Separation Of Penicillin Research Articles

Experimental study of choline chloride and K2HPO4 aqueous two-phase system, and its application in the partitioning of penicillin G

Aqueous two-phase systems are useful for separating biological materials. In this study, the phase diagram of the ternary system of choline chloride, K2HPO4 and water was determined at 298.15K and 0.1MPa. In this regard, the binodal curves between the single liquid phase, liquid-liquid two-phase region, solid-liquid-liquid three-phase region, and solid-liquid two-phase region were determined experimentally. Then, the liquid-liquid two-phase region as an aqueous two-phase system was studied in more details and tie lines of the aqueous two-phase system were obtained. Finally, the partition coefficient of penicillin-G was measured in this aqueous two-phase system. The effect of concentration of the constituents of the aqueous two-phase system on the partition coefficient of penicillin G was investigated. The results show that >96% of penicillin-G extracted to the top phase that is rich in choline chloride. Also, the maximum experimental partition coefficient of penicillin-G was found to be 323.5 that indicates the high capability of the current system in the separation of penicillin G.

Development and Validation of a CD-MEKC System for the Simultaneous Determination of Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate and Two Benzylpenicillin Salts

A CD-MEKC system using sodium dodecyl sulfate and sulfated-β-cyclodextrin to achieve the simultaneous separation of Penicillin G procaine, Penicillin G benzatine and dihydrostreptomycin sulfate in pharmaceutical and veterinary dosage forms was developed. Several parameters were evaluated, including buffer type and concentration, cyclodextrin type and concentration, and organic solvent and instrumental parameters. The optimized system consisted of 50 mM SDS, 1% sulfated-ß-cyclodextrin, and 10 mM pH 9.0 borate buffer. Capillary temperature was kept at 35°C, and an electrophoretic system was operated under positive polarity at a constant voltage of 18 kV. Validation parameters such as specificity, linearity, LOD, and LOQ, precision, accuracy, and robustness were assayed. Therefore, the developed method was found to be appropriate for quality control of Penicillin G procaine, Penicillin G benzatine, and dihydrostreptomycin sulfate.

Separation of Penicillin G from Fermentation Broth Using N,N-Dioctyloctan-1-amine Extractant in Different Diluents

The extraction of penicillin G was investigated using N,N-Dioctyloctan-1-amine (TOA) with different diluents having distinct functional groups. Nine diluents were used in the study, namely, octan-1-ol, nonan-1-ol, isoamyl alcohol, ethyl ethanoate, propyl ethanoate, methyl iso butyl ketone(MIBK), octan-2-one, octane, and decane. The measurements were performed at a temperature of 298.2 K. The experimental results of batch extractions were used to calculate distribution coefficients (KD), loading factors (Z), and extraction efficiency (E). The highest distribution coefficient (KD = 5.79) was obtained with isoamyl alcohol, and its extraction efficiency was 85.27%. Further, the highest loading factor was reached to a value of 0.130 at 0.374 mol.kg−1 amine concentration. Overloading was not observed at any amine concentration. Solvatochromic model (Linear solvation Energy Relationship (LSER)) for data which obtained from alcohols experiments gives the good results as near as same to experimental results. Suitability of data between experiments and model predictions have been tested with root main square deviation (RMSD) with 0.99.

Membrane Extraction of Penicillin G from a Synthetic Fermentation Media Using Sunflower Oil

The use of sunflower oil as an environmentally-friendly solvent was examined for the separation of penicillin G (Pen G) from a synthetic fermentation media to develop a cost-effective process. In order to evaluate this, equilibrium experiments were first carried out with solvent alone (sunflower oil/pegasol/tributyl phosphate) and then with the solvent containing dissolved Amberlite LA-2, an ionic carrier. The organic systems with the carrier gave better distribution of Pen G between the aqueous and organic phases. The values of the distribution coefficient were greater for tributyl phosphate (TBP) than the other solvents at the natural pH of Pen G. Sunflower oil gave a good distribution ratio and it can be recommended as an attractive option because of its low cost, minimal toxicity and moderate performance. The effectiveness of the carrier-sunflower oil (organic phase) was evaluated in a hollow-fiber membrane contactor by performing experiments with the organic phase on the shell side and the feed inside the fiber. With a small amount of carrier (approx. 5%) in the organic phase and at the natural pH of penicillin G, a good percentage extraction (approx. 40-45%) was achieved. The percentage extraction decreased (approx. 30-35%) when penicillin G was prepared in a synthetic fermentation media instead of pure aqueous media. These results are similar to those reported by many investigators; the main difference is that, in this report, an environmentally-friendly solvent was used instead of toxic solvents used in the literature, such as kerosene.

