Reference Series Research Articles

Comparison of DNA methylation based classification models for precision diagnostics of central nervous system tumors

As part of the advancement in therapeutic decision-making for brain tumor patients at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), we developed three robust classifiers, a deep learning neural network (NN), k-nearest neighbor (kNN), and random forest (RF), trained on a reference series DNA-methylation profiles to classify central nervous system (CNS) tumor types. The models’ performance was rigorously validated against 2054 samples from two independent cohorts. In addition to classic metrics of model performance, we compared the robustness of the three models to reduced tumor purity, a critical consideration in the clinical utility of such classifiers. Our findings revealed that the NN model exhibited the highest accuracy and maintained a balance between precision and recall. The NN model was the most resistant to drops in performance associated with a reduction in tumor purity, showing good performance until the purity fell below 50%. Through rigorous validation, our study emphasizes the potential of DNA-methylation-based deep learning methods to improve precision medicine for brain tumor classification in the clinical setting.

Homogeneity Detection and Adjustment of Sea Surface Salinity along the Coast of the Northern South China Sea

In this study, we applied the penalized maximum F test (PMF) method in the Relative Homogenization test V4 (RHtestV4) package without reference series to improve the reliability of monthly mean long-term sea surface salinity (SSS) data. The data were obtained from six coastal hydrological stations along the coast of the northern SCS, spanning from January 1960 to December 2018. Based on the detailed metadata, taking the influence of regional climate change factors into full account, the inhomogeneity of these SSS data was detected and adjusted. The findings indicate that all six coastal hydrological stations exhibited breakpoints, and among them, 22 breakpoints were identified in total, which were the causes of inhomogeneity in the monthly SSS time series. The primary factors contributing to these breakpoints were human-related and, specifically, related to changes in instruments. The average adjustment of monthly quantile matching (QM) of the salinity series ranged from around −4.25 to 3.33‰. The quality of the adjusted annual mean SSS time series was greatly improved. Notably, the annual mean SSS of the NZU and ZPO coastal hydrological stations in Guangdong Province exhibited a significant downward trend, indicating a trend of seawater freshening. Conversely, the WZU, BHI, HKO and QLN coastal hydrological stations in the Guangxi and Hainan coastal areas displayed an upward trend in SSS. This study fills the gap in current research on inhomogeneity detection and adjustment of SSS along the coast of the northern SCS. It also provides reliable and accurate first-hand information for research on climate change and marine science along the coast of the northern SCS.

Correlation analysis of evaluation methods and indicators for low-temperature performance of epoxy asphalt

Selecting an epoxy asphalt (EA) material with excellent low-temperature performance is a challenging task due to that the traditional test methods and indicators for thermoplastic asphalt may not be appropriate for thermosetting EA, and the binders’ low-temperature performance does not always match that of mixtures. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the appropriate low-temperature evaluation methods and indexes of EA materials and the correlation between the low-temperature performance of EA binder and EA mixture (EAM). First, the low-temperature performance of four EA binders was analyzed using tensile, bending beam rheometer (BBR), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests. Then, the low-temperature cracking resistance of the EAMs was evaluated through beam bending and semi-circular bend (SCB) tests. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis was performed separately on the low-temperature indicators of EA binders and EAMs. Moreover, the Grey correlation analysis was employed to determine the correlation between the low-temperature properties of the two. The results showed that the correlation between fracture elongation (ε) and other test indicators was not significant. The multiple indicators of the BBR, such as viscoelastic parameters, viscous deformation ratio (JR), along with the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the DMA, showed consistent evaluation results for the low-temperature performance of the four EA binders. However, the correlation of these indicators with the cracking resistance of the EAM was notably different. The flexural strain energy density of the beam bending test and SCB fracture energies demonstrated excellent correlation. The grey correlation analysis results of these two indicators as reference series were highly similar. Specifically, the novel JR in this study and the Tg exhibited a better correlation with the low-temperature cracking resistance of EAM. These two indicators were preferentially recommended for the evaluation of the low-temperature performance of EA and the prediction of the low-temperature cracking resistance of EAM.

Further evaluation of a new method to investigate antimicrobial, colour retainment and slice healing properties of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) shows differences between conventional and organic production systems in inter-laboratory comparison trials

ABSTRACT Food quality is influenced by different cultivation methods and the type and amount of fertiliser used. The resulting vitality of the food and the ability to resist degradation processes were investigated using a vitality test method, assessing antimicrobial (AMP), colour retainment (CRP) and slice healing properties (SHP) of cucumber fruit (Cucumis sativus L.). Five hundred and sixty-four cucumber samples, grown in greenhouse conditions in Denmark and fertilised with different nitrogen (N) levels, were examined, testing cucumbers from conventional (Conv: 145 g N m−2), organic (OrgN-: 70 g N m−2) and biodynamic (BdN+: 122 g N m−2) cultivation regimes. The experimental design resulted in 54 comparisons consisting of six trial repetitions with three measured parameters examined in three laboratories. Every sample was sliced by a slicing tool, producing alternating slice thickness of 15 and 20 mm. The samples were reassembled, wrapped in transparent plastic foil and stored vertically in a heating cabinet for 14 days in the dark. Subsequently, AMP and CRP were scored visually based on a photo reference series. SHP were examined on the horizontally fixed cucumber sample by attaching weights to two specific slices one after the other until the slices detached. The evaluation of the cucumbers analysed by the vitality test method in inter-laboratory comparison trials led to consistent results. Cucumbers of the OrgN- and BdN+ variants scored higher in the test than Conv. It was not possible to differentiate OrgN- vs. BdN+ cucumbers. The vitality test is an attractive method for evaluating post-harvest resilience in cucumbers.

The Potential Risk of Nanoparticulate Release from Photocatalytic Pavement Concrete Surface Due to a Simulated Abrasion Load-An Experimental Study.

The risk of the releasing of nanometric particles from construction materials with nanometric components might be one of the biggest threats to further development of them. One of the possible ingress routes to human organisms is the respiratory system. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the risk of emission of nanometric particles during material usage. In the presented paper, abrasion of mortar samples with nanometric TiO2 was investigated. A special abrasion test setup was developed to reflect everyday abrasion of the concrete surface of pavements. In the study, three TiO2-modifed mortar series (and respective reference series) underwent the developed test protocol and the grains were mobilized from their surface due to the applied load analyzed (granulation, morphology, and chemical composition). For a comparative analysis, an abrasion parameter was developed. Based on the obtained results, the modification of cementitious composites with nanometric TiO2 contributed to a reduction in the emission of aerosols and, therefore, confirmed the compatibility between TiO2 and cement matrix.

Prevalence of Physical Disorders during Pregnancy in Turkey: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of physical disorders, and to examine hospitalization rates and the causes of hospitalization during the period of pregnancy, basing our conclusions on observational studies carried out in Turkey. Methods: This is a systematic review and meta-analyses of cross-sectional studies. The literature search for the study was performed in April 2021 on the PubMed, EBSCO, OVID, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Clinics of Turkey-Turkey Reference Series, TR Series and Higher Council of Education-National Thesis Centre electronic data bases. Results: Nineteen articles were included in this meta-analysis, amounting to a total volume of 159,022 samples. The studies contained data on 14 different physical health problems that developed during pregnancy. Based on the data, we observed that authors of the meta-analyses estimated a prevalence of 16% for urinary infection, 10% for preterm labour, 7.8% for gestational diabetes, 8.7% for premature rupture of membranes, 4% for hyperemesis gravidarum, 2.8% for preeclampsia, 2.7% for gestational hypertension, 0.3% for HELLP syndrome, 0.1% for eclampsia, 6.6% for threat of miscarriage, 3.8% for miscarriage, 1.2% for a history of bleeding in the third trimester, 0.4% for placental abruption, and 0.3% for placenta previa. None of the studies contained any report on hospitalization rates and the causes of hospitalization during pregnancy. Conclusion: We obtained results in this systematic review that pointed to evidence that some preventable physical disorders and some that would necessitate hospitalization during pregnancy were prevalent, but no data on hospitalization rates and the causes of hospitalization could be reached.

Comprehensive study of retention influencing gas chromatographic parameters affecting linear retention indices

Retention in gas chromatographic systems has a central role in the identification of compounds even if detectors providing spectral information are used. But linear retention indices (LRI) of a single compound originating from multiple sources tend to vary greatly, probably due to differences in the experimental settings of the determinations. The effect of gas chromatographic parameters on LRI has been investigated using 41 compounds – previously identified from food contact plastics – and n-alkanes (n-C7–n-C40) used as reference series. As the reproducibility of LRIs under the same conditions is generally very good, the smallest changes in the settings often caused statistically significant, though irrelevant changes in the LRI values. Therefore, a multicriterial scoring-ranking system has been worked out to highlight the LRI value differences. Our results highlight that column length, heating rate, and film thickness can all be the reasons of the varying published LRI values. We also demonstrated that for the reproduction of LRI data, the chemistry (and not simply the polarity) of the stationary phase is crucial.

Content description at Springer Nature: how a publisher facilitates understanding through classification

Springer Nature publishes over 3,000 journals covering science, technology, medicine and social sciences and thousands of new reference works, monographs, briefs, proceedings, textbooks and series every year, forming a broad range of different degrees of context. The Springer Nature Taxonomy (SN-T) serves as the controlled vocabulary used to describe this published content. This article initially illustrates how different contexts are captured through varying abstraction levels, highlighting the interpretive nature of abstraction. Consequently it describes the structure of the SN-T and Springer Nature’s classification strategy, and motivates the varying proportion of human versus machine contribution to this process.

ASK ME! A Visit to the Rijksmuseum or the Analyst As a Painter

ABSTRACT The article is actually made up of a series of digressions representing the author’s unique approach to engaging with J. Palmer’s ideas and offering a response. Instead of constituting a formal discussion, they have evolved into marginal notes inspired by an occasional visit to Amsterdam’s Rijksmuseum, which is world famous for the masterpieces it houses. This formula allows for the exploration of various issues related to representation in art and life, as inherently intersubjective. The problems of aesthetic experience overlap with those of psychoanalysis, and vice versa: themes such as distance and aura; the relationship between content and container, i.e., between form and content or between frame and artistic motif; the aesthetics of the sublime as a portrayal of the vicissitudes of the primary relationship with the object; the negative of the invisible as what enables vision; art as a thematization of intersubjectivity; the artistic gesture as the movement and expression of the body, or rather, of intercorporeality; the construction of meaning that occurs in the “carnal” intimacy with art; painting as meditation on perception as unconscious (Merleau-Ponty); the pictorial structure of the dream within the dream or mise en abîme: these are all themes touched upon in a fragmented manner but that refer to various other works in which the author has addressed them, giving the sense of an ongoing research endeavor, where what matters is not the destination but the process of traversing the path of art as access to the psyche. All are interwoven in a series of internal references, the final figure or figures of which are left substantially open. The importance of reflection on art in general is continually reaffirmed in the work, both explicitly and implicitly, in the lines and between the lines.

Analysis of The Feasibility of Hydrogen Injection in Pipeline Gas Distribution Networks

Objective: The objective of this study is the development of the basic guidelines for blending green hydrogen with natural gas and transporting it through the gas pipelines of a natural gas distribution company. The characteristics of consumption, legislation and materials used in the company's network were considered. In addition, data from recent research in the area was also selected to support specific actions so that this objective is achieved in a technically sustainable way, respecting technical knowledge and standards available internationally. Method: In this scenario, a study of the feasibility of enriching natural gas distributed by a gas distribution company in the region of the city of Fortaleza with green hydrogen is presented. In addition, data from recent research in the area was also selected to support specific actions so that this objective is achieved in a technically sustainable way, respecting technical knowledge and standards available internationally. Results and Discussion: Based on current legislation and a series of technical references, it is currently recommended to add levels of up to 2% in branches where natural gas is used for vehicular and industrial glass and ceramic applications and can increase up to 3% in other extensions. The maximum concentration may reach 10% in the medium term after detailed fatigue resistance studies or adaptation of pipes with internal polymer jackets. Research Implications: The interest in replacing fossil fuels for decarbonization purposes has motivated research into a series of alternatives, among which hydrogen stands out as a possible vector or energy carrier for high-efficiency systems with oxidation free of carbon emissions. carbon. Introducing renewable hydrogen into natural gas distribution networks stabilizes the demand for production of this gas, in addition to alleviating the costs and risks associated with building a dedicated facility. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature related to the study of green Hydrogen. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by the results obtained.

Using Selective Harmonic Elimination Method in αβ Reference Frame and Series RC Damper to Improve the Performance of Modular Current Source Active Filters

Using Selective Harmonic Elimination Method in αβ Reference Frame and Series RC Damper to Improve the Performance of Modular Current Source Active Filters

The Time-Dependent Interfacial Adhesion between Artificial Rock and Fresh Mortar Modified by Nanoclay.

The time-dependent interfacial adhesion between rock and fresh mortar is key for printing concrete linings in mountain tunnels. However, a scientific deficit exists in the time-dependent evolution of the interfacial adhesion, which can cause adhesion failure when printing tunnel lining. Nanoclay has the potential to increase the interfacial adhesion and eliminate the adhesion failure. Before the actual printing of tunnel linings, the time-dependent interfacial adhesion between artificial rock and fresh mortar modified by nanoclay should be understood. This paper studied the time-dependent interfacial adhesion based on fast tack tests, fast shear tests, and isothermal calorimetry tests. With the addition of nanoclay, the maximum tensile stress and the maximum shear stress increased. Compared with a reference series, the maximum interfacial tensile stress in a 0.3% nanoclay series increased by 106% (resting time 1 min) and increased by 209% (resting time 32 min). A two-stage evolution of the interfacial adhesion was found with the addition of nanoclay. In the first stage, the time-dependent interfacial adhesion increased rapidly. A 0.3% NC series showed an increase rate six times higher than that of the reference series. As the matrices aged, the increase rate slowed down and followed a linear pattern of increase, still higher than that of the reference series. The stiffening of fresh matrices resulted in the interface failure mode transition from a ductile failure to a brittle failure. The effect of nanoclay on flocculation and on accelerating the hydration contributed to the time-dependent interfacial adhesion between artificial rock and fresh mortar.

Efficient calibration of cost-efficient particulate matter sensors using machine learning and time-series alignment

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) poses a significant threat to human health, infiltrating the lungs and brain and leading to severe issues such as heart and lung diseases, cancer, and premature death. The main sources of PM pollution are vehicular and industrial emissions, construction and agricultural activities, and natural phenomena such as wildfires. Research underscores the absence of a safe threshold for particulate exposure, highlighting the crucial need for monitoring PM levels to develop and implement effective risk mitigation measures. Notwithstanding, accurate measurement of PM concentration relies on expensive and cumbersome equipment. Despite the rising popularity of low-cost alternatives, their reliability remains questionable, given their sensitivity to environmental conditions, inherent instability, and manufacturing imperfections. This article proposes a novel approach to efficient correction of low-cost PM sensors. The primary calibration model is a feedforward artificial neural network (ANN), which directly renders predicted output of the corrected sensor based on environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. The ANN hyper-parameters are identified by aligning time series of prior reference and low-cost sensor readings, which enables the network to learn typical temporal changes of the sensor outcome as a function of the aforementioned parameters as well as operational relationships between the sensor and the reference device. The architecture of the ANN is optimized in terms of the number of neurons in each layer to enhance its generalization capability. Our methodology has been demonstrated using a custom-designed portable monitoring platform and reference data acquired from public stations in Gdansk. The results are indicative of excellent calibration reliability. The achieved correlation coefficients w.r.t. the reference readings are 0.86, 0.88, and 0.72 for PM1, PM10, and PM2.5, respectively, whereas RMSE values are only 3.0, 3.9, and 5.4 µg/m³.

Evaluation of Goalkeepers’ Performance via Grey Relational Analysis Method: Example of Africa Cup of Nations

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the technical performance of goalkeepers via the gray relational analysis method. Materials and Method: The sample of the study consisted of 21 goalkeepers competing in the African Cup of Nations 2023. Data was obtained from the official website of the Confederation of African Football and Transfermarkt. Technical performance indicators were determined as “save percentage”, “claimed crosses” and “passing accuracy”. The data were evaluated by the grey relational analysis method among the quantitative research methods. In this context, six steps of the grey relational analysis method were applied respectively. These are "preparation of the data set and generation of the decision matrix", "normalization of the data", "generation of the reference series", "generation of the absolute value table", "generation of the grey relational coefficient matrix", "calculation and ranking of the grey relational degrees". Results: According to the analysis results, the highest technical performance value was calculated as 0.7654, while the lowest technical performance value was calculated as 0.3949. Thus, the top 3 goalkeepers were determined as Ronwen Williams (South Africa), Edouard Mendy (Senegal), and Babacar Niass (Mauritania). The last 3 goalkeepers were determined as Richard Ofori (Ghana), Ibrahim Koné (Guinea), and Baboucarr Gaye (Gambia). Conclusion: According to the results of the research, Ronwen Williams (South Africa), who won the Golden Glove Award and was selected for the team of the tournament at the Africa Cup of Nations, was determined as the goalkeeper with the highest performance. His national team South Africa completed the tournament in 3rd place, despite being ranked 19th among 24 teams in terms of market value. Similar conclusions were obtained for the remained goalkeepers. It is expected that this conclusion will provide significant contributions for stakeholders such as researchers, goalkeepers, coaches, scouts, and trainers.

Experimental investigation of the effectiveness of strengthening methods in reinforced concrete flat slabs with multiple openings under punching load

In this study, an experimental investigation was carried out to strengthen reinforced concrete flat slabs with multiple openings against punching load via three different strengthening methods. The methods applied in this investigation are (a) shear stud method, (b) textile reinforced mortar (TRM) method, and (c) carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) method. Thirthy-eight specimens with dimensions of 2000 mm × 2000 mm x 120 mm were produced, and the study was conducted in four series. The first series, consisting of ten specimens, was selected as the reference series in which strengthening operation was not applied; one specimen was produced as solid (no opening) and the rest with openings. The second series was identical to the first series and strengthened with the shear stud method.The third and fourth series were formed from nine specimens with openings, and each sequence was strengthened by textile-reinforced mortar and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer methods, respectively.The variables planned to be examined in this study were chosen as the presence, the location, the dimension of the openings, and the strengthening type. Load-displacement graphs were obtained for each specimen subjected to concentric monotonic static loading, and by employing these graphs; the essential performance indexes such as ultimate load-carrying capacity, initial stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity of the specimens were calculated. It has been revealed that the size and the position of the openings are effective on the performance indexes of the specimens. Significants increases in the ultimate load-carrying capacity, initial stiffness and energy dissipation capacities of the strengthened specimens are among the main findings of this study. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the strengthening methods was discussed by comparing the performance indexes at the end of the study.

Homogenizing Monthly Rainfall and Temperature Data Series in Maharashtra & Goa

Annual rainfall and temperature data series of all climate stations in Maharashtra & Goa are statistically tested for data homogeneity. To inspect homogeneity of a station, a two-step approach is followed. First, four homogeneity tests Standard normal homogeneity test, Pettit’s test, Buishand’s range test and Von Neumann ration test at 5% level of significance are used to determine test hypothesis for homogeneity on testing parameters of annual rainfall and temperature. Second, results from all these four tests aggregated together into three different classes as ‘useful’, ‘doubtful’ and ‘suspect’. Here 30 rainfall, 29 maximum and minimum temperature climate stations were tested. The results showed 80% stations as ‘useful’, 7% as ‘suspect’ and 13% as ‘doubtful’ for rainfall, for maximum temperature series these results are 17% as ‘useful’, 7% as ‘suspect’ and 76% as ‘doubtful’, while for minimum temperature series these results are 21% as ‘useful’, 10% as ‘suspect’ and 69% as ‘doubtful’. Further, in this study an attempt is also made to correct the monthly rainfall and temperature data series for homogeneity. Stations categorised as ‘useful’ are used as reference series to remove inhomogeneities from ‘suspect’ and ‘doubtful’ stations. To correct rainfall series ratio’s method is used while for temperature series addition method is used. Correction results showed significant improvement in ‘suspect’ category stations. After correction of inhomogeneous series, the results shows all 100% of rainfall stations and more than 65% of temperature stations are now in ‘useful’ category. The corrected stations may be included in further climate research studies.

Homogeneity Assessment and Correction Methodology for the 1980–2022 Daily Temperature Series in Padua, Italy

Meteorological observations over the last four decades are of paramount importance to investigating ongoing climate change. An important issue is the quality and reliability of the climatic series, which are fundamental prerequisites to drawing the correct conclusions. Homogeneity tests are used to detect discontinuities whose interpretation is facilitated by metadata availability. In this work, daily minimum and maximum temperature measurements collected in Padua, Italy, between 1980 and 2022 are examined. During this period, the weather station of Padua center underwent many changes in location or instruments; therefore, some tests have been used to identify and remove their effects and obtain homogeneous series. Some well-known absolute tests have been applied to investigate the shift in the mean value: Standard Normal Homogeneity test (SNH), Buishand U and range tests, Pettitt test, F-test, and STARS. Relative tests have been applied too, using several stations nearby Padua and two reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and MERIDA) as reference series to enhance the picture of the local situation and provide more robust conclusions. The applied tests identify change-points in the years in which a change in instrument or the location of the station has occurred, confirming that these changes have compromised the homogeneity of the series. The sub-series obtained, splitting the observations in correspondence with these change-points, have been homogenized with respect to a selected period. The corrected series of the minimum and maximum temperatures are more coherent with the modern warming trend. The transfer functions to be applied to future measurements of minimum temperature have been calculated, while the series of maximum temperature measurements can be directly extended.

Production of environmentally-friendly, high-strength repair mortar for the restoration of historical buildings

In this study, repair mortars with artificial and natural pozzolan additives were produced for the restoration of historical buildings. Class C fly ash, an artificial pozzolan and zeolite the natural pozzolan, were substituted into these lime-based mortars. Two different aggregate types were used in the preparation of the mortars: natural river sand and crushed brick. A total of 18 batches of mortars were produced, two of which were reference batches. In the first group of batches, fly ash, which is the major pozzolan, was tested in both aggregate groups in 20%, 40%, and 60% ratios of lime substitution. In the second group of batches, fly ash and zeolite were used in different proportions as lime substitution. In the reference series, air lime was used alone. At the end of the 28, 56, and 90 days curing period, mechanical, physical properties, and phase composition of the mortars were determined. When the pozzolan-added mortars were compared with the reference mortars, it was observed that pozzolans provided significant improvements in the physical and mechanical properties of the repair mortars. While significant improvements were observed in the physical properties of the mortars where fly ash was used as the only pozzolan, mechanical properties were better in the mortars with zeolite.

From Modern to Feudal

Abstract Using a special issue of the Chinese journal Gaizao published in 1921 as a starting point, this article intends to trace some conceptual articulations of federalism (lianbang) and self-government (zizhi) promoted by intellectuals and activists in early twentieth-century China. The analysis will show how Chinese federalists shaped their arguments through a series of historical and philosophical references, translating a prevalently “Western” concept into Chinese discourse, at the same time transplanting it into the traditional political debate and traditional historical narrative. Part of the argument will also be concerned with the identification of the conceptual reasons behind the failure of federal projects in China especially at the turning point of the mid-1920s, as the “modern” federal blueprint eventually fell under the category of “feudalism” and “warlordism,” thus deteriorating into an “anti-modern” nemesis.

Observed Precipitation Trends Inferred from Canada’s Homogenized Monthly Precipitation Dataset

Abstract This study first developed a comprehensive semiautomatic data homogenization procedure to produce gap-infilled and homogenized monthly precipitation data series for 425 long-term/critical stations in Canada, which were then used to assess Canadian historical precipitation trends. Data gaps in the 425 series were infilled by advanced spatial interpolation of a much larger dataset. The homogenization procedure repeatedly used multiple homogeneity tests without and with reference series to identify changepoints/inhomogeneities, the results from which were finalized by manual analysis using metadata and visual inspection of the multiphase regression fits. As a result, 298 out of the 425 data series were found to be inhomogeneous. These series were homogenized using quantile matching adjustments. The homogenized dataset shows better spatial consistency of trends than does the raw dataset. The improved gridding and regional mean trend estimation methods also provide more realistic trend estimates. With these improvements, Canadian historical precipitation trends were found to be dominantly positive and significant, except in central-south Canada where the trends are generally insignificant and small with mixed directions. For annual precipitation, the largest increases are seen in southeastern Canada and along the Pacific coast; however, the largest relative increases (in percent of the 1961–90 mean) are seen in northern Canada. The largest trend difference between northern and southern Canada is seen in winter, in which significant increases in the north were matched with significant decreases in the south. Significance Statement This study aims to produce a homogenized long-term monthly precipitation dataset for Canada, which is then used to assess Canadian historical precipitation trends. The work is important because it developed a comprehensive algorithm for homogenization of precipitation data, and the results provide better representation of precipitation climate and more robust estimates of precipitation trends. It also identified the causes for large biases in the published estimates of precipitation trends over Canada.