Series Of Consecutive Steps Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE OUTCOMES OF IMPLEMENTING THE EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM FOR FUTURE TRANSLATORS’ PROFESSIONAL TRAINING BASED ON LOCALIZATION

The ongoing evolution of the higher linguistic education system is primarily focused on addressing the demands of society and the government for competent translators. This necessitates corresponding modifications in the professional training, development, and personal growth of future translation personnel, with the ultimate goal of fostering their preparedness for localization. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the outcomes obtained from implementing an experimental system for teaching prospective translators in localization, as well as their subsequent analysis. Clear algorithmization is necessary for any experimental activity, including the professional training of prospective translators for localization. A linear pedagogical experiment was conducted to implement and experimentally verify the author’s pedagogical system. The experiment was designed in a series of consecutive steps. To test the hypothesis proposed in the study, it was deemed necessary to approve the structural and functional model of the experimental system. This approval was intended to establish a program of experimental work that aims to create the required pedagogical conditions in both academic and extracurricular classes. The ultimate goal is to enable students to develop themselves as individuals, both personally and professionally. The effectiveness of the presented results was demonstrated through the use of theoretical analysis of scientific literature on the research problem. This analysis facilitated the selection and comprehension of didactic material. Additionally, a critical and analytical examination of concepts, theories, and methods was conducted to identify potential solutions for the problem under investigation. Furthermore, mathematical statistics methods were employed to quantitatively calculate the obtained data. The author’s methodology of incorporating various experimental new designs into the professional training of future translators for localization is deemed effective, as evidenced by the generalized results of the preparedness of future translators for localization.

Interpreting Russian aims to control the Black Sea region through naval geostrategy (Part One): ‘The Azov-Black Sea basin as a whole […] This is, in fact, a zone of our strategic interests’

ABSTRACT This article is the first of two that examine the influence of naval geostrategy in Russian policy and military action in the Black Sea region. Following the dissolution of the USSR, the Russian Federation inherited an unfavorable geostrategic position in the Black Sea theater. Applying models used in naval geostrategy, this article interprets Russian efforts during the twenty-first century’s first decade and a half that aimed at improving the country’s geostrategic position in this region. In a series of consecutive steps, the Kremlin secured and expanded Russian access to sea zones and naval bases at the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea and, simultaneously, minimized Georgia’s and Ukraine’s conditions to develop sea power.

How can we address the ever-pressing need to 'green up' surgical practice in the National Health Service?

Clinical practice has inadvertently changed after the COVID-19 pandemic and currently the need to provide sustainable surgical services is more pressing than ever. The National Health Service has committed to a long-term efficient plan to reduce carbon footprint but there is no detailed plan for surgical practice, the domain that contributes the most to hospital-derived pollution. A series of consecutive steps and measures ought to be taken, starting from a hybrid approach quantifying surgically attributed carbon footprint. Then, a variety of suggested measures can be widely discussed and accordingly applied on a wider or more local level. Appropriate training should always precede implementing new practices to ensure that staff is familiar with these. These measures cover a broad range and should be arranged on a patient-centred basis from preoperative preconditioning to an effective follow-up. The need for more intense research and implementation of enhanced recovery protocols is widely discussed. Also, the necessity of green research and reinvestment of materials and resources is highlighted. A change of philosophy from a cradle-to-grave approach to a repurposing approach is suggested. We are confident that a new era is dawning in surgical practice and teamwork is the key for providing greener surgical services.

Exploring patient journeys through acne healthcare: a patient perspective

Background Despite the large availability of caregivers, there are no standardized care pathways for patients with acne. This increases the risk of ineffective care and unnecessary medicalizing. To better understand how to provide effective, efficient, and patient-satisfying care, it is necessary to gain insights into the patient journey through acne healthcare services. Objective To explore the patient journeys, assessed by a series of consecutive steps through acne healthcare. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Dutch individuals with acne. Results A total of 371 respondents completed the questionnaire. Data revealed 58 different pathways through acne healthcare services. Patient with severe acne had a stronger tendency to seek professional care than those with mild acne (p< .05). The highest proportion of clinically relevant improvement was found in patients treated by dermatologists, compared to respondents treated by beauticians, p = .023 and dermal therapists, p = .018. Conclusions Mapping the patient journeys contributed to a better understanding of the gap between professional guidelines and the experiences of patients. Identifying these areas of care implies that there is potential to bring acne care services more in line with the patients’ needs. Further research is recommended; for example by comparing the clinical treatment outcomes of multiple sequences of caregivers.

Оценка деформаций вертикальных стволов вблизи открытых горных работ

At the joint development of the deposit by open and underground methods, the deformation of the underground mine shaft may occur. Its size and direction significantly depend on the procedure of conducting mining operations in the open pit in comparison with the works on the shaft sinking. In this case, the maximum permissible deformations of the shaft are determined by its design and set in the relevant regulatory documents. The article is mainly devoted to the methodology for assessment of mutual influence of the open-cast workings and the vertical shaft. Usually, the permissible distance from the pit edge to the underground mine shaft is estimated by the position in the massif of the &laquo;fault potential surface&raquo; with a set normative coefficient of the margin stability. Such a surface can always be built at any stage of the development of the open pit mined space considering the underground work among other things. In the case, the set maximum depth of the open pit, when the open pit finishes its operation, the intersection of the &laquo;fault surface&raquo; with the day surface determines the certain curve on the latter. This limits the area around the open pit, in which the location of the shafts is considered unacceptable. Although in this case the safety margin of the pit walls can have the significant value equal to the normative one or greater, the deformation of the shafts may become unacceptable for their functioning. Disadvantage of this approach is the fact that the &laquo;radius&raquo; of this zone significantly depends on the used method of building the &laquo;fault surface&raquo;, which is repeatedly shown by the calculations. The approach proposed in the article is oriented to considering the peculiarities of deformation of the entire massif in the vicinity of the open pit, taking into account its possible real collapse as the limit state is reached, when the large massif deformations are actually realized. In considering the deformation processes in the massif, in particular in the vicinity of the shaft, the order of the workings formation is of great importance. In this case, the shaft can only be deformed by those works on the open pit deepening that are performed after creation of the shaft or any part of it. If the shaft is sinking after deepening the open pit, then the mined-out space of the open pit in no way affects the deformation of the shaft, since it is being sinked already in the deformed massif. If the open works and the shaft sinking are simultaneous, then the solution to the problem is divided into a series of consecutive steps, each of which considers either some element of the open work or the shaft deepening. Final decision is obtained as a result of summing up the decisions at each step.

Automated selection of homologs to track the evolutionary history of proteins

BackgroundThe selection of distant homologs of a query protein under study is a usual and useful application of protein sequence databases. Such sets of homologs are often applied to investigate the function of a protein and the degree to which experimental results can be transferred from one organism to another. In particular, a variety of databases facilitates static browsing for orthologs. However, these resources have a limited power when identifying orthologs between taxonomically distant species. In addition, in some situations, for a given query protein, it is advantageous to compare the sets of orthologs from different specific organisms: this recursive step-wise search might give an idea of the evolutionary path of the protein as a series of consecutive steps, for example gaining or losing domains. However, a step-wise orthology search is a time-consuming task if the number of steps is high.ResultsTo illustrate a solution for this problem, we present the web tool ProteinPathTracker, which allows to track the evolutionary history of a query protein by locating homologs in selected proteomes along several evolutionary paths. Additional functionalities include locking a region of interest to follow its evolution in the discovered homologous sequences and the study of the protein function evolution by analysis of the annotations of the homologs.ConclusionsProteinPathTracker is an easy-to-use web tool that automatises the practice of looking for selected homologs in distant species in a straightforward way for non-expert users.

Multisite solid (NHC)NN-Ru-catalysts for cascade reactions: Synthesis of secondary amines from nitro compounds

Supported ruthenium complexes based on electron-rich (NHC)NN-pincer-type ligands selectively catalyze the formation of substituted amines from nitroaromatics and carbonyl compounds through a series of consecutive steps which involves the reduction of nitro group to amine, the formation of an imine or iminium ion intermediate, followed by in situ reduction to an alkylated amine of higher order in a single operation. Solid complexes result active and recyclable catalysts and no deactivation was observed after repeated recycling.

Short Stories - on Antimicrobial Peptides that are Too Short to Span the Membrane

Solid-state 19F-NMR structure analysis of membrane-bound peptides is routinely feasible now in macroscopically oriented samples. For many long amphiphilic α-helices, their membrane-induced folding, re-alignment and insertion into the lipid bilayer has been characterized as a series of consecutive steps, ultimately leading to pore-formation across the membrane. More recently, however, we have examined various short peptides that are not long enough to span the lipid bilayer, and whose biological action cannot be explained in terms of classical models of oligomeric pore formation.

A Bifunctional Pd/MgO Solid Catalyst for the One‐Pot Selective N‐Monoalkylation of Amines with Alcohols

It has been found that a bifunctional metal Pd/base (MgO) catalyst performs the selective monoalkylation of amines with alcohols. The reaction goes through a series of consecutive steps in a cascade mode that involves: 1) the abstraction of hydrogen from the alcohol that produces the metal hydride and the carbonyl compound; 2) condensation of the carbonyl with the amine to give an imine, and 3) hydrogenation of the imine with the surface hydrogen atoms from the metal hydride. Based on isotopic and spectroscopic studies and on the rate of each elementary step, a global reaction mechanism has been proposed. The controlling step of the process is the hydride transfer from the metal to the imine. By changing the crystallite size of the Pd, it is demonstrated that this is a structure-sensitive reaction, whereas the competing processes that lead to subproducts are not. On these bases, a highly selective catalyst has been obtained with Pd crystallite size below 2.5 nm in diameter. The high efficiency of the catalytic system has allowed us to extend the process to the one-pot synthesis of piperazines.

Step-by-Step Transition from Clay to Soil Shrinkage Curve

Clay and soil containing it have shrinkage curves that are qualitatively different in shape. The objective of this work is to qualitatively show with maximum simplicity, how a clay shrinkage curve turns into a soil shrinkage curve. Be- cause of the crack volume the measured shrinkage curve is not the single-valued feature of a soil. We use a concept of the reference shrinkage curve that is only stipulated by soil shrinkage without cracking, single-valued, and qualitatively simi- lar to an observed shrinkage curve. We also use new concepts of an intra-aggregate soil structure: (i) a deformable, but non-shrinking surface layer of aggregates that loses water during shrinkage; and (ii) lacunar pores (micro-cracks) inside an intra-aggregate clay that increase in volume during shrinkage. Then, through a series of consecutive steps, illustrating each step by a separate graphic presentation, we move from a clay shrinkage curve to a soil shrinkage curve with pre- dicted qualitative features that coincide with those experimentally observed in numerous soil shrinkage publications. We thereby demonstrate the qualitative physical impact of the intra-aggregate structure on soil shrinkage.

The physical effects of an intra-aggregate structure on soil shrinkage

Clay and soil containing it have shrinkage curves that are qualitatively different in shape. The objective of this work is to qualitatively show with maximum simplicity, how a clay shrinkage curve turns into a soil shrinkage curve. Because of the crack volume the measured shrinkage curve is not the single-valued feature of a soil. We use a concept of the reference shrinkage curve that is only stipulated by soil shrinkage without cracking, single-valued, and qualitatively similar to an observed shrinkage curve. We also use new concepts of an intra-aggregate soil structure: (i) a rigid superficial layer of aggregates that loses water during shrinkage; and (ii) lacunar pores (micro-cracks) inside an intra-aggregate clay that change in volume during shrinkage. Then, through a series of consecutive steps, illustrating each step by a separate graphic presentation, we move from a clay shrinkage curve to a soil shrinkage curve with predicted qualitative features that coincide with those experimentally observed in numerous soil shrinkage publications. We thereby demonstrate the qualitative physical impact of the intra-aggregate structure on soil shrinkage.

Synthesis and alignment of Zn and ZnO nanoparticles by laser-assisted chemical vapordeposition

A simple, versatile, and fast laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) techniquethat produces linear arrays of Zn and ZnO nanoparticles on a silicon substrate, covering anextended region, is described. A series of consecutive steps is involved in the synthesisand alignment of Zn/ZnO nanoparticles. First, a Lloyd’s mirror arrangement isemployed to produce two types of periodic nanostructure, i.e., nanoripples andnanoprotrusions. Next, the nanostructured substrate is laser irradiated at a fluence of60 mJ cm−2 in the presence of the metall-organic (MO) precursor gas diethylzinc (DEZn). Theevolution of the Zn nanocrystals by LCVD processing was studied as a function ofprecursor gas pressure and laser fluence by ex situ high-resolution scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM). Laser irradiation fulfills a double role: it decomposes the adsorbedprecursor and causes the evolution of resulting Zn into aligned aggregates of zincnanoparticles. The Zn nanoparticles react with oxygen upon high-temperature thermalannealing to yield aligned assemblies of ZnO nanoparticles. The production of ZnO wasconfirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence spectra. This technique isgeneral and could be used in a large number of substrate/precursor combinations.

Microstructure development of alkali-activated fly ash cement: a descriptive model

The microscopic study of a set of alkali-activated and thermally cured fly ash samples enabled the authors to establish a descriptive model for the microstructural development of fly ash-based cementitious geopolymers. The morphology of most fly ash particles (perfect spheres) not only makes microscopic research highly productive but facilitates the formulation of hypothesis explaining the fly ash activation over time through a series of consecutive steps that can be successfully fitted to real situations.

Packing and delivery of a genetic message.

Balbiani rings (BRs) 1 and 2 are two exceptionally large chromosomal puffs on chromosome IV in the salivary glands of the dipteran Chironomus tentans. The BR genes are 35-40 kb, contain four short introns, and encode salivary polypeptides of one million molecular weight. They have proven uniquely suited for visualization of the assembly and transport of a specific messenger ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particle. A BR transcript is packed with proteins into a thin RNP fibril, which is folded into a compact ring-like structure. The completed BR particle is released from the gene and moves randomly in the nucleoplasm before it becomes associated with the nuclear pore complex. The passage through the nuclear pore is a highly ordered process with a series of consecutive steps: initial binding, docking, unfolding, movement through the pore with the 5' end of the transcript in the lead, and exit into the cytoplasm. On the cytoplasmic side, the RNA becomes immediately engaged in protein synthesis. Recently, several major proteins in the BR particle have been identified and characterized. They are added to the BR RNA molecule concomitantly with transcription. During the ensuing RNA transport, the various proteins behave differently, some remaining in the nucleus, others entering the cytoplasm coupled to the RNA. The flow pattern of a given protein seems to be closely related to the specific function of the protein. The RNA-binding proteins are likely to play various active roles during gene expression rather than being solely packaging proteins. Finally, it is emphasized that the co-transcriptional loading of the transcript with proteins is probably a key process in gene expression that to a large extent determines the fate of an mRNA both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Mechanism of isomerization of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline over raney nickel

The isomerization of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline proceeded over Raney nickel at ca. 200 °C under hydrogen and nitrogen pressure in a closed reactor. Based on kinetic analyses and quantum chemical calculations we propose that the isomerization proceeds through a series of consecutive steps where dehydrogenation and hydrogenation take place in an alternate manner. The isomerization is initiated by dehydrogenation at the C-1 and N positions of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline to form 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline which, in turn, is rehydrogenated into 3,4,6,7-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroisoquinoline. The hexahydroisoquinoline is finally dehydrogenated into the isomerized product. No extra hydrogen appears to be required for the isomerization. Under a nitrogen stream in an open reactor, the selective formation of isoquinoline occurred.

Comparison of forces developed by the leg of the rock lobster when walking free or on a treadmill

In the free walking rock lobster the forces developed by legs 4 and 5 were investigated during the power stroke. Two orthogonal force components lying in the horizontal plane were measured. Based on these results the diffent tasks of the two legs during walking are discussed. The forces developed by leg 4 were compared when the animal walked freely and on a treadmill. In these two situations the results differ qualitatively as in driven walking the forces are nearly identical in a long series of consecutive steps whereas in free walking the forces can vary greatly from step to step. However, similar mean values of force were measured with those on the treadmill being somewhat higher. This shows that, although the treadmill is driven by a motor, the animal does perform active walking movements. In the treadmill situation the forces increase as the speed of treadmill motor is decreased.

Furfurylidene ketones—A new class of hypergolic rocket fuels with red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) as oxidizer

Some aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic furfurylidene ketones have been found to be hypergolic with red fuming nitric acid (RFNA). The correlation of hypergolicity with chemical structure has been attempted assuming that the pre-ignition reactions are mainly polymerization, nitration and oxidation. Evidence for these reactions is presented. It is suggested that these reactions occur simultaneously, each followed by a series of consecutive steps during the pre-ignition period.

On the mechanism of the Guerbet reaction

The reaction between an alcohol and an alkanolate in presence of excess potassium hydroxide (the Guerbert reaction) has been studied, mainly with benzyl alcohol and potassium lactate as reactants, α-hydroxy-γ-phenylbutyric acid being formed in the reaction. 1. It has been confirmed that the reaction proceeds in a series of consecutive steps: 1.1. A dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl compounds to carbonyl compounds. 1.2. Aldol condensation between the carbonyl compounds, followed by elimination of water 1.3. Hydrogenation of the α,β-unsaturated ketone formed, the original hydroxyl compounds reacting as hydrogen donors, thus initiating a chain reaction. 1.4. A disproportionation of aldehyde to alcohol and acid under the influence of potassium hydroxide, this reaction breaking the chain reaction mentioned under (c). 2. The reaction may take place without the addition of a catalyst but it is strongly catalysed by hydrogen-transferring catalysts (Raney-Ni, Pd). 3. At relatively low temperatures (130–140°) the dehydrogenating process is the rate determining process. 4. At higher temperatures (160–180°) the reaction steps (b) or (c) are rate determining, most likely (b), as, if (c) were rate determining, an accumulation of aldol would take place, leading to a polycondensation, and no tendency of polycondensation has been observed. 5. At still higher temperatures other reactions, resulting in the formation of carbon monoxide and other destruction products, become dominating. 6. At the temperature at which the reaction usually has been studied (160–180°) the composition of the reaction mixture is determined by the ratio between the rates of step (b) and step (d). 7. Addition of the α,β-unsaturated ketone presumed as intermediate to the reaction mixture allows the reaction to proceed at considerably lower temperature than without such addition, thus improving the yield as the temperature coefficient of step (d) is higher than that of (b) and (c).

Synthese des immunspezifischen, polypeptid-artigen haptens der anthrax-subtilis bacillengruppe. Ein synthetischer beweis der konstitution der natürlichen polyglutaminsäuren

γ-Poly- l-glutamic acid (IIIa), γ-poly- d-glutamic acid (IIIb) and mesoid γ-poly-glutamic acid (IIIc) have been synthesised. The syntheses started from αα′-dimethyl γ-glutamyl-glutamate of either the l- l-form (Ia) or the d- d-form or the l- d-form, respectively, prepared from the corresponding glutamic acid stereoisomer in a series of consecutive steps. The directed intermolecular polyacylation of these bifunctional dipeptides to α-methyl γ-polyglutamates (II) of the respective configuration has been effected by activation either of the carboxyl or of the amino group, in altogether four different ways. The polyester so forming has then been hydrolysed with aqueous alkali, and the polyacid—isolated in form of its copper (II) salt—was purified after foregoing demetalation by carefully conducted dialysis. The synthetic stereoisomers of γ-poly-glutamic acid have then been compared with the anthrax polypeptide and subtilis polypeptide. The γ-poly- d-glutamic acid proved to be identical in any respect with the anthrax polypeptide, and was found (by Prof. G. Ivánovicx) to give a precipitation reaction with antianthrax horse immune serum. Since the mesoid γ-poly-glutamic acid was likewise found to produce a precipitate in this reaction it appears that the subtilis polypeptide may contain peptide chains composed of units of both the l- and the d-form of glutamic acid. The synthesis of γ-poly- d-glutamic acid (=anthrax polypeptide) represents the first total synthesis of a natural hapten.