SEPARATION OF PENICILLIN G FROM FERMENTATION BROTH BY EMULSION LIQUID MEMBRANE TECHNIQUE

The separation of penicillin G from fermentation broth can be done by emulsion liquid membrane technique. The aim of this research is to establish the optimal conditions for the extraction and separation of penicillin G using emulsion liquid membrane technique. The optimal conditions were found to be at ratio of internal phase volume to membrane phase volume of 1:1 ; time of making emulsion, 1 min ; emulsion contact rate, 300 rpm; rate of stirring of emulsion, 2000 rpm ; rest time of emulsion, 13 min; concentration of penicillin G as external phase, 375 ppm; and concentration of surfactant, 5% (v/v). pH of internal phase is 8; pH of external phase 5; ratio of emulsion phase volume to external phase volume, 1:2 and concentration of carrier 2 mM. The concentration of penicillin G and phenylacetic acid from fermentation results were 24771 mg/L and 32675 mg/L. Extraction by emulsion liquid membrane technique gave the percentage of penicillin G 53.38% and phenylacetic acid 60.41%. The percentage phenylacetic acid which is still higher (60.41%) indicated that the penicillin G could not completely be separated from phenylacetic acid by emulsion liquid membrane technique. Keywords: penicillin G, fermentation, emulsion liquid membrane technique

Mixed micelle-cloud point extraction for the analysis of penicillin residues in bovine milk by high performance liquid chromatography

A mixed micelle-cloud point extraction (MM-CPE) has been developed for the analysis of penicillin antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin G, oxacillin, and cloxacillin) in milk samples using Triton X-114 (TX-114) and cethyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the mixed micellar extractant. The parameters affecting the MM-CPE that were investigated including solution pH, CTAB concentration, TX-114 concentration, electrolyte salt, equilibration temperature and incubation time. The optimum MM-CPE conditions were: 10 mmol L(-1) phosphate buffer pH 8, 0.06% (w/v) CTAB, 1.5% (w/v) TX-114, and 7% (w/v) Na(2)SO(4), and 5 min equilibration at 40 degrees C. The separation of penicillins was achieved within 8 min under the HPLC conditions: a Vydac C(18) column, isocratic elution of 5 mmol L(-1) phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) and methanol (55:45, v/v), and a flow rate of 1 mL min(-1), with photodiode array detection at 215 and 244 nm. Under the selected condition, the proposed method gave linear calibrations in the range 0.002-10 microg mL(-1) with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. Limits of detection (LOD) were 2-3 ng mL(-1), and 15-40-fold enhancement compared to that without preconcentration. Good reproducibility was achieved with relative standard deviation <5% for peak area and <3% for retention time. High accuracy, with recoveries higher than 80%, was obtained. The proposed mixed micelle-CPE-HPLC method has shown to be of high potential for the analysis of penicillin residues in milk with LOD comparable to the established maximum residue limits (4-30 ng mL(-1)).

Development of conditions for rapid thin-layer chromatography of β-lactam antibiotics

Penicillins and cephalosporins (subclasses of β-lactam antibiotics) are widely used against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Use of HPLC, TLC-bioautography, and thin silica gel layers precoated with fluorescent material has been reported in literature for the analysis of these compounds. This manuscript deals with a straightforward and sensitive method for rapid separation and detection of selected β-lactams. Bulk impregnation of homemade silica gel G layers and impregnation of ready made silica gel 60 layers with 0.2% ammonium chloride was carried out and various mobile phases have been established for UV detection of the compounds. Separation of penicillins (benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin) and cephalosporins (cephalexin, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, cefixime, and cefadroxil) was achieved by use of propanol-acetic acid 4:1 ( v/v ) and butanol-acetic acid-water 4:1:2 ( v/v ) respectively, as mobile phases.

Evaluation of LC methods for the separation of penicillin V and its related substances

Evaluation of LC methods for the separation of penicillin V and its related substances

Synergistic Effect of Surfactant on Transport Rate of Organic Acid in Liquid Emulsion Membranes

Abstract Liquid emulsion membranes were applied to the separation of penicillin G, and a model was proposed to describe the transport of penicillin G facilitated by two carriers. A polyamine-type surfactant such as ECA 4360J acts not only as carrier but also as surface-stabilizing agent, thus the influence of surfactant on the transport rate should be considered in mathematical modeling when its effect is significant. The proposed model is based on the shrinking core approach (advancing reaction front model) and takes into account the resistances of mass transfer in the water boundary layer, the thin oil film, and the emulsion. An equation expressing the overall mass transfer coefficient is given so as to simplify the model equations. The model shows good agreements with the experimental data. However, the calculated results underestimated the experimental data when the effect of the surfactant on transport rate is ignored. This indicates that the surfactant plays an important role in penicillin G transpo...

Separation of penicillin G from phenylacetic acid in a supported liquid membrane system

The separation of penicillin G (Pen G) from phenylacetic acid (PAA) by use of a supported liquid membrane (SLM) system with Amberlite LA-2 dissolved in 1-decanol, supported on a microporous polypropylene membrane, was studied. The results show that the individual permeability of each component in mixture was lower than that in a single compartment system and, it suggests a strong transport competition between Pen G and PAA. The SLM system in this study proved to be a promising process for the selective separation of Pen G from PAA. The maximum separation factor was found to be 1.8 under a liquid membrane resistance controlled mechanism. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Development of analytical methods for some penicillins in bovine milk by ion-paired chromatography and confirmation by thermospray mass spectrometry

Analytical methods for the determination of cloxacillin, ampicillin/hetacillin, and amoxicillin in bovine milk were developed. The methods involved ultrafiltration of milk diluted with methanol, acetonitrile, and water on a 10,000-dalton cut-off filter. Separation of penicillins from other milk components was accomplished by ion-paired chromatography using a microbore column. The penicillins were detected using ultraviolet photodiode array (UV-PDA) detection and confirmed by thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The thermospray spectra of these compounds exhibited [M + H]+ and [M + Na]+ ions along with several fragment ions. The limits of detection for these antibiotics were estimated to be 50 to 100 ppb for LC with UV-PDA detection and 100-200 ppb for thermospray LC-MS detection.

A new cultivation method of fungi or mycelia

The conventional penicillin submerged culture has several drawbacks: filamentous fungi solidify into pellets or become pulpy, which has so far had bad effects on the separation of penicillin from the broth, on the monitoring and controlling of the culture system as well as on the productivity of penicillin.

Separation of Penicillin and Its Major Degradation Products by Ion-Pair Reversed-Phase High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography

An ion-pair reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatographic technique capable of separating penicillin and its major degradation products within 8 min was developed. The influence of pH, counterion concentration, buffer concentration, and organic modifier content was studied and the observed behavior of the compounds during the chromatographic process was discussed.

Separation of Penicillin G Potassium and its Degradation products using High-pressure Liquid Chromatography

A high-pressure liquid chromatographic technique was developed for the separation of penicillin G potassium and several of its decomposition products. The method utilized a buffered acetonitrile-phosphate mobile phase on a reversed-phase C18 column. Separation of penicillin G potassium and six degradation products was attained within 25min.

Separation of penicillin and cephalosporin diastereoisomers by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Penicillins and cephalosporins are produced by the reaction of the appropriate acylating agent with 6-aminopenicillanic acid, 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic or 7-aminocephalosporanic acid, which then form the characteristic side-chain of each penicillin or cephalosporin. When the acylating agent is a mixture of optical isomers, two different diastereosiomeric penicillins or cephalosporins are obtained_ The biological properties of the penicillin and cephalosