Separator Placement Research Articles

Research on the Separation Technology of Kelp and Shellfish Box Based on Shellfish–Kelp Mixed Culture Mode

Aiming at the problem of floating shellfish boxes interfering with kelp harvesting when mechanized kelp harvesting is based on shellfish–kelp mixed culture mode, this paper combines the structural characteristics of the shellfish box itself, designs the kelp harvesting unit test bench and develops a shellfish box separator device. The key factors affecting the box separator’s separation effect were derived through the theoretical analysis. The process of separation of a shellfish box by the box separator is simulated and optimized under the derived boundary conditions. The single-factor test for the separating effect of the box separator was conducted with ADAMS kinematics simulation software. The test showed the optimal utility intervals for the key factors under consideration. Further orthogonal tests were conducted for the three key factors, which were ranked in descending order of importance as box separator separation angle θ, box separator taper angle β and box separator placement depth h. The optimal parameter combination is the box separator separation angle of 31°, the box separator taper angle of 30° and the box separator placement depth of 550 mm. Verification experiments have shown that both indicators, the farthest horizontal distance of the shellfish box and the angle of the shellfish box deviating from the box separator, meet the actual production requirements. In summary, the separator can effectively separate the shellfish box from the kelp, and the device is simple in design, quick in operation, and accomplished separation without disturbing shellfish. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the separation technology of kelp and shellfish box under shellfish–kelp mixed culture mode.

Comparative efficacy of pharmaceutical (Ibuprofen) and non-pharmaceutical (photobiomodulation, and chewing gum) interventions for pain reduction after elastomeric separator placement in orthodontic patients: a randomized clinical trial.

This study compared the efficacy of pharmaceutical (ibuprofen) and non-pharmaceutical (photobiomodulation and chewing gum) interventions for pain reduction after elastomeric separator placement in orthodontic patients. This 3-arm, parallel-group randomized clinical trial was conducted on 90 orthodontic patients. The level of anxiety and pain threshold of patients were measured at baseline using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and an algometer, respectively. The patients were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 30; equal number of males and females). In the laser group, 940nm diode laser (Epic X, Biolase, USA, 12.35J/cm2 energy density and 300 mW power in continuous-wave mode., The cross-sectional area of the laser handpiece tip was 1.7 cm2.) was irradiated to the buccal and lingual surfaces for 35s each, prior to placement of separators. In the gum group, the patients were asked to chew a piece of sugar-free gum immediately after the placement of separators and repeat every 8h for 5min for one week in case of pain. In the ibuprofen group, patients received 400mg ibuprofen (Hakim Pharmaceuticals, Tehran, Iran) after the placement of separators and were asked to take one tablet every 8h for one week in case of pain. The pain score was recorded using the Modified McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). The normality of data distribution was analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. ANOVA was applied to compare age, and the Chi-square and Monte Carlo Chi-square tests were used to compare gender and patient responses to the questions among the groups. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the pain score at different time points and among the three groups. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 19 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) at 0.05 level of significance. Data analysis in this study had an intention to treat approach. Although the pain score was slightly lower in ibuprofen and gum groups, the difference among the three groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). 'Repeated measures ANOVA showed no significant effect of method of pain reduction on pain score (F = 1.520, P = 0.225). Time had a significant effect on pain score (F = 20.310, P < 0.001). The interaction effect of time and pain reduction method on pain score was not significant (F = 0.737, P = 0.651). patients experienced a lower level of pain in the ibuprofen and chewing gum groups, the difference in pain score was not significant among the three groups (P = 0.225). patients experienced a higher level of pain at 12 and 24 hours after the placement of separators in all groups. Considering the comparably equal analgesic efficacy of this modalities, non-pharmaceutical interventions can be used for pain reduction of elastomeric separator. The study protocol was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20210927052611N1). Date of registration 2022/03/14.

Do Hall Technique Crowns Affect Intra-arch Dimensions? A Split-mouth Quasi-experimental Non-randomized Feasibility Pilot Study.

The Hall technique preformed metal crowns (HT-PMCs) are allegedly oversized, temporarily altering inter-arch relationships. Intra-arch dimensions and leeway space (LWS) HT effects are unknown. To study single HT-PMC intra-arch effects and treated tooth dimensional changes. Split-mouth, quasi-experimental, non-randomized feasibility pilot study. Intraoral scans (iTero II®) were taken preorthodontic separator placement (scan1), immediately post single HT-PMCs (scan2) in 13 children, and 1 month later (scan3) in eight children. Control and study quadrants' lengths ("arcs") and HT-PMCs/control tooth dimensions [mesiodistal (MD), buccopalatal/lingual (BP/L), diagonal (Diag1/Diag2)] were recorded in mm (OrthoCAD® software). Paired t-test, repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) post hoc analysis statistics (p < 0.05). Compared to scan1, the mean study arc increased by 0.7 mm (±0.5) (n = 13, t-test, p < 0.001) at scan2, while at scan3, it increased by 0.8 mm (±0.34) (n = 8, repeated ANOVA, p = 0.008). The HT-PMCs-treated tooth mean dimensions increased at scan2 by 0.9 mm (MD), 0.8 mm (BP/L), 0.5 mm (Diag1), and 0.7 mm (Diag2) (t-test, p < 0.001) with similar observations at scan3. There were no significant changes in the control arc or the control tooth measurements. One single HT-PMC increased the intra-arch quadrant length by approximately up to <1 mm. The HT-PMC-treated tooth was marginally oversized. This pilot study paves the way for a more robust study with a larger sample size. AlRamzi B, AlHalabi M, Kowash M, et al. Do Hall Technique Crowns Affect Intra-arch Dimensions? A Split-mouth Quasi-experimental Non-randomized Feasibility Pilot Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(6):673-682.

To evaluate the effectiveness of biting on chewie as pain management during debonding: A cross-sectional study

: During orthodontic treatment, pain and discomfort are frequently felt by patients during procedures like separator placement, archwire placement, orthodontic force application, miniscrew placement and debonding. The purpose of this study is to look into the effects of biting on Chewie for pain management during debonding procedure. Out of sample size of 128 sites, 64 sites (right or left) was assigned as Chewie and 64 sites as control group and debonding was carried out. Pain was evaluated on VAS scale from 1 to 10. Chewie group has a mean value of 1.76, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 1.59 (Lower) to 1.93 (Upper). Conventional group has a mean value of 2.00, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 1.79 (Lower) to 2.20 (Upper). : Debonding performed with gently squeezing action and biting on the chewie will be sufficient to keep pain to a minimum level and no other additional pain-relief method will be required.

Comparative assessment between chewing gum, bite wafers, and ibuprofen in pain control following separators placement among orthodontic patients

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of chewing gum and using bite wafers in reducing pain after the placement of separators in orthodontic patients and to compare that efficiency with ibuprofen use. Additionally, this study evaluated the effect of non-pharmacological pain control methods on the frequency of separators falling out. MethodsThe study sample comprised 105 female patients between 15 and 35 years of age. The patients were randomly selected and classified into three groups (35 each). Each group was given either ibuprofen, viscoelastic bite wafers, or chewing gum immediately after the placement of separators and every 8 h for 1 week, as needed. The patients were asked to record their pain perception using a visual analog scale following separator placement at 2 h, 6 h, bedtime, 24 h, and at 2, 3, and 7 days. Analysis of variance testing was used for the data analysis. ResultsAmong the three studied groups, there were no significant differences in pain perception at any time point. The patients experienced significantly higher pain scores at bedtime and 24 h after separator placement. In addition, there were statistically significant findings in pain perception at different time points within each pain relief method (p = 0.000, p < 0.05). ConclusionThe use of chewing gum and bite wafers in alleviating orthodontic pain was beneficial and comparable to ibuprofen use following the placement of separators before orthodontic treatment among orthodontic patients.

In vivo study of gingival crevicular fluid interleukin 1-beta (IL1-&amp;beta;) and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE-2) levels with pain perception after placement of elastomeric separators with and without low level laser therapy: An in vivo study

Orthodontic tooth movement following application of force features bone remodelling changes in periodontal and dental tissues. These necessary orthodontic tooth movement achieved by numerous orthodontic procedures that evokes pain sensations in patients, such as separator placement, archwire placement and activations. The aim of the study is to compare the levels of interleukin 1-beta and prostaglandin E2 in GCF with pain perception after placement of elastomeric separators with and without low level laser therapy. 12 patients scheduled for orthodontic treatment, were screened test and control. Mesial and distal elastomeric separators flanked the maxillary first molar arch. The experimental side received 20s of Ga Al As, diode laser irradiation at 810 nm, 2 J/cm2, 200 mW power output, while the control tooth did not. GCF was collected from the mesiobuccal and mesiopalatal sides of first molars in the maxillary quadrant before, 1hr, 24 hours, and 48 hours after separator installation from both groups to quantify IL1-b and PGE2. The control and experimental group had IL-1β levels of 18.609 ng/ml (SD = 3.833) and 17.582 ng/ml (SD = 2.425) at the 'Before' time point, with p&amp;#60; 0.001. Significant variations in IL-1β and PGE2 were observed from baseline, with p &amp;#60; 0.001. After 1 hour, IL-1β levels significantly increased to 132.678 ng/ml (SD = 9.628)/ 83.848 ng/ml (SD = 8.833).In the 24-hour interval, IL-1β levels increased dramatically to 185.283 ng/ml (SD = 9.875) and 116.998 ng/ml (SD = 5.680). By 48 hours, IL-1β levels remained high at 157.459 ng/ml (SD = 10.141) and 103.664 ng/ml (SD = 9.662). Low-level laser therapy has been shown to reduce pain perception and decrease inflammatory mediators IL-1β and PGE2 in GCF patients with elastomeric separators. A positive correlation exists between these biomarkers, pain perception, and laser irradiation across all time intervals.

Comparative Evaluation of Effect of TENS on Controlling Pain Associated with Orthodontic Separator Placement-A Clinical Study.

To assess and contrast the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) therapy and topical anesthetic gel in reducing the level of pain associated with the placement of orthodontic separators. A cohort of 40 individuals, aged between 16 and 20 years, who were in need of fixed orthodontic treatment, was chosen for the study. Elastomeric separators were positioned bilaterally adjacent to the first molars in all participants, who were subsequently separated into two distinct cohorts. Those in group I received topical anesthetic gel, while those in group II underwent TENS therapy. After the placement of separators, the assessment of pain was conducted using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at specific intervals: Immediately after placement, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. TENS group showed a significantly lower VAS score compared to the local anesthetic gel group at immediate, 6 hours, and 12 hours. Following the placement of elastomeric separators, it was found that TENS was more successful at reducing pain.

The relationship between salivary alpha-amylase, nitric oxide, pain and anxiety-induced stress in patients during dental treatment.

Pain and anxiety are the most reported negative effect of orthodontic treatment which can influence the quality of life and are responsible for the discontinuation of treatment. These unpleasant experiences raise the stress levels reflected by the increase in the concentration of salivary alpha-amylase and nitric oxide. These can be assessed through various subjective methods which have limited value as it depends on the patient's honesty, assessing whether using objective methods are reliable. To assess pain and anxiety-induced stress levels using both physiological (Salivary alpha-amylase and Salivary nitric oxide) and psychological testing instruments (Visual analog scale and State Trait Anxiety Inventory Y6) during the initial phases of fixed orthodontic treatment. A total of 30 patients were included. Pain and anxiety instruments were applied and saliva samples were collected from patients before and after separator placement, before and 48 h after archwire insertion and 1 month after archwire insertion. The mean values of alpha-amylase (235.3600), nitric oxide levels (2.060) and pain scores (7.8667) were higher 48 h after archwire insertion (T3) which are statistically significant, P = 0.00. Anxiety scores (57.7000) were high before separator placement (T0). No statistically significant correlation was found among pain and alpha-amylase, anxiety and nitric oxide levels. Initial alignment phases of fixed orthodontic treatment affect patients' anxiety and stress levels. The findings could be a result of the psychological stress due to procedures in the initial phases of the treatment.

Effect of physical activity level on orthodontic pain perception after separator placement in adult patients managed at a tertiary care teaching public sector hospital in Lahore

Background: Different behavioral therapies are used to reduce pain severity in patients undergoing separator placement apart from pharmacological treatments. However, there is limited local data.This study aimed to determine the frequency of high and low levels of activity in adult patients who needed separator placement and compared the mean pain scores with respect to baseline physical activity level following the intervention.&#x0D; Subjects and methods: It was a descriptive case series carried out at the Orthodontics Department, De’Montmorency College of Dentistry, Lahore, for a period of 3 months from 15.7. 2022 to 15.9.2022. Total 120 patients aged 18 to 40 years of both genders, who needed separator placement were included in the study. Patients were excluded if they had medical conditions or systemic diseases that was a contraindication for usage of fixed orthodontic appliances, had chronic pain or pain in the orofacial or dental region, had maxillary or mandibular fracture and who had previous history of mandibular or maxillary surgery. Baseline physical activity level was noted down as per clinical history. Patients then underwent separator placement.&#x0D; Results: Mean age of the patients was 28.67±6.312 years. There were 62 (51.7%) males and 58 (48.3%) females. Baseline low physical activity was found in 77 (64.2%) patients while high activity was found in 43 (35.8%) patients. Mean pain scores in the low physical activity group were 3.9±2.056 and in the high physical activity group were 2.26±2.094 and the difference was statistically significant i.e. p=0.001 as assessed by independent t-test.&#x0D; Conclusion: Frequency of low physical activity level was higher in patients and it was found to be associated with higher mean pain scores compared to patients who had high baseline level of physical activity.&#x0D;

The Effect of Lavender Inhalation on the Pain Perception of Orthodontic Separator Placement: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial

Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (lavender) is known for its antibacterial, muscle relaxant, antispasmodic, sedative, and anesthetic effects, and is also proposed to be used as an analgesic agent. Despite several studies on the analgesic activity of lavender, this is the first experiment in patients with orthodontic pain. This "2-arm parallel" study aims to evaluate the effect of lavender oil inhalation on reducing pain after elastomeric separator placement as a part of orthodontic treatment. Patients who needed elastic separator placement in mesial and distal of first permanent molars of all quadrants prior to their first-ever fixed orthodontic treatment, with the age range of 20 to 24, were randomly assigned to one of the two study groups: lavender oil and sesame oil. Participants had to breathe in their medication for 2 minutes just before separator insertion, as well as 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h afterward. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure the level of pain during three oral situations, including rest, fitting posterior teeth, and chewing at the following periods: just before separator placement (T0), immediately after insertion (T1), 3 h post-insertion (T2), 12 h post-(T3), 24 insertion h post-insertion (T4), and 48 h after separator placement (T5). The current study indicated the effectiveness of lavender oil inhalation in reducing pain perception while chewing 48 h after elastic separator placement. The pain level in lavender inhalation was lower from 12 h to 48 h after separator insertion, although not considerable, indicating the probability of its effectiveness on delayed responses to orthodontic pain.

A review of different separator placement techniques for Hall crowns, and the introduction of a novel technique utilising rubber dam clamp forceps

Hall crowns are a simple technique used in paediatric dentistry to treat restorable caries in primary molars in patients who are unwilling to accept conventional restorations. The use of Hall crowns has increased significantly due to the acceptance of the technique, and it is now commonly taught to dental undergraduates in the UK. Separator placement for Hall crowns can be difficult and may sometimes prevent Hall crowns from being utilised. This article describes the advantages and disadvantages of using rubber dam clamp forceps for the placement of separators for Hall crowns in comparison to other well-known methods.

Evaluation of pain in patients undergoing fixed dental appliance

Introduction: Pain is experienced by patients during various fixed orthodontic procedures such as placement of separators, insertion of arch wire and its activations, orthopedic appliances such as headgear, and debonding of the appliance. This study was formulated with the background that the level of pain sensation differs between conventional metal and ceramic brackets, arch wire being the same pain is an important aspect of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL). Understanding how patients' pain experiences during their treatment affect their quality of life (QOL) is important and the absence of pain/discomfort is important for achieving a high QOL. Aim and Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between pain and OHRQOL among patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances and to evaluate whether patient motivation and counseling had an effect on the pain and discomfort. Materials and methods: The data collection was done , the obtained data were tabulated and entered in the MS excel sheet. Data collection were imported to SPSS, variable definition process was done using tables and graphical illustration.

LOW-LEVEL LASER THERAPY MAY REDUCE PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH ORTHODONTIC SEPARATOR PLACEMENT.

Farzan, A. K. Khaleghi (2021). "The Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Pain Induced by Orthodontic Separator Placement: A Systematic Review." J Lasers Med Sci 12: e29. None. Systematic review.

Separation Effect and Perception of Pain and Discomfort from Kesling and Elastomeric Orthodontic Separators: An In Vivo Study

To scrutinize Kesling and elastomeric orthodontic separators, focusing on the separating effect as well as patients' perception of pain together with discomfort. The separators tested were elastomeric as well as Kesling separators. Thirty subjects, scheduled for treatment having a fixed orthodontic appliance, were categorized into two groups. In group I subjects, elastomeric separators were placed, whereas in group II subjects, Kesling separators were placed. After 3 days, the extent of separation was recorded with a leaf gauge. A questionnaire of eight questions and visual analog scale were used to note the patient perceptions of pain and discomfort. The mean separation formed by elastomeric and Kesling separator was 0.0457 and 0.0437 mm, respectively, of which elastomeric separator had made highest separation than the other separator used for the generation of separation at day 1 whereas the mean separation created by the elastomeric and Kesling separator at day 2 was 0.2327 mm and 0.1903 mm, respectively. 46.7% of patients on day 1, and on day 2, 56.7% of patients reported discomfort but not pain, while 73.3% of patients on day 3 reported discomfort but not pain from both types of separator. On day 1, 6.7% of patients, 13.3% on day 2, and 6.7% again on day 3 reported feeling pressure but no pain or discomfort. Elastomeric separators exhibited the highest separation compared to Kesling used for the separation, at all three days. The Kesling separator was a separator of choice in cases where the interproximal contact was tight. Discomfort and pain due to separator will be minimized by reducing the duration of separator placement. Hence treatment acceptability will be more. There is no significant difference found in separation by increasing the day.

Evaluation of Pain-Relieving Effect of Menthol and Benzocaine Patches in Orthodontic Patients: A Triple-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effect of benzocaine and menthol patches on pain alleviation following elastomeric separator placement.Patients and Methods: This triple-blind split-mouth trial was conducted on healthy 14-25 years old patients of orthodontic department. Eligibility criteria included presence of second premolar, first and second molars in both sides of the mandible, no chronic pain in oral cavity, or chronic consumption of analgesic drugs. Elastomeric separators were placed mesial and distal of first mandibular molars and patients were randomized into two groups: 1) menthol/ placebo patches, 2) benzocaine/ placebo patches. The mucosal patches were placed randomly on the buccal area of mandibular first molars on both sides. Main outcome was pain level reported by patients on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in seven-time intervals in three following days. Data were analyzed by linear mixed model. P-value was set to be 0.05. Results: Sixty-four patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio with no loss to follow-up. Both benzocaine and menthol patches significantly reduced mean pain level compared to placebo patch (P< 0.001). Benzocaine patch had more analgesic effect; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.115). Time interval had a significant effect on recorded pain except the first time interval. Age and gender had no significant effect on pain. No adverse event was reported in patients. Conclusions: Both benzocaine and menthol patches were effective in alleviating pain. Therefore, they can be recommended to be used for reducing pain following orthodontic elastomeric separator placement.

A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of different methods on pain management during orthodontic debonding

BackgroundOrthodontic treatment procedures like separator placement, archwire placement, orthodontic force application, miniscrew placement and debonding procedure usually involve pain and discomfort. Pain perception and methods to reduce pain during debonding in regard to gender and different locations of oral cavity is still a poorly documented issue in orthodontics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different methods on pain management during debonding and its association with gender and location.Materials and methodsOne hundred and forty orthodontic patients in the stage of debonding were randomly assigned into four groups according to different methods used during debonding; Group A: Medication group (Paracetamol given 1 h before debonding), Group B: Finger pressure group, Group C: Stress relief group and Group D: Control group. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess the pain intensity just after debonding for each sextant.ResultsAmong 140 participants, 61 (43.57%) were males and 79 (56.43%) were females. Differences in VAS score in different areas of oral cavity among all groups were found to be significant (p < 0.05). Total VAS score was greater in control group (16.67) followed by stress relief group (13.33) and finger pressure group (10) and least in medication group (8.33). The VAS score was higher in the upper front and lower front sextants in all the groups. Females reported higher VAS score and in upper front sextant, it showed significant difference (p = 0.018). On comparison, total VAS scores were statistically significant difference in medication-stress relief arm pair (p = 0.009), medication-control arm pair (p < 0.001) and finger pressure-control arm pair (0.002). The total VAS score comparison between medication-finger pressure arm was not significant (p = 0.172).ConclusionsPain perceived during debonding varies in different areas of oral cavity among all the groups. Anterior area of oral cavity and female seems to be more sensitive to pain. Use of finger pressure can be used effectively for pain management during debonding.

Analgesic effect of photobiomodulation after placement of elastomeric separators: randomized controlled clinical trial

Objective: Pain resulting from the positioning of elastomeric separators is a strong reason for abandoning orthodontic treatment. So, this study aims to verify the analgesic effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) in participants submitted to orthodontics with elastomeric separators. Methods: Participants were individuals who received separators on the mesial and distal surfaces of the first molars. They were randomly separated into two groups: an experimental group that received photobiomodulation (PBM) (n=22) and a placebo group (n=22). After the positioning of the separators, the PBM group received one application of PBM (2 J of energy applied in 20 seconds per point, adding up to 12 J per molar (6 J on the vestibular surface and 6 J on the lingual surface) over the cervical portion and the apical third of the tooth. Pain was measured one hour after placement, with the aid of a visual analog scale (VAS). Statistical analysis involved the Mann-Whitney, Fisher’s Exact and chi-square tests. Results: Reports of severe pain only occurred in the placebo group. However, a larger percentage of the individuals in the PBM group reported feeling moderate pain compared to this same intensity in the placebo group. No significant differences among groups were found with regards to reports of mild pain and no pain. An association was found between pain and the female sex in both groups. Conclusion: Significant difference was found in severe pain sensitivity when PBM was applied after the positioning of elastomeric separators, favoring the irradiated participants. Thus, PBM may be a useful tool in orthodontic treatment. Clinical Trials Reference Number (www.ClinicalTrials.gov), NCT03939988.

The efficacy of low-level laser therapy versus paracetamol–caffeine in controlling orthodontic separation pain and changes in the oral-health-related quality of life in Class I malocclusions: A 3-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial

This study evaluated the analgesic effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and paracetamol-caffeine in controlling orthodontic pain induced by elastomeric separators, as well as changes in oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). A total of 54 patients (22 male, 32 female; mean age [standard deviation]: 21.68 [±2.77]) participated in the study. Elastomeric separators were placed mesially and distally to the first molars in the upper and lower dental arches. The first group (n=18) received a single dose of aluminum gallium arsenide (GaAlAs) laser irradiation (808 nm; 350 milliwatts; 3.5 joule/point) with a placebo medication. The laser beam was applied buccally and lingually at the center of the first molar roots and the adjacent teeth (2nd molar and 2nd premolar) in both the upper and lower dental arches bilaterally. The second group (n=18) received paracetamol-caffeine tablets (3 times daily for the first couple of days after separator insertion, and as needed for the rest of the week), with a placebo light-emitting diode (LED) light; patients in the third group (n=18) were exposed to the 2 placebo procedures. An 11-point numeric rating scale was used to assess spontaneous and chewing pain perception immediately and at 1 hour, 24 hour, 48 hours, and 1 week after separator placement. The short version of the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) was used to evaluate OHRQoL at 48 hours and at 1 week after separator placement. Pain perception reached its peak at 24 hours after separator placement (median values: 3, 3, 6.5 for spontaneous pain, and 6, 6, 8 for chewing pain in the LLLT, drug, and control groups, respectively). LLLT relieved the induced pain more than did the placebo procedures (P=0.002 for spontaneous pain, P=0.012 for chewing pain). Orthodontic separators worsened patients' OHRQoL scores during the entire week, especially at 48 hours after placement (median OHIP-14 score: 21, 25, 24 in the LLLT, drug, and control groups, respectively). In comparison with the control group, LLLT slightly increased the "physical pain" domain score (P=0.015) and the "psychological disability" domain score of the scale (P=0.010) after 48 hours, as well as the "psychological disability" domain score 1 week after separator placement. The pain levels were similar in the laser and drug groups. The LLLT group had decreased pain, compared with the placebo group. Paracetamol-caffeine and LLLT were unable to enhance the overall OHRQoL.

Association of pain between elastomeric and the kesling sparators in the orthodontic patients

Introduction: Pain may be experienced during the first 3-4 days of fixed Orthodontic appliance activation. The lesser the pain perceived by a patient, better the treatment outcome and the patient compliance. The post separator placement pain increases as soon as 4 hours and gradually increases over the next 24 hours which is worst at the day 2-4. The Aim of the study is to find out the association of post separator placement pain in our population. Also, the study focuses on the use of dose Paracetamol 500gms, by our patients in case of pain. Materials and Method: Elastomeric separator was placed mesially and distally to the upper right first permanent molar(16) and the kesling separator was placed to the left first permanent molar(26) in 100 orthodontic patients . Patients were given a questionnaire that documented perceived pain, pain on chewing, pain affecting the daily life activities. The patient documented the intake of medication to reduce the pain, if at all. Two different Pain rating scales (PRS) along a line will be used to depict the pain perception. The subjects were asked to circle a spot on the line that they believed best represented the pain they perceived at that time. The evaluation of pain and documentation started on the 4th hour, 24th hrs, 2nd day, 3rd day, 4th day, 5th day, 6th day and the 7th day. Scores 1-3 will be considered as mild pain; 4-6 will be moderate pain and 7-10 is considered to be the severe pain. At every time slot, the pain was documented, there was a spot where the patient has mentioned if he / she used the medication prescribed by the orthodontist. Results: No association of Kesling separators with Pain on chewing , pain perception and pain affecting life at 4th hour, 24th hour, 2nd day, 3rd day, 4th day, 5th day, 6th day, 7th day post separator placement. Association of Medication with the post separator placement pain also is not significant. Significant association of elastomeric separators with pain perception and pain affecting life at 4th hour (p= 0.002 &amp; p=0.005), 24th hour (p= 0.002). Significant Association of Medication with the post separator placement pain also is significant at 4th (p=0.00) and 24th hour (p=0.02) of post separator placement. Conclusion: There is a significant association of elastomeric separators with pain perception and pain affecting life at 4th hour, 24th hour. Significant Association of Medication with the post separator placement pain also is significant at 4th and 24th hour of post separator placement

Does green tea (Camellia Sinesis) mouthwash reduce pain after placement of orthodontic separators? A randomized controlled trial

Does green tea (Camellia Sinesis) mouthwash reduce pain after placement of orthodontic separators? A randomized controlled trial