI) are used in modeling. Herein, we review many of these methods as they pertain to the analysis of biopsy slides and discuss the multitude of unique issues that are part of the analysis of very large images.

Oxidation states of iron as an indicator of the techniques used to burn clays and handcraft archaeological Tupiguarani ceramics by ancient human groups in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Ceramics of the Tupiguarani Tradition typically have in common the burning characteristics, their forms and decoration motifs. Dating such ceramic pieces with the radiocarbon method indicate that these artifacts were probably handcrafted between 1,500 and 500 years before the present. Fragments ceramic utensils were collected in the archaeological site of Beltrao, in the municipality of Corinto, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A fragment of about 50 mm in diameter and 15 mm thick, with a color gradation across the ceramic wall ranging from red, on one side, grayish, in the middle, and orange, on the opposite side, was selected for a more detailed examination. The fragment was transversely cut and a series of subsamples were separated from different points along the piece wall, in layer segments of ∼3 mm. All subsamples were analyzed with Mossbauer spectroscopy at room temperature and 80 K. Results reveal that hematite is the magnetically ordered phase. A Fe2+ component (relative spectral area, 50 %) appears for the grayish subsample. According to these first results, the red subsample seems to be the side that had direct contact with fire used to burn the precursor clay in air. The grayish middle layer is probably due to the clay mixed with some ashes. Mossbauer data reveal that the orange layer, corresponding to the opposite side of the ceramic relatively to the direct fire, does contain about the same Fe2+:Fe3+ ratio but much lower proportion of α-Fe2O3 than the red layer.

Comment on “Unresolved issues with the assessment of multidecadal global land surface temperature trends” by Roger A. Pielke Sr. et al.

[2] According to Pielke et al. [2007], the similarity of the different global surface temperature trends is unsurprising, in view of an estimated overlap of 90% to 95% in the raw data. Regional temperature trends are considered to be less robust in data-sparse regions such as parts of Africa and the Arctic and Antarctic. [3] Effectively independent analyses of land surface global temperature trends have already been carried out. Peterson et al.’s [1999] subset of rural stations showed very similar trends to those derived from the full GHCN data set. Using a worldwide network of about 270 stations, Parker [2006] obtained very similar trends to those produced by Jones and Moberg [2003] from their full network. The sensitivity of estimated land surface global temperature trends to analysis technique was estimated by Vose et al. [2005]. This paper showed that the Smith and Reynolds [2005] and the Jones and Moberg [2003] analyses yield comparable trends but the Hansen et al. [2001] and K. M. Lugina et al. (Monthly surface air temperature time series area averaged over the 30-degree latitudinal belts of the globe, 1881–2005, in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, 2006, an online report available at http:// cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/temp/lugina/lugina.html) analyses yield reduced trends in recent decades because of the greater oceanic influence on the former and the damping influence of optimal interpolation on the latter [Trenberth et al., 2007]. The generally good agreement between the global trends of land surface global temperature and the independent sea surface temperature and marine air temperature is also illustrated clearly by Trenberth et al. [2007]. Here we conduct an extra experiment: the CRUTEM3 land surface air temperatures [Jones and Moberg, 2003; Brohan et al., 2006] have been subsampled by taking, in each month, alternate 5 5 areas in alternate 5 latitude belts. Figure 1 shows annual global (Figure 1a) and hemispheric (Figures 1b and 1c) average land surface air temperature anomalies for 1850–2007 based on the full database, with uncertainty estimates as in work by Brohan et al. [2006], along with series based on the two sets of locations in Figure 1d. The subsampled series, despite being based on essentially independent data, lie well within the uncertainty estimates since 1900, and are usually within the uncertainty estimates even in the sparsely sampled 19th century, confirming the robustness of all the series. Not only do these analyses use completely different stations, but any adjustments applied are also independent owing to the distances between the stations that contributed to the two sets of 5 5 areas. In essence, the independence of the station data in the subsampled 5 5 areas cannot be compromised by the homogeneity adjustments reported in earlier papers (see sources given by Jones et al. [1986a, 1986b]), or through the inclusion of many additional adjusted data sets by Jones and Moberg [2003]. This is because adjustments were made to only a limited number of stations ( 20%), and almost all of these adjustments will have been based on stations within the same or surrounding 5 5 areas, not on remoter stations. Furthermore the sum total of the adjustments has a near zero effect on large-scale temperature averages [see Brohan et al., 2006, Figure 4]. [4] The spatial coherence of mapped temperature trends, transcending international borders as illustrated for example in Figures 3.9 and 3.10 of Trenberth et al. [2007], suggests strongly that recent global and regional trends are not severely affected by national biases or incomplete coverage. The latter inference can also be drawn from the relatively small numbers of spatial degrees of freedom estimated by Jones et al. [1997]. Brohan et al. [2006] estimated global and hemispheric incomplete-coverage errors by subsampling complete reanalysis fields; since the mid-20th century the 95% confidence range for decadally smoothed global land surface air temperature anomalies has been about 0.25 C and this is mainly due to incomplete-coverage error [Brohan et al., 2006, Figure 12]. However, the robustness of estimated trends for earlier periods and smaller regions is JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 114, D05104, doi:10.1029/2008JD010450, 2009 Click Here for Full Article

Characterization of humic acids fractionated by ultrafiltration

Humic acid (HA) is a mixture of natural organic macromolecules having a range of physicochemical properties and exhibiting different reactivities in environmental systems. The objective of this study was to characterize chemical and molecular heterogeneity of HA by fractionating a bulk HA (BHA) into a series of subsamples, each having relatively homogeneous properties. The BHA was base extracted from Pahokee peat and was fractionated into eight fractions using an ultrafiltration apparatus with membranes having seven molecular cut-offs. The eight HA fractions obtained have apparent molecular sizes of <1, 1–3, 3–5, 5–10, 10–30, 30–100, 100–300 and >300 kDa, respectively, and their molecular size distributions were further calibrated using high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The chemical and structural properties of the eight HA fractions were characterized systematically using elemental analysis, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), and solid state 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13C-NMR) spectroscopy. The results show that each HA fraction has a relatively narrow distribution of molecular sizes on HPLC chromatographs, suggesting that ultrafiltration technique is effective for fractionating broadly heterogeneous humic macromolecules into relatively homogeneous fractions. UV–vis spectroscopy and Py-GC-MS analyses indicate that the fractions with lower molecular weights have more heterogeneous functional groups, greater O/C atomic ratios, and higher contents of oxygen and lignin-derived aromatic structural units. Conversely, the HA fractions with higher molecular weights have lower contents of oxygen and aromatic structural units that correspond to greater H/C and lower O/C atomic ratios. This study suggests that HAs formed under the same biogeochemical conditions may consist of macromolecules with a range of chemical, structural and molecular properties.

Extremes of Some Sub-Sampled Time Series

Let X(k) be a stationary time series and Y(k) = X(kM) be the sub-sampled series corresponding to a fixed systematic sampling interval M > 1. In this paper, we use a point process approach to study the effect of the sub-sampling on the extremal properties of Y(k) when X(k) is a linear process with heavy-tailed innovations. We prove complete point process convergence theorems which enable us to give in detail the weak limiting behaviour of maxima of the sub-sampled process and to compare it with that of the original process. The results both exemplify the findings of a study by Robinson and Tawn (2000) and offer more precise details for the class of linear models. Motivation comes from the comparison of schemes for monitoring financial and environmental processes.

Extremes of sub-sampled integer-valued moving average models with heavy-tailed innovations

Let { X k } be a non-negative integer-valued stationary moving average sequence and define Y k = X Tk as the sub-sampled series at a fixed integer interval T>1. We look at the limiting distribution of sample maxima of { Y k } and the corresponding extremal index.

Testing significance of difference in a pair of relative frequencies in pollen analysis

Microscopical examination of pollen grains in a series of samples from different strata of a deposit is undertaken in order to detect differences in the numerical representation of the component species. The present contribution will be limited to the comparison of two samples. When the counts in the analysis of two samples turn out to show a difference (and they virtually always do), one can not be sure of a difference between the whole samples. This uncertainty is linked with the fact that a series of subsamples, taken at random from a single suspension, will not yield a constant result. Only at infinite repetition, the scatter of the average value would settle down to a definite limit. When considering only a single species (as opposed to all others) the real but unknown composition of the sample could be specified by this limit percentage value or rather limit relative frequency. The scatter from this origin is given by the so-called binomial frequency distribution. This distribution is basic to the question on what deviations from a given origin might still reasonably be expected. In the practice of pollen analysis, however, this origin is never given, and our doubts rather refer to the problem of what difference could still be expected between two sub-samples taken at random from a single suspension. The law of this scatter is represented by the so called hypergeometric frequency distribution. Nomograms derived from this distribution are proposed for testing this significance in question.

COMPARISONS OF MENTAL AND MOTOR TEST SCORES FOR AGES 1-15 MONTHS BY SEX, BIRTH ORDER, RACE, GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION, AND EDUCATION OF PARENTS

the study population is found to be representative of the United States., Comparisons of means and standard deviations of total scores for each of the 15 months were made for a series of subsamples of the population. No differences in scores were found for either scale between boys and girls, first-born and later-born, education of either father or mother, or geographic residence. No differences were found between Negroes and whites on the Mental Scale, but the Negro babies tended consistently to score above the whites on the Motor Scale. Scores for a small sample of Puerto Rican babies were the same as for the total white sample. In a discussion of the interpretation of these findings, emphasis was placed on the need to study in careful detail the development of mental processes in the second year of life. Within this period evidently will be found the explanation of the socioeconomic and ethnic differences in mental functioning that are repeatedly found for children of 4 years and older.

435. Keeping quality and raw-milk grading: II. The effect of storage on the results of keeping quality and dye tests

1. The experiments described in this part of the report were designed to obtain information about the effect of time and temperature of pre-test storage on test results and, in particular, about the possibility of a practical method of compensating test results to eliminate or minimize their dependence on the time and temperature of pre-test storage.2. Four separate experiments were planned and carried out in three widely separated areas in England and Wales. Samples of morning milk, brought to the laboratory with the minimum of delay, were divided into a series of subsamples which were subsequently stored at controlled temperatures ranging from 3 to 24°C, and at shade atmospheric temperature, for periods ranging from 7 to 30 hr. before examination by one or more of the following tests: keeping quality at 18, 22 and 24° C. using clot-on-boiling (C.O.B.), and precipitation with 68% alcohol (A.P.T.) or 50% alcohol; methylene-blue test at 37–5° C. and at 18, 22 or 24° C. The results for the different tests were the times to end-point after transfer from the storage to the incubation baths.