Serbian Verbs Research Articles

On the telic senses of the Serbian verb stići and its French equivalent arriver

Abstract This article analyzes the specific temporal uses of the Serbian verb stići, when it denotes the act of overcoming a spatial obstacle, or reaching the end point of a movement at a predetermined time. The study examines the relationship between the spatial (basic) use of this verb and its derived telic sense, and describes the process of its grammaticalization, in which this lexeme loses its semantic and syntactic autonomy and becomes part of a complex predicate. The contrastive section of the study compares the non-spatial uses of stići with the corresponding uses of its French equivalent, the verb arriver.

On the problem of the lexicographic representation of diminutives in the Serbian-Russian dictionary

The article is a comparison of diminutives and functionally similar lexical units in Serbian and Russian languages (hereinafter SL and RL). Crosslinguistic lexical comparison is conducted as a preparation for a large bilingual Serbian-Russian dictionary, which is a part of the project on comparative lexicology and lexicography. The article deals with the lexico-semantic category, which in the SL consists of the two subcategories, diminutives and terms of endearment, while in the Russian linguistic tradition it is united under the name diminutives. Lexical units of this group consist of motivated derivatives formed by affixation with a common primary semantics of diminution in relation to the norm. In terms of grammar, this group consists mainly of nouns, followed by adjectives and adverbs, as well as diminutive verbs in Serbian. The analysis of lexical items beginning with the letters A and B with qualifiers ???. ?diminutives?, ???. ?a term of endearment? or ? ???. ??????? ?in diminutive meaning? from the one-volume Dictionary of the Serbian Language of Matica Srpska (2018), as well as their potential equivalents in the RL, apart from classification differences, reveals a number of inconsistencies at the level of functions and pragmatics of the units in SL and RL, which make their lexicographic representation difficult. Although the frequency of diminutives is higher in RL, the formal equivalent of the SL derivative is sometimes expressed through a synonym (a synonym of the derivative word is searched for and its diminutive form is built), a hyperonym or a syntagm. In the Russian part of the dictionary, the difference between meanings of diminutives and terms of endearment may be neutralized, since Russian derivatives carry a whole paradigm of potential connotations, which are actualized only in communicative situations. Not all communicative situations coincide with those in SL - for example, in RL the use of diminutives in polite communication is known. The lexicographic problem lies not only in finding a suitable congruent form, but also in the fact that by identifying lexemes in the dictionary one can impose on the Serbian lexeme connotations from RL that it did not possess in SL. An additional difficulty of semantics is related to the adequacy of interpretation of diminutives in SL formed from polysemantic words. Namely, it is not always obvious whether ?diminution? refers to one of several separated meanings or to all meanings, because there is no qualifier referring to it, there is no illustration of usage, and the electronic corpus of SL does not provide an adequate number of usage examples. The paper also describes the problem of possible narrowing of the meaning of a lexeme. Finally, the stylistic status of the units is unequal: in RL derivatives with diminutives and / or meaning of subjective evaluation belong mainly to the verbal and colloquial style (and are limitedly recorded in dictionaries), while in SL diminutives are ?accepted? in the language and dictionary, which means that they demonstrate a higher degree of lexicalization. The problem of representing diminutives and other lexical structures in a bilingual dictionary should be considered on a broader linguistic material and at the level of the methodology of bilingual lexicography.

Mutual penetration of stylistic elements of magic realism, Slavic folklore, fiction in the context of the grammatical representation of time coordinates in V. Stevanović’s novel The Wretched

The article examines the relationship, interaction and grammatical repertoire of different tense forms of the Serbian verb in the context of verbal representation of time coordinates in the novel The Wretched by the famous Serbian writer V. Stevanović. The linguistic aspect, the mechanism of layering in the time paradigm of a perfect sample of magical realism, is analyzed. In this research, data from related scientific fields were involved and an attempt was made to determine which features inherent in the poetics of the mentioned work in terms of time plan unite it with examples of postmodernism, and which methods are related to the peculiarities of the temporal characteristics of the Serbian folk-song epic tradition, Serbian lyric poetry, with time formulas in bugaršticas, with poetic techniques of artistic fiction. The stylistic role of synthetic preterite forms of the Serbian verb, various shifts in the semantics of the present etc. are characterized.

RAISING AS A FREE SYNTACTIC OPERATION: EVIDENCE FROM SERBIAN

This paper examines the syntactic properties of the Serbian modal verb trebati ‘need’, which appears in the environment ‘NP – trebati ‘need’ – finite da-clause’. I show that trebati is a raising verb and that the preverbal NP is a (raised) subject. Trebati (φ-)agrees with the preverbal NP only optionally, which is surprising since other Serbian verbs agree with their subjects obligatorily. Furthermore, the subject is free to remain in the embedded clause, suggesting that the raising operation is not triggered by the need to satisfy unvalued features on matrix T (contra e.g., Chomsky 1981, 2008). I instead propose that A-movement (of this kind) is ‘free’; more precisely, it is fully optional, it can occur at any stage of the derivation (or not), and it is constrained only by the requirement that the output be well-formed. I show that this analysis accounts for the full range of data with trebati, but that it can also be applied to English-style raising constructions.

Young Scholars Conference “Slavic World: Community and Diversity”. Moscow, 23–24 May 2023. Section “Linguistics”

Young scholars from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Kazan, Minsk (Republic of Belarus), Budapest (Hungary) took part in the “Linguistics” section. A wide range of topical issues of Slavic linguistics were discussed in four thematic sessions. The first was devoted to contact linguistics and language policy issues. The results of field and corpus research were presented. The speakers paid special attention to issues of epigraphy in ethnically mixed regions. Language policy in Upper Silesia after World War II was also discussed. The analysis of the accent system of the Upper Sorbian language and the study of contact phenomena in the Czech language were based on corpus material. The next session brought together reports that developed the problems of ethnolinguistics and toponymy of Slavic areas. The features of the folk culture of the Macedonians, Bulgarians, and Eastern Slavs were highlighted. Chinese folk ideas about the crane were presented against the background of associations that arise in connection with this bird among modern Belarusians. On the second day of the conference, issues of grammar, lexicology and pragmatics were discussed. Borrowings in the Czech and Bulgarian languages were examined, the pragmatics of the headlines of the modern Polish press were analyzed, archaic and innovative phenomena in the system of Slovenian clitics were discussed, strategies were proposed to help the teacher of the Russian language in a Serbian-speaking audience explain the correspondences between Russian and Serbian verbs of speech. The final session was devoted to the language of written and printed documents, as well as the diachronic study of the semantics of some lexemes. The features of the Slavic translation of the life of St. Gregory of Sinai, the graphic and orthographic features of the Apostolus Christinopolitanus of the 12th century were discussed in detail, and a strategy for studying biblical quotations in Church Slavonic grammars of the 16th–17th centuries was proposed. Versions of the origin of the adjective “хороший” (“good”) and the adverb “зря” (“in vain”) were also analyzed. Active discussion of reports within the framework of discussions in the hall and during informal communication between sessions indicates the relevance of the scientific event.

Defining English and Serbian Verbs of Damage

Defining English and Serbian Verbs of Damage

VERBS OF DRINKING IN ENGLISH AND IN SERBIAN AS SOURCES OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS AND METONYMIES

The aim of this paper is to analyse verbs of drinking in English and in Serbian that are used to express various drinking processes, but that can also be used to express various other processes not related to drinking. In other words, the paper analyses the transferred meaning(s) that the analysed verbs express in both languages in order to identify the other processes expressed by the verbs of drinking. The corpus for the analysis was excerpted from the relevant monolingual dictionaries of English and Serbian and consists of ten verbs of drinking: five English verbs, to drink, to guzzle, to imbibe, to quench, to suck and five Serbian verbs, piti, ispiti, lokati, napiti se, opiti se. The dictionary definitions of the ten verbs were analysed in order to identify the transferred meanings of the verbs. The definitions were then subjected to conceptual analysis with the goal of identifying the conceptual mechanisms (conceptual metaphor or conceptual metonymy) that underly the transferred meanings. The identified meanings were also subjected to contrastive analysis that aimed at identifying the similarities and differences in transferred meanings among the analysed verbs and at identifying their formal correspondents or translation equivalents. The analysis shows that in both languages drinking verbs develop their transferred meanings primarily regarding the concepts of accepting or absorbing an entity and that in most cases such meanings and conceptual mechanisms underlying them show a high degree of equivalence, as the most frequent conceptual mechanism in both languages is conceptual metaphor. However, the differences are mostly observed at the semantic level.

MORPHOLOGICAL (STRUCTURAL) PRIMING WITH SERBIAN PREFIXED VERBS

The main aim of this paper is to discover whether there exists the so-called morphological, or structural, priming during the process of visual recognition of Serbian verbs with or without prefixes. Therefore, a small-scale psycholinguistic experiment was conducted among the senior students of the English Department at the Faculty of Philosophy. What was actually tested here was whether the appearance of one morphological structure, in our case a Serbian verb with or without a prefix or prefixes, within the context of word snakes would influence our interviewees to take more or less time to visually recognise the verb with the same morphological characteristics. The result that was expected before the experiment itself included, among other things, the fact that one structure will facilitate the recognition of another, regardless of the meaning which has for a very long been the most important and an unavoidable part when priming is being discussed.

Verb-nominal collocations and synthetic verbs in Polish and Croatian

Analytical structures which are verb- nominal collocations cause a problem in translation, especially when equivalents in languages translated differ grammatically. The article focuses on the forms which are an analytical structure in at least one of the languages, while in the second language they are synthetic verbs. It is rare to find analytical forms which do not have their synthetic counterparts - some researchers believe that they are not collocations then. Croatian synthetic verbs such as nadati se, tuširati se are translated into Polish in the form of analytical structures - to hope or to have a shower, because Polish lacks oneword equivalents. The aim of the paper is to discuss the linguistic phenomena mentioned above. It is based on selected forms of Polish and Croatian. The direct source of excerption material was the publication of Maria Cichonska Contrastive Dictionary of Polish, Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian verbs, in which the author focuses on the discussion of verbs whose equivalents are different from each other in at least one of the languages. There are a few types of collocations, but this analysis concentrates only on verb-noun ones, which significantly depleted the amount of structures excerpted from the dictionary.

A CONTRASTIVE ACCOUNT OF PHASE VERBS BEGIN AND START IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN

The paper focuses on contrastive semantics of phase verbs or aspectualizers in English and Serbian, taking into account both typical and atypical phase verbs. Following Piper (Piper et al. 2005), we adopt the class of atypical aspectalizers in Serbian which are primarily lexical verbs but yield an aspectual meaning when combined with an aspectual complement. We specifically consider phase verbs BEGIN and START in English and their Serbian equivalents POČETI and KRENUTI. Alternatively to both traditional and more contemporary linguistic approaches to phase verbs in English and Serbian, we claim that the true overall linguistic equivalent of the English phase verb START is not Serbian phase verb POČETI, but another, atypical aspectualizer KRENUTI. We base this claim on the equivalency of contrastive syntactic complementation of the inspected aspectualizers, as well as their argument structure, taking into account Freed’s (Freed 1979: 31) traditional view of the aspectual event, where the event is segmental, containing the onset, the nucleus, and the coda. Freed’s account is combined with the lexical-projectionist model proposed by Levin (Levin 1993) alongside the grammar of constructions (Goldberg 1995, 2006). Additionally, alternatively to the generally accepted claim that all phase verbs in Serbian as a rule take imperfective verbs as their complements (Ivić 1970: 44), we claim that KRENUTI with additional, phase-related meanings frequently and productively allows for perfec- tive complementation. The present analysis is backed up by a parallel corpus of English and Serbian sentences compiled from the British National Corpus, the Corpus of Contemporary American English, and the Corpus of Contemporary Serbian Language.

Semantičke strukture glagola play i igrati iz ugla teorije prototipa i njihov rečnički prikaz

In this paper, an analysis of the semantic structures of the English verb play and the Serbian verb igrati has been carried out according to the principles of the prototype theory as well as an analysis of the lexicographic representation of these structures in Oxford Dictionary of English (in its online version) and Rečnik srpskoga jezika Matice srpske (2011) as leading representatives of the lexicographic practice of the two languages. Since it has been observed that relations among senses of each of the two verbs are not all quite obvious and clear, the aim of the analysis has been to examine mutual semantic-derivational relatedness of these senses and, simultaneously, to answer the question whether semantic structures of these verbs are polysemous and, consequently, whether displaying all senses of each of these verbs within the same dictionary entry is justified. Also, the analysis has aimed at discovering how faithfully and precisely the structure and organization of entries in the two dictionaries reflect the internal organization of the given semantic structures and mutual relatedness of their senses taking into account the results of the analysis. An inventory of senses of the two verbs has been collected on the basis of their entries in the analysed dictionaries. For each sense, its derivational path has been identified including the sense which it has been derived from as well as the mechanism employed in this semantic derivation. This analysis has revealed that there are four motivated semantic networks within the semantic structure of the verb play and three such networks in the semantic structure of the verb igrati. Each of these networks includes senses which are derived from the common basic or prototypical sense directly or indirectly and, therefore, related on the basis of the family resemblance principle. The basic senses of all the networks identified within the structure of each of the verbs are also mutually related due to the fact that they share the same prototype. Hence, the identified networks, in the case of both verbs, form a unified semantic structure, which can be regarded as polysemous. This observation leads to the conclusion that the representation of these structures in the analysed dictionaries within one entry is justified. It has also been observed that the structure and organization of the entry for the verb play in the analysed dictionary of English quite precisely reflect the internal organization of the given polysemous structure since it adequately groups senses according to their semantic-derivational relatedness within the identified motivated networks and clearly emphasizes the basic sense of each network. The faithfulness of this reflection is achieved to a great extent, though not completely. However, the structure and organization of the entry for the verb igrati in the analysed dictionary of Serbian does not match the internal organization of the given polysemous structure.

Semantic Agreement of Aspectual Prefixes and Verbs in Serbian

This paper looks into the idea of empty prefixes and grammatical prefixation in Serbian language. The aim of the paper is to give support to the view that aspectual prefixes in Serbian are not semantically empty and that their meaning is one of the decisive factors in the process of perfectivization even when they do not add any new semantic content to a verb. It is assumed that if prefixes have no meaning, they would be attached to verbs randomly without any effect of the verb semantics. There were two steps in the analysis: semantic classification of verbs and statistical analysis of the effect of verb semantics on the choice of prefix. The results show that the distribution of prefixes among semantic classes is not random and that semantic compatibility between a verb and a prefix is a crucial factor in the grammatical prefixation.

Лексико-типологический подход к анализу приставочных дериватов: глаголы падения с приставками *o-/ob в русском, сербском и словенском языках

The paper presents a novel approach to a typologically oriented semantic analysis of Slavic prefixes exemplified with the data of Russian, Serbian and Slovenian verbs of falling with the prefixes *o-/ob-. Based on dictionary and corpus data supplemented by native speakers surveys we scrutinize distributional properties of the verbs of falling with the prefixes *o-/ob- and form a list of their meanings expressed in different contexts. We show that Russian and Serbian cognates cover one and the same conceptual space, but the verbs partition it in different ways, i.e. the differences between Russian and Serbian within this semantic domain are mostly due to semantic properties of the verbal roots, while the prefixes exhibit a similar linguistic behavior. In Serbian, unlike Russian, the root -val- is not used in the domain of falling, and the Serbian root -padcovers almost all the situations, in which -syp- is used in Russian. Thus, cognates are not semantically equivalent to each other, for instance, the Serbian verb osuti se corresponds to Russian verbs obsypat’sya and obrushit’sya rather than to its direct cognate osypat’sya. In Slovenian, the system of the verbal roots with the meaning of falling is very close to the Serbian one (the root -val- is not present, -pad- is used broader), while the semantics of the prefixes changes: the prefixes od-, z- and u- drive out o-/ob- in different subzones of the conceptual space. We visualize these tendencies with a semantic map, which allows to map both roots and prefixes without any violation of the Semantic Map Connectivity Hypothesis (every linguistic means covers a connected region on a map). We also demonstrate that the verbs covering the same points on the map, and not the cognates as one could expect, develop the same metaphoric extensions. For example, the metaphor of the decrease («Less is Down») is conveyed by the Serbian verb opasti and the Slovenian verb upasti, which both denote literal level recession

TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES IN BELARUSIAN INTERPRETATION OF THE SERBIAN LITERARY DISCOURSE

Object: past tense verb forms in the Serbian and Belarusian literary languages. Subject: transformation varieties in Belarusian translation of the Serbian literary discourse, in particular for interpretation of different Serbian past tense verb forms in the mentioned East Slavic language. Purpose: this research deals not only with defining of the most widely used translation techniques but also with revealing of functional peculiarities of past tense forms in the Serbian and Belarusian languages, in the context of historical dynamics of the contemporary outlines of their preterit system building. Methodology: linguistic observation and description, philological analysis, contrastive method, contextological analysis, as well as semantic and structural analysis. Finding: the analysis of the Serbian and Belarusian linguistic material testified that a dominant place among numerous versions of translation techniques belongs to morphological substitution of Serbian past tense verb forms in Belarusian translation, that is caused by different historical development conditions of the Slavic languages belonging to various subdivisions. The universal past tense verb form in modern Belarusian subtly reflects shades not only of the Serbian Perfect with an auxiliary verb, but also those of truncated Perfect, synthetic Aorist and so forth. The author considers the most wide-spread difficulties in translation of simple, traditional and kind of stylistically neutral Serbian verb forms, which are anyhow capable of concentrating deep senses. A notable place is taken by research of contextually possible Belarusian equivalents of the Serbian Perfect without an auxiliary verb, as well as of ways of interpreting the Serbian preterit verb forms that differ semantically in Belarusian. Practical value: the research findings may be applied in teaching of special courses related to interSlavic literary translation, in compiling of two-language (Serbian-Belarusian and Belarusian-Serbian) dictionaries.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ГРАМАТИЧНОГО ВИРАЖЕННЯ МИНУЛОГО ЧАСУ В КОРОТКИХ ПРОЗОВИХ ФОРМАХ СЕРБСЬКОГО ХУДОЖНЬОГО ДИСКУРСУ ХІХ–ХХ СТОЛІТЬ

The article deals with semantic and emotional load of Serbian verb's analytical and synthetic forms as explicit means of past tense expression in stylized epistolary fragments of short prose forms of Serbian classical literary discourse of different epochs. The author consistently considers stylized epistolary passages from tales by eminent Serbian writers: L. Lazarević, Y. Vselinović, І. Sekulić, М. Кapora, noting the key role of perfects, aorists, imperfects, pluperfects in chronotopes of short stories with a relatively clear configuration (when a retrospection of linear event sequence is present) and rather vague boundaries (in cases when letters are peculiar to time dialogue between writer and reader). Particular attention is paid to investigation of functions of preterit verb forms in stylized letters drawn towards reporting people about actual events. The author's attention is also focused on the mechanisms of creating the so-called intimization effect and the role of various Serbian past tense verb forms in this process. The letters as a literary device and an integral part of the author's communicative strategy are examined not only in the context of merely grammatical parameters of temporal strata but also from the point of view of deictic and narrative use of past tense grammemes. Serbian epistolary literary discourse provides rich illustrative material for specifying the issue of deictic and narrative parameters' relevance in respect of usage of tense forms or grammemes selected for analysis. The research proves that correlation of the mentioned parameters in Serbian language context is highly interesting, however, rather complicated and controversial. The comparison of Serbian and French literary texts shows that the temporal picture of the latter is almost diametrically opposite, meaning full functionality of aorist and imperfect and limited use of analytical perfect, which is used in the reproduction of direct speech, mainly in dialogues.

KOMPARATIVNI GLAGOLI U SRPSKOM JEZIKU U POREĐENJU SA ENGLESKIM I RUSKIM

U radu se daju osnovne tvorbene i semantičke karakteristike tzv. komparativnih glagola u srpskom jeziku i njihovi prevodni ekvivalenti u engleskom i ruskom. Srpski i ruski jezik značenja datih glagola izražavaju na leksičkom i sintaksičkom nivou, dok se u engleskom ona realizuju pretežno na nivou fraze ili rečenice, što pokazuju primeri: prestariti → to become too old; poskakivati → to jump over and over again/slightly. Osnovu rada čine glagoli prikupljeni iz romana napisanih na srpskom jeziku i prevedenih na engleski i ruski, a cilj rada je ukazivanje na razlike u tvorbi i semantici datih glagola u poređenim jezicima.

LEKSIČKO POLJE GLAGOLA JEDENJA U ENGLESKOM I SRPSKOM: KONTRASTIVNA ANALIZA

Rad predstavlja kontrastivno proučavanje sa ciljem da se analiziraju glagoli koji spadaju u leksičko polje jedenja u engleskom, te njihovo upoređivanje sa odgovarajućim poljem u srpskom. Glagoli se analiziraju na semantičkom nivou, njihova značenja se dekomponuju u semantičke komponente da bi se utvrdilo koje se od tih značenjskih komponenti preklapaju i razlikuju unutar leksičkog polja jedenja u engleskom i srpskom. Analiza je pokazala da engleski i srpski pokazuju slično konceptualizovanje jedenja, ali da postoje određene razlike u njihovim leksikalizacijama. Analiza je takođe pokazala da definicije glagola povezane sa jedenjem u dvojezičkom englesko-srpskom i jednojezičkom srpsko-srpskom rečniku treba detaljnije specifikovati.

Simultaneous effects of inflectional paradigms and classes in processing of Serbian verbs

In this paper we show that the processing of inflected verb forms is simultaneously influenced by the distributional properties of their inflectional paradigm (all the inflected forms of the given verb) and also by their inflectional class (all the verbs that conjugate in the same manner). Thus, we generalize a finding that was previously observed with nouns. We demonstrate that a divergence of the frequency distribution within inflectional paradigm from the frequency distribution within inflectional class (operationalized as Relative entropy between the two frequency distributions) is detrimental to processing. We present the results of a visual lexical decision experiment and the results of a simulation that was ran in the Naive Discriminative Reader, a simple computational model based on basic learning principles. We show that Relative entropy between an inflectional paradigm and an inflectional class predicts both empirically observed and simulated processing latencies. By doing so, we add to the body of research that investigates processing effects of information theory based descriptions of language. We also demonstrate that the effect of Relative entropy on the processing of morphology can arise as a consequence of the principles of discriminative learning in a system that maps input cues to outcomes, with no specification of morphology per se.

CONTRASTING INTRANSITIVE MOTION IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN: HOW DO WE BUILD ’SOUND’ EVENTS?

The paper addresses intransitive motion constructions in English and Serbian with the initial aim of identifying and explaining the structural (construction) templates , which are available in the two languages for intransitive motion encoding. The analysis is based on the well - known proposal by Leonard Talmy (1975, 1985, 1991, 2000) that languages fall into two main types as to how they encode motion events. Special attention is devoted to English and Serbian verbs of emission (VE) (specifically verbs of sound and verbs of light emission), regarding their potential to surface as verbs of motion and combine with directional phrases within motion event constructions. The analysis aims at contrasting both verbal sub-subclasses in English and Serbian for the purpose of identifying the relevant points of similarities and divergences between the two language systems being analysed. The theoretical claims of the analysis are empirically supported by a contrastive sentential corpus which further promotes the claim that the potential of VE is wider in scope than was initially proposed by Levin (1993).

RAISING AND COPY RAISING IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN

Ovaj rad se bavi fenomenom glagola podizanja, kao i fenomenom glagola podizanja koji ostavljaju kopiju imeničke fraze u engleskom i srpskom jeziku, pre svega sa stanovišta generativnog pristupa. Ispituju se konstrukcije sa srpskim ekvivalentima engleskih glagola seem ‘činiti se’, appear ‘izgledati/delovati’ i turn out ‘ispostaviti se’. Razmatraju se određeni slučajevi u kojima je podizanje imeničke fraze u srpskom jeziku neophodno (male klauze) i dozvoljeno (tematizacija i fokus, mada se dolazi do zaključka da pravi ekvivalenti engleskim glagolima podizanja u srpskom jeziku ne postoje. Ipak, opisuje se posebna konstrukcija podizanja u kojoj ne dolazi do slaganja subjekta sa glagolom. Glagol u ovoj konstrukciji uvek ima nastavak za treće lice jednine srednjeg roda. Što se tiče glagola podizanja koji ostavljaju kopiju imeničke fraze, kod njih je situacija manje jasna. U engleskom jeziku i dalje postoji debata oko postojanja tematskih i netematskih subjekata kod ove vrste glagola. Takođe, postavlja se pitanje da li zamenica koja predstavlja kopiju imeničke fraze mora biti kopija subjekta. U radu se pomenuta pitanja ispituju na primerima ekvivalentnih konstrukcija ovih glagola u srpskom jeziku. Primeri iz srpskog pokazuju da se kopija imeničke fraze uopšte ne javlja. Zaključak je da su ovi glagoli uglavnom tematski u srpskom jeziku.