Series Of Bottles Research Articles

Vases, Caskets, and Decorative Lamps of the Leningrad Factory of Porcelain in 1956–1966: Context, Attribution, Interpretation

This paper focuses on two stages in the development of post-war production interior porcelain. The first stage is the completion of the development in the decorative and industrial arts of the grand style. The second stage is the development of modern style, which is reflected in the works of mass porcelain. The research refers to the Leningrad Factory of Porcelain and the production of the enterprise from 1956–1966. The products of the plant have not been studied sufficiently so far. However, the factory was one of the many Soviet porcelain enterprises that was involved in the creation of a new living environment. Two stages in the development of industrial art related to the organisation of the residential interior were reflected in the company’s products, i.e. works of small porcelain plastics, utilitarian porcelain, i.e. vases, boxes, bottles, night lamps, etc. The first stage is filled with works of small plastic arts (second half of the 1950s). The second stage is associated with the interior, in which porcelain goods played the role of accents in the interior, emphasising empty space (first half of the 1960s). The author of the article carries out analysis of caskets and vials of the enterprise (40 Years of October caskets, casket with a lion, Matryoshka casket, Summer Garden, a series of bottles and caskets), vases and pots (Lines planters, decorative vases, damask, and stacks), lamps (Chinese Pagoda night light, Golden Cockerel night light). Based on the interpretation of the value of the enterprise in the formation of the interior, the value of products in the processes of transition from the grand style to the modern style, a conclusion is drawn about the importance of the plant in the formation of the living environment. The massive nature of the works of the plant influenced the fact that the current stylistic trends were available to a vast number of Soviet citizens, who perceived new aesthetic norms.

Direct non-invasive molecular analysis of packaging label to assist wine-bottle authentication

Alcoholic beverages, especially great wines and spirits, are prime targets for counterfeiters. The simplest form of wine fraud involves fixing counterfeit labels of expensive wines to bottles of less expensive wine. However, time-consuming analytical techniques requiring liquid sampling are mainly used for authentication purposes, which irremediably degrade the value of the bottle. This work aims to develop a new diagnostic tool based on the direct analysis of label matrix and ink in order to obtain valuable information that would enable a preliminary non-destructive authentication. Raman and infrared spectroscopies have been applied for fast, reproducible and discernible molecular characterization since both analytical techniques are strictly non-invasive and do not require sample preparation. They were successfully applied to a selected number of genuine and counterfeited bottles (Pauillac, France) and a series of bottles which goes from 1969 to 2010 belonging to the same producer (Pomerol, France). Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy showed a great complementarity to clarify the molecular composition of label and inks. As a general overview, pigments are not useful for discrimination purpose in the pairs of original and counterfeited samples. However, several mismatch in label composition were identified, allowing the differentiation among samples. With respect to the second batch of bottles, Raman spectroscopy was able to trace the materials used in labels and inks, giving evidences about the chronologic order of manufacture. Despite the limited number of samples, mainly due to their uniqueness, the classification power of the proposed methodology has been clearly proven.

Countercurrent enzymatic saccharification of pretreated corn stover. Part 2: Lime + shock pretreated corn stover and commercial approach

Corn stover was pretreated with submerged lime plus shock, a mechanical treatment that subjects biomass to a detonation wave. In a series of bottles, pretreated corn stover was countercurrently saccharified with enzyme loadings of CTec3 (1 mg protein/g dry biomass), CTec3 (1 mg protein/g dry biomass) + HTec3 (1 mg protein/g dry biomass), and CTec3 (2 mg protein/g dry biomass) + HTec3 (2 mg protein/g dry biomass). To reach a given glucan conversion at low enzyme loadings, countercurrent saccharification reduced enzyme loadings by 1.9 times compared with batch saccharification but was not helpful at high enzyme loadings. To preserve the sugars during saccharification, volatile anti-microbials (chloroform and essential oils from thyme and oregano) prevent the growth of contaminating microorganisms. A simple packed column is proposed to perform commercial-scale countercurrent saccharification.

Countercurrent enzymatic saccharification of pretreated corn stover part 2: Lime + shock pretreated corn stover and commercial approach

Corn stover was pretreated with submerged lime plus shock, a mechanical treatment that subjects biomass to a detonation wave. In a series of bottles, pretreated corn stover was countercurrently saccharified with enzyme loadings of CTec3 (1 mg protein/g dry biomass), CTec3 (1 mg protein/g dry biomass) + HTec3 (1 mg protein/g dry biomass), and CTec3 (2 mg protein/g dry biomass) + HTec3 (2 mg protein/g dry biomass). To reach a given glucan conversion at low enzyme loadings, countercurrent saccharification reduced enzyme loadings by 1.9 times compared with batch saccharification but was not helpful at high enzyme loadings. To preserve the sugars during saccharification, volatile anti-microbials (chloroform and essential oils from thyme and oregano) prevent the growth of contaminating microorganisms. A simple packed column is proposed to perform commercial-scale countercurrent saccharification.

CHARACTERISTIC HYDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS FOR VARIOUS REDOX PROCESSES IN BATCH STUDY

The dissolved hydrogen concentrations under various redox processes were investigated based on batch experiments. Chloroethenes including tetrachloroethene (PCE), cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) and vinylchloride (VC) were respectively used as culture substrates. For each chloroethene, a series of bottles were prepared with the additions of different electron acceptors or donors such as nitrate, manganese oxide, ferrous iron, sulfate, carbondioxide and volatile fatty acids. Hydrogen concentrations as well as redox species were measured over time to ensure the achievements of characteristic hydrogen levels in various enrichment batches. The results showed that redox processes with nitrate, manganese oxide and ferric iron as the electron acceptors exhibited hydrogen threshold values close to PCE/TCE dechlorination, whereas cis-DCE and VC dechlorinations exhibited hydrogen threshold values in the range of sulfate reduction and methanogenesis, respectively. Characteristic hydrogen concentrations for various redox processes were as follows (nM): denitrification, 0.1–0.4; manganese reduction, 0.1–2.0; iron reduction, 0.1–0.4; sulfate reduction, 1.5–4.5; methanogenesis, 2.5–24; PCE/TCE dechlorination, 0.6–0.9; cis-DCE dechlorination, 0.1–2.5; andVC dechlorination, 2–24.

Trial production and test of new simple equipment for sampling flood water

An equipment for sampling flood water in rivers is devised and produced on a trial. This equipment is a series of bottles. Each bottle has a mouth which can be closed by a small float automatically after the water comes in. The bottles are previously set in a river, left in the flow during a flood and retrieved later. A flume test is done in order to know how well the bottle keeps the sampled water when it is exposed to a flow after the sampling. The result shows that most of the tested bottles can keep more than 90% of the sampled water for several hours. A field experiment is also carried out to confirm the possibility of practical use. The, water quality of sampled water is compared with that of the water which is sampled separately by other device. The both results agree with each other fairly well.

Stimulation de la methanisation psychrophile par un bioactivateur pour fosse septique

Resume L'etude met en evidence l'influence d'un activateur biologique pour fosse septique constitue de microparticule minerales argileuses sur la methanisation a 20°C d'acide acetique (2 g/l). Les essais sont realises dans des flacons fermes type penicilline. L`inoculum provient d'une fosse septique. Il est introduit dans les flacons contenant un milieu de culture de base pour bacteries methanogenes auquel est ajoute le substrat etudie et les microparticules minerales. Les descripteurs physico-chimiques utilises pour suivre l'evolution des cultures au cours du temps sont: la DCO des matieres solubles, la concentration en acetate, le pH et la production de gaz. Les differents essais ont permis de montrer que par rapport a un temoin les microparticules minerales utilisees a raison de 4 g/l ont accelere la biodegradation de l'acide acetique et favorise la production de methane.

Accuracy and precision in the measurement of relaxation times from nuclear magnetic resonance images.

The accuracy (proximity to the true value) and precision (reproducibility) of relaxation times derived from nuclear magnetic resonance images were investigated. Two methods of deriving relaxation times were considered. A patient scanning protocol in which the minimum number of scans necessary for the calculation (three) were performed. Calculated T1 and T2 images were then formed. An animal (cat) protocol in which many more scans were performed. The data were read from the display and fitted by computer to the theoretical curves. The accuracy of the measurements was determined by an empirical method. A series of bottles with different concentrations of MnCl2 and CuSO4 in water were prepared and their relaxation times determined using the imager as a simple pulsed spectrometer. These values were compared with those derived from images. Over the normal range of tissue values (T1 less than 700 ms, T2 less than 200 ms) the animal protocol gave values of T1 up to 1% shorter than the true values. The T2 values were up to 5% shorter. Patient protocol values were up to 7% shorter for T1 and up to 20% shorter for T2. There was some difference between results for MnCl2 and for CuSO4 (particularly for patient T2s), suggesting that the results depend to a small extent on the T1/T2 ratio. The precision of the values was investigated by considering the standard deviations (SDs) of brain tissue measurements over populations of cats (animal protocols) and normal control subjects and multiple sclerosis patients (patient protocols). These were compared with the SDs of measurements of calibration bottles scanned with the patients. Standard deviations of 3% for T1 and 6% for T2 were found over 19 cats using the animal protocols; SDs of 7% for T1 and 14% for T2 were found over 15 normal control subjects using the patient protocols. Standard deviations of bottle measurements were similar to these figures. There are also variations between different subjects and different regions of the brain. There was no significant change between readings on the same patient in follow-up studies. Other sources of variation in the measurements made with the patient protocols were investigated by scanning phantoms. Noise in T1 and T2 images is about 2%. Spatial non-uniformity within slices is about 1% for T1 and 10% for T2. Non-uniformity between slices in multislice sets is 4% for T1 and 14% for T2. There is no long-term variation in measured values over 9 months; short-term variation is approximately 1%.

Growth of Microorganisms in Chilled Orange Juice

Growth of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in chilled orange juice was investigated. Three suspensions were prepared, each consisting of four strains of Lactobacillus, four of Leucomostoc, and four of yeast. Each composite suspension was inoculated into a series of bottles containing sterile prechilled orange juice to obtain a final concentration of 1,100, and 1,000 organisms/ml. Samples were stored at 35, 40, 45, and 50 F (1.7, 4.5, 7.2, and 10 C), and were plated periodically throughout the test period. Yeasts grew at all temperatures investigated, their rates of growth increasing with the temperature. Lactobacillus organisms grew at 50 F but not at 45 F or below, Leuconostoc strains did not grow at 35 F, but grew slowly at 40 F, and rapidly at 45 F and 50 F. Fermentation by yeasts, depending on the level of inoculation, occurred in 1 week or less at 50 F and in 1 to 2 weeks at 45 F. At 35 and 40 F it occurred in 3 weeks but was satisfactory at 35 F for the lowest level of inoculation. Spoilage from growth of Lactobacillus was detected between 1 and 2 weeks at 50 F. It did not occur at 45 F or below. Leuconostoc required 13 days to 5 weeks at 40, 45, and 50 F. Spoilage did not occur at 35 F. Shelf life of chilled orange juice is dependent upon the initial microbial population at time of packaging and temperature maintained until it reaches the consumer.

Experimental Studies on the Formation of 3, 4-benzpyrene in meat pyrolysed at high temperature

Experimental studies were performed on the formation of carcinogenic 3, 4-Benzpyrene in meat treated under pyrolytic conditions.(1) As the temperature to which meat is subjected in usual cooking is 300°C to 500°C, the experimental pyrolysis of meat was made at 300°C and 500°C in both aerobic and a nitrogen atmosphere and at 700°C in a nitrogen atmosphere.(2) Chemical analysis was performed in the following manner on the tarry material obtained from the scorches of meat and the smoke generated, respectively. One kilogram of minced meat was first dried at 110°C for 3 hours, and pyrolysed at the specific temperature. The smoke generated was absorbed in a series of bottles containing aceton or benzene. The solvent was evaporated off under reduced pressure in a nitrogen atmosphere to get a tarry material. The scorches were seperated and extracted with aceton in a Soxhlet apparatus for several hours. The aceton extract was then evaporated off to obtain a tarry material.(3) The tarry material obtained from smoke was washed with 10% NaOH, 10% H2SO4 and water. The neutral fraction of tarry material thus obtained was chromatographed repeatedly on activated alumina until it decreased to about 0.5g. Benzene, cyclohexane, and petroleum ether containing 5% acetone were used as eluents.(4) The final column chromatogram was carried out using alumina containing 3% H2O as adsorbent and cyclohexane followed by cyclohexane containing 10 to 30% benzene as eluent. The purification of 3, 4-benzpyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was made by paper chromatography using acetylated paper. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contained in each eluate fraction were identified and determined by the absorption spectrophotometry reported by Cooper.(5) The amounts of 3, 4-Benzpyrene detected in the smoke and scorches obtained by pyrolysis of meat (1kg. wet material) were as follows:4580μg and 132μg at 700°C under N2, 31μg and 16μg at 500°C under N2, and 2μg in smoke at 500°C under the ordinary atmosphere. No 3, 4-Benzpyrene was detected in the tarry material obtained under other experimental conditions.

The Critical Period for Control of Sex in Moina

Banta and Brown1 have shown that with crowding under favorable food conditions the critical period for sex control with Moina macrocopa is approximately 4 hours before the eggs are laid into the brood chamber. Stuart, Cooper and Miller,2 while unable to affect control of the sex of the same Cladoceran species later than the fourth hour before egg laying, concluded that sex could be influenced by conditions prevailing previous to the fourth hour before egg laying. The following experiment was designed to show that the critical period for sex control is dependent to some extent upon the environmental conditions under which the animals are reared, i. e., upon environmental conditions present earlier than, and interrupted before, the time of the critical period as described by Banta and Brown for crowding under good food conditions.In 4 series of bottles, A, B, C and D, each series containing from 15 to 20 bottles, were placed 75 ml. of varying dilutions of manure infusion and 10 young Moina macrocopa females...

On a new detonating compound: in a letter from Sir Humphry Davy, LL. D. F. R. S. to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K. B. P. R. S

The present account is intended as a caution to others against the dangerous effects of the very explosive detonation, by which the author has himself been a sufferer. His attention was first directed to the subject by a letter received from France, mentioning that about twelve months since, a compound had been discovered of azote with chlorine, which appears in the form of an oil heavier than water, and which explodes, by a gentle heat, with all the violence of the fulminating metals. The letter adds, that this discovery cost the operator an eye and a finger. Since the letter contained no account of the mode of preparing the compound, and as none could be found in any of the French journals, Sir Humphry Davy pursued a hint given him by Mr. Children, who informed him that his friend Mr. Burton had, in the month of July last, observed the formation of a volatile oily substance in a solution of nitrate of ammonia, exposed to chlorine in the state of gas. In repeating the experiment, the author perceived first an oily film on the surface of the fluid, which gradually collected into small globules, and fell to the bottom. One of these globules being taken out while floating on the surface of the water, and slightly warmed, exploded with brilliant light, but with­ out any violence of detonation. In a series of experiments carried on jointly with Mr. Children and Mr. Warburton, other ammoniacal solutions were substituted, and it was found that the same product was obtained by means of oxalate of ammonia, or by a weak solution of pure ammonia. The first instance that occurred of violent explosion, was in their endea­vours to form larger quantities in a Wolfe’s apparatus, by a series of bottles containing the different solutions.