Series Of Reactions Research Articles

Mechanisms and Applications of AZD6738 on Breast Cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is a cancer that is prevalent in women. However, the heterogeneity of BC in patients, especially triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), leads to cases with poor outcomes, which requires more efficient treatment approaches. AZD6738, also known as ceralasertib, a selective inhibitor of Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, can be used for cancer treatment. In clinical practice, it is often used in combination with other drugs or chemotherapy to enhance treatment efficacy. ATR kinase is activated during DNA damage, affecting the cell cycle and responding to DNA replication stress (RS) by activating CHK1 and a series of downstream reactions. AZD6738 can block the ATR pathway by inhibiting the activation of CHK1, thereby inducing cancer cell apoptosis. Moreover, researchers conducted clinical studies on AZD6738 and explored the efficacy of its combination therapy with other drugs, such as PARP inhibitor olaparib. This review focuses on the structure and function of AZD6738, as well as its applications in TNBC clinical trials. Future studies of AZD6738 are required to further explore the mechanisms and clinical applications in the treatment of breast cancer and other cancers.

From Single Atom Photocatalysts to Synergistic Photocatalysts: Design Principles and Applications

AbstractPhotocatalysis represents a solar‐to‐chemical energy transformation process including three processes, light absorption, charge separation/transfer, and surface reactions. Owing to the merits of single‐atom catalysts (SACs) toward maximal atom utilization, unsaturated coordination structure, and tunable electronic configuration, single‐atom photocatalysts (SAPs) exhibit extraordinary photocatalytic performance toward a series of sustainable reactions. Accompanied by the complexity of photocatalytic processes and the realistic demand for tandem reactions as well as the promotion of intricate reactions with multiple reaction routes and intermediates, significant efforts are desired to gain in‐depth insights into the design and fabrication of synergistic photocatalysts. In this review, the first part discusses the design principles from traditional semiconductor‐based photocatalysts to SAPs. Moreover, six basic models of synergistic photocatalysts including remote dual atoms, bridged dual atoms, adjacent dual atoms, single atoms + clusters/nanoparticles (NPs), single atoms + defects, NPs + NPs, are highlighted and distinguished by their structure features. Second, specific examples of SAPs and synergistic photocatalysts are appreciated under the category of CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), and pollutants degradation. Finally, this review will conclude by discussing the challenges and future perspectives of SAPs and synergistic photocatalysts for sustainable applications.

Quantitative characterization of damage and the cross-scale evolution mechanism of soft rock under dry-wet cycles

Soft rock undergoes internal structural redistribution and random damage under the action of dry–wet cycles, with these processes ultimately affecting its mechanical properties. In order to analyze the evolution mechanism of mineral composition inside soft rocks, an effective method for the characterization of the nonlinear damage of soft rock using a multifractal spectrum is presented. Moreover, a cross-scale correlation model of internal structural changes and strength degradation is established. Based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of soft rock subjected to a varying number of dry–wet cycles, the damage propagation path was tracked via a rock-like compression failure test. The study results indicate that soft rock exhibits a random fractal damage effect under the action of dry–wet cycles. As the number of cycles increases, the multifractal spectrum becomes more asymmetric and the discretization degree becomes more uneven. The soft rock exhibits cross-scale evolution characteristics from mesostructural to macroscopic damage after encountering water. After a series of reactions between water and soft rock, the bonding between particles weakens and recombines, ultimately affecting the mechanical properties of the soft rock. The research results have enriched the research framework of soft rock failure mechanisms, and provided an effective method for quantitatively characterizing the correlation analysis between soft rock damage and damage at different scales.

Immobilized Eosin Y on Modified Silica Nanoparticles and their Applications in Organic Synthesis

AbstractThe development of novel photocatalytic systems is crucial for advancing sustainable chemical processes in organic synthesis. In this study, we report the preparation, characterization, and application of a heterogeneous photocatalyst based on Eosin Y (EY) covalently immobilized on silica nanoparticles (SNPs). The SNPs‐EY photocatalyst was thoroughly characterized using various techniques, including SEM, TEM, X‐ray diffraction, UV‐vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, solid‐state fluorescence spectroscopy, XPS, FT‐IR, TGA, and DLS. These analyses confirmed the successful immobilization of EY on SNPs and demonstrated the uniformity and favourable photophysical properties of the resulting hybrid material. The photocatalytic performance of SNPs‐EY was evaluated in a series of model reactions, including aza‐Henry reaction (cross‐dehydrogenative coupling), reduction of nitrocompounds, and photooxidation of dimethylanthracene. The reaction results demonstrated that SNPs‐EY is an effective and recyclable photocatalyst, offering yields comparable to or higher than those of homogeneous systems, while providing the advantages of easy separation and reuse. This study highlights the potential of SNPs‐EY as a versatile photocatalyst for various organic transformations, promoting the advancement of green and sustainable chemistry.

Identification of Six Novel Proteins Containing a ZP Module from Nemertean Species

During fertilization, a series of reactions between the eggs and spermatozoa proceed predominantly in a species-specific manner. The molecules mediating these species-specific reactions remain unknown except in a few organisms. In this study, we focused on two species belonging to the phylum Nemertea, Kulikovia alborostrata and K. fulva, and explored molecules involved in species-specific interactions between gametes. Orthologs of molecules known to be involved in species-specific reactions were not expressed in the ovaries of these two species. In contrast, we identified six novel proteins, named NeZPL1–NeZPL6, containing a ZP module. Among these, we found that NeZPL6 is located on the surface of an unfertilized egg and is suggested to be involved in its interaction with spermatozoa. Furthermore, we found an indel of three amino acids in the EGF-like domain of NeZPL6, which possibly confers species specificity to this interaction. Our results suggested the existence of a novel system for species recognition in animal gametes.

Innovative Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of Isoxazolo[5,4‐b]Pyridines from Aryl Glyoxal, 5‐Aminoisoxazoles, and Malononitrile in Acetic Acid as a Solvent and Catalyst

AbstractIn this work, a novel strategy for the straightforward synthesis of isoxazolo[5,4‐b]pyridines from a one‐pot reaction of aryl glyoxal, 5‐aminoisoxazoles, and malononitrile under ultrasound (US) irradiation is described. In the reaction, acetic acid has a dual role as solvent and catalyst. The advantages of this reaction include easy purification of products, raw materials with easy access, short reaction time, high efficiency, and green conditions by utilizing ultrasound irradiation as an energy source and using acetic acid as solvent and Lewis acid. The synthesis achieved high yields of isoxazolo[5,4‐b]pyridines with a broad substrate scope, successfully producing twelve diverse derivatives. The methodology capitalizes on the benefits of sonochemistry, which accelerates reaction rates and improves selectivity while minimizing waste. The proposed mechanism involves a series of reactions including Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition, and subsequent cyclization processes. This approach not only streamlines the synthesis of complex heterocycles but also aligns with environmentally friendly practices.

A single-center clinical trial evaluating topical propranolol for preventing stress-induced hair loss.

There is currently a lack of pathological research on the hair loss caused by stress, and there is no effective treatment available. It has been previously reported that stress can cause sympathetic nerve activation and release of norepinephrine, which binds to beta-2 adrenergic receptors and causes a series of chemical reactions. Propranolol, as a beta-2 adrenergic receptors blocker, competitively antagonizes the effects of norepinephrine. We initiated a single-center clinical trial with a self-controlled approach to assess the effectiveness of topical applied hydrochloride salt of propranolol solution in preventing stress-induced hair loss in humans. A total of 20 volunteers were enrolled. 14 out of 20 volunteers experienced a significant reduction in the number of hair loss (p < .05) after using hydrochloride salt of propranolol solution. No local adverse reactions were found. This study showed hydrochloride salt of propranolol solution may alleviate stress-induced alopecia to a certain extent, which provides clues for the development of pharmaceutical interventions for the treatment of stress-induced alopecia.

Gold/HNTf2-Cocatalyzed Asymmetric Annulation of Diazo-Alkynes: Divergent Construction of Atropisomeric Biaryls and Arylquinones.

Due to the inherent challenges posed by the linear coordination of gold(I) complexes, asymmetric gold-catalyzed processes remain challenging, particularly in the atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral skeletons. Except for extremely few examples of intramolecular annulations, the construction of axial chirality via asymmetric gold-catalyzed intermolecular alkyne transformation is still undeveloped. Herein, a gold/HNTf2-cocatalyzed asymmetric diazo-alkyne annulation is developed, allowing the atroposelective and divergent synthesis of chiral non-C2-symmetric biaryls and arylquinones in generally good to excellent yield (up to 93% yield) and enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee), with broad substrate scope. Notably, this work represents the first gold-catalyzed atroposelective construction in an intermolecular manner. More interestingly, this strategy is successfully extended to the first asymmetric construction of seven-membered-ring atropisomers bearing one carbon-centered chirality in excellent diastereoselectivity and high enantioselectivity (up to 93% ee and 50:1 dr). Remarkably, the utility of this methodology is further illustrated by the successful application of a representative axially chiral ligand in a series of enantioselective reactions. Importantly, the Brønsted acid as a proton-shuttle cocatalyst significantly promotes this asymmetric annulation. Additionally, the origin of enantioselectivity of this annulation and the role of HNTf2 are disclosed by density functional calculations and control experiments.

CO2 adsorption on fluorinated covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs): Structure remodeling and performance enhancement

In consideration of the fact that covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) have shown great potential and application prospects as CO2 adsorbent to alleviate the greenhouse effect and climate change by adsorption process for carbon emissions, a kind of promising activated fluorinated covalent triazine frameworks (referred to O-CTFs) was prepared as the adsorbent to enhance CO2 adsorption. The O-CTFs was prepared by structure remodeling of the fluorinated CTFs based on a series of ring-opening, substitution and polymerization reactions. The remodeling mechanism was revealed by theoretical calculations and those characterization methods of SEM, BET, EDS, FTIR, XPS, 13C-NMR and HRMS. Subsequently, the adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics of CO2 on the CTFs and O-CTFs were systematically investigated to reveal the influence of structure remodeling on CO2 adsorption behaviors. The results showed that the structure remodeling developed porous structure by forming more mesopores and micropores, then modified surface group distribution by forming new nitrogen- and oxygen-containing groups such as pyridine and pyrrole rings. The increase of pore volume, especially micropore volume, resulted in the dynamic capacity promotion by 217.5 % at 273 K. And the dual screening effects of surface group distribution and porous structure led to the CO2/N2 selectivity improvement by 202.4 %. Then the amount increase of the mesopores promoted the rate increase of CO2 adsorption by 59.9 % by means of accelerating the internal diffusion of CO2 in porous structure. In addition, the isosteric heat of adsorption decreased by 10.0 %, meaning that CO2 molecules were easily desorbed from the O-CTFs. These are beneficial for the preparation of promising CO2 adsorbent and extended application of CO2 adsorption processes.

Formation of Aromatic Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in Swimming Pool Water during Chlorination: Organic Precursors and Mechanisms.

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water are a significant public health concern. The formation of aromatic halogenated DBPs in swimming pool water has not been clarified previously. In this study, the occurrence of aromatic halogenated DBPs in swimming pool water was examined, and it was found that halohydroxybenzoic acids (HBAs) and halobenzoquinones (HBQs) were the most dominant aromatic halogenated DBPs in swimming pool water that were continuously formed. Thus, the formation of HBAs and HBQs in swimming pool water from different organic precursors, including natural organic matter (NOM), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), during chlorination was examined. The results demonstrate that the formation of HBAs and HBQs from the PPCPs was relatively high compared with that from NOM, suggesting that the PPCPs from human inputs might be important organic precursors of aromatic halogenated DBPs in swimming pool water. The formation mechanisms of HBAs and HBQs from three typical PPCPs (benzophenone-3 (BP-3), methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (MeP) and carbamazepine) were further explored. The results show that the PPCPs containing phenolic groups with higher degradation rates (BP-3 and MeP) possessed higher formation of HBAs and HBQs. The three organic precursors underwent a series of substitution, hydrolysis, oxidation, rearrangement, and intramolecular cyclization reactions to form HBAs and HBQs, while the phenolic groups and ring structures may significantly affect the reactions. The chlorine dose, bromide/iodide concentration, and temperature significantly affected the formation of HBAs and HBQs from MeP during chlorination.

Two-Electron Oxidative Atom and Group Transfer Reactions at a Well-Defined Uranium(II) Center.

The multi-electron redox chemistry of uranium(II) compounds remains largely unexplored. Herein, we report a series of two-electron oxidative atom and group transfer reactions at a well-defined uranium(II) center. The reactions of uranium(II) complexes [M][(AdTPBN3)U] (M = K(2,2,2-cryptand) and K(18-crown-6)(THF)) with pyridine-N-oxide or nitrosobenzene, elemental sulfur/selenium or triphenylphosphine sulfide/selenide, and ditellurium salt led to the isolation of uranium(IV) terminal oxo and chalcogenido complexes [M][(AdTPBN3)UX] (X = O, S, Se, Te). In addition, the reactions of [M][(AdTPBN3)U] with aryl azides ArN3 or diazoalkanes R2CN2 quantitatively yielded uranium(IV) terminal imido [M][(AdTPBN3)UNAr] or hydrazonido(2-) complexes [M][(AdTPBN3)UN2CR2], respectively. Notably, the low-temperature reaction between [M][(AdTPBN3)U] and mesityl azide allowed the isolation of the first uranium(IV) aryldiazenylimido complex as an intermediate. These uranium(IV)-element multiply bound compounds were fully characterized by X-ray crystallography, 1H NMR spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy, solution magnetic susceptibility, and elemental analysis. The controlled two-electron oxidative reactions at a uranium(II) center not only expand the redox reactivity of uranium(II) but also offer a convenient new route to access uranium-element multiply bound compounds.

Differences of Primary Education Resources between Urban and Rural Areas

The unbalanced distribution of educational resources, especially between urban and rural areas, constitutes a universal problem in the world. In China, however, this difference in educational resources is particularly obvious and has become an important issue to be solved urgently. This issue is not only related to educational equity, but also profoundly affects the overall development and progress of society. This work adopts the research method of quantitative analysis, and uses the data in China education database to analyze it. According to the research results, in China the distribution of educational resources between urban and rural areas shows obvious differences, which are not only reflected in material resources, but also in teachers' strength and the access to education. The unbalanced allocation of educational resources may trigger a series of social chain reactions. The government and society need to take a series of measures to solve these problems. Specifically, we should increase investment in rural education, improve rural teachers' salary and benefits and career development opportunities, and optimize the hardware facilities of rural schools and so on. At the same time, it is necessary to deepen educational reform and innovation, aiming at achieving fairness in the field of education and promoting all-round social progress.

Synthesis of Alkylated Carbonyl‐Bearing Furans via Acid‐Catalyzed Friedel‐Crafts Reaction

AbstractCarbonyl‐bearing furans, certain pyrroles, and thiophenes were alkylated using alcohols in an acidic medium. Some 5‐alkylated derivatives of 2‐furoic acid with various adamantyls‐, cycloalkyl‐, other 2°‐ and 3°‐alkyl substituents were synthesized using 2‐furoic acid as a biomass‐derived chemical platform. Side reaction resulted in the substitution of the carboxylic group, leading to the formation of 1,5‐dialkyl furans. In the alkylation of acyl and formyl furan, either mono‐ or di‐alkyl products were obtained, depending on the functional group present in the furan nucleus. Pyrroles (or thiophenes) with related functional groups exclusively (or near‐exclusively) yielded mono‐alkyl products. The resultant 5‐substituted carbonyl furans can be used as building blocks and synthetic equivalents for 1 C and 4 C synthons, as demonstrated by a series of reactions involving 5‐adamantan‐1‐yl‐2‐furoic acid.

Convergent Synthesis, Kinetics, and Computational Studies of Indole(Phenyl)Triazole Bi-Heterocycles Modified With Propanamides as Elastase Inhibitors.

Biological screening combined with the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds with numerous functions is the most effective approach available for pharmacological assessment of potential future medications. In the under taken research that is presented here, 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoic acid was sequentially converted into 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoate, 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanohydrazide, and 5-[3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl]-1,2,4-triazole-2-thiol as a nucleophile. By treating aryl amines with 3-bromopropanoyl chloride in a series of parallel reactions, different electrophiles were created, leading to the formation of N-(aryl)-3-bromopropanamides. After that, several electrophiles were used in the nucleophilic substitution process of 5 to produce the final bi-heterocyclic derivative. The structural confirmation of all the synthesized compounds was done by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and CHN analysis data. The enzyme inhibitory effects of these bi-heterocyclic propanamides were evaluated against elastase, and all these molecules were identified as potent inhibitors relative to the standard oleanolic acid with IC50 value 13.453±0.015µM used. The kinetics mechanism was ascribed by evaluating the Lineweaver-Burk plots, which revealed that compound 9d inhibited elastase competitively to form an enzyme-inhibitor complex. The inhibition constant Ki calculated from Dixon plots for this compound was 0.51µM. Compound 9d's activity (IC50=0.142±0.014µM) significantly increased when a slightly bulky ethyl group was replaced for the solitary methyl group in 9c at the para-position. However, compound 9e's activity was significantly lower (IC50=38.338±0.993µM) when a more polar ethoxy group was replaced at the same para-position. This was likely because of electronic considerations. These molecules also exhibited mild cytotoxicity toward red blood cell membranes, when analyzing through hemolysis. So, these molecules might be deliberated as nontoxic medicinal scaffolds for dealing with the elastase-related ailments such as lung diseases, cyclic neutropenia, pruritic skin disease, and liver infection.

The coordination chemistry and anticancer activity of organo-ruthenium(II), -iridium(III) and -rhodium(III) complexes with sulfonyl-substituted thiourea ligands.

Some half-sandwich compounds with a variety of ligands and metal centres have shown promising anticancer activity. Herein we report a series of reactions between the sulfonylthiourea ligands p-TolSO2NHC(S)NHPh, EtSO2NHC(S)NHPh and CH3SO2NHC(S)NHPh and [(η6-p-cymene)RuCl2]2, [(η6-arene)RuCl2(PR3)] (arene = benzene or p-cymene), [Cp*MCl2(PR3)] or [Cp*RhCl2]2 (M = Ir(III), Rh(III)), Cp* = η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, PR3 = triphenylphosphine (PPh3), tris(2-cyanoethyl)phosphine (tcep) and 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (pta) and their corresponding piano stool complexes. Single crystal X-ray diffraction structure determinations indicated that the resulting linkage isomer of the complex, i.e., proximal (coordination via S,N(sulfonated) placing the sulfonyl group near the coordination sphere) or distal (coordination via S,N(non-sulfonated), placing the sulfonyl group away from the coordination sphere), is directly related to the steric bulk around the metal centre. Proximal to distal isomerisation of the complex [(η6-p-cymene)Ru{p-TolSO2NC(S)N(PPh3)}] (1aL1) was observed by 1H and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations suggested this to be the result of the conversion from the initially formed kinetically favourable to the thermodynamically favourable isomer. Computational investigation of non-covalent interactions using the reduced density gradient also revealed a chalcogen bond present between the thiourea sulfur and sulfonyl oxygen atoms of complex 1aLa. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of several complexes was determined against human cancer cells, which revealed a correlation between potency and lipophilic properties of the ancillary ligands for a series of Ru(II) p-cymene complexes.

Lignocellulose biodegradation to humic substances in cow manure-straw composting: Characterization of dissolved organic matter and microbial community succession

Composting, a sustainable practice, facilitates the biodegradation of organic waste, notably lignocellulosic biomass, into value-added humic substances. Despite its potential, the application of electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS) to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) for assessing the changes in maturity during cow manure-straw composting is underexplored. Furthermore, the link between these changes, microbial community succession, and the biochemical pathways of humus formation is seldom investigated. This study leveraged ESI FT-ICR MS and metagenomic analysis to elucidate the molecular changes in DOM, identified key microbes in humus formation, and traced the humus formation pathway during composting. The results highlighted the crucial role of microorganisms such as Thermobifida, Luteimonas, Ascomycota, and Chloroflexi in accelerating the breakdown and transformation of plant biopolymers. Large molecular nitrogen compounds from cow manure-straw were converted into unsaturated, aromatic oxygen compounds, which resemble humic substances in their chemical properties. The ESI FT-ICR MS data revealed that humus formation occurred through a series of reactions, including protein deamination, lignin delignification, and decarbonylation. This research offered new light on strategies to enhance the stabilization and humification of cow manure-straw composting, contributing to more effective composting processes.

PERCEPÇÃO CORPORAL E EQUILÍBRIO DINÂMICO DE PACIENTES AMPUTADOS POR MEIO DE TÉCNICAS DE ENFAIXAMENTO DOS COTOS

Amputation, often caused by trauma, tumors or complications from vascular diseases such as diabetes mellitus, can lead to a series of emotional reactions in patients, including depression, imbalance and disorganization of the body's schema. Objectives: To evaluate amputee patients who use stump bandaging in terms of body perception and balance. Analyze the evolution of patients in relation to sensitivity, balance and body perception; identify the benefits or harms it may present and compare body perception with and without the aid of bandaging. Methods: Field research will be carried out, observational and descriptive, quantitative, longitudinal, exploratory and descriptive. with a sample of 10 amputee participants who answered a questionnaire about balance and body perception, which will be administered together with a professor from the institution. Results: Binding had a positive impact on the balance of amputee patients, with average scores of 21.9 points with bandaging, compared to 16.8 points without bandaging. Regarding functionality, patients with transfemoral amputation demonstrated greater ease in placing the prosthesis compared to patients with transtibial amputation. Conclusion: Berg Balance Scale has been shown to be effective in the results and qualification of functionality in patients with lower limb amputation. However, it is essential to highlight that the topic still requires further studies.

Numerical Simulation of CO2 Dissolution and Mineralization Storage Considering CO2-Water-Rock Reaction in Aquifers.

CO2 storage technology is crucial in addressing climate change by controlling the greenhouse effect. This technology involves the injection of captured CO2 into deep saline aquifers, where it undergoes a series of reactions, such as structure binding, dissolution, and mineralization, enabling long-term storage. Typically, the CO2 is maintained in a supercritical state, enhancing its storage efficiency. However, the efficiency can be influenced by the CO2-water-rock reactions. Many minerals exist in rock, like calcite, dolomite, kaolinite, etc. This study introduces some chemical reactions that occur during the dissolution and mineralization of CO2. The relationship between solubility and pressure was obtained through solubility fitting. We obtained the initial parameters of the CO2-water-rock reaction experiment by fitting the data. These parameters can be applied to the mechanism model. This study employs the GEM module of CMG software, integrating physical parameters from the Ordos Basin's deep saline aquifers to develop a mechanism model. In this model, CO2 injection started from the first year and continued for 20 years. This study simulated a total of 80 years of CO2 storage. This study has elucidated how reservoir conditions and injection schemes affect the dissolution and mineralization of CO2. This study creatively combines practical experiments and numerical simulations and uses numerical simulations to compensate for the manpower and material resources consumed in actual experiments. The research results indicate that permeability should not be too high, and an increase in porosity is beneficial for storage. As the injection rate increases, the amount of CO2 storage increases. Top layer perforation yields lower efficiency compared to full, middle, or bottom layer perforation, with the latter providing the higher efficiency in CO2 dissolution and mineralization. Bottom perforation is the most favorable perforation position for CO2 storage.

Identification and characterization of a carbohydrate recognition domain-like region in Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin intermediate subunit.

Entamoeba histolytica adhesion mainly depends on galactose (Gal)-/N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (GalNAc)-inhibitable lectins, subsequently triggering a series of amebic reactions. Among the three subunits of Gal-/GalNAc-inhibitable lectin, heavy subunit and intermediate subunit (Igl) have exhibited lectin activity, but that of Igl remains poorly understood. In this study, we confirmed a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD)-like limiting region in E. histolytica Igl and further identified its two core CXXC motifs responsible for carbohydrate recognition. Moreover, the role of Igl's CRD-like region and its CXXC motifs in hemolysis and pathogenic effects was explored. This is the first study to determine an adhesion-related region in E. histolytica Igl protein, providing a new reference direction for subsequent research studies. Since the potential homogeneity of galectin-2 in several mammals and Igl CRD-like region, it could be meaningful to relate the corresponding pathogeneses and phenotypes of these two proteins. Except for adhesion, studies on the involvement of Igl CRD-like region in different parasite-host interactions are also promising.

Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Sulfonimidoyl Fluorides Facilitates Stereospecific SuFEx Click Chemistry.

Sulfur-centered electrophilic 'warheads' have emerged as key components for chemical proteomic probes through sulfur-exchange chemistry (SuFEx) with protein nucleophiles. Among these functional groups, sulfonimidoyl fluorides (SIFs) stand out for their modifiable sites, tunable electrophilicities, and chiral sulfur-center, presenting exciting possibilities for new covalent chemical probes. However, the synthetic access to chiral SIFs has been a challenge, limiting their exploration and applications. In this study, we describe a convenient route to obtain chiral SIFs from readily available sulfenamides via a series of one-pot tandem reactions with high enantiomeric excess (ees). The resulting chiral SIFs were further converted into a diverse array of chiral S(VI) derivatives under mild conditions or in buffer solutions. Most significantly, the specificity of the chiral SIFs in protein ligation experiments underscored the critical role of sulfur-center chirality in the design and screening of more-selective covalent probes and therapeutics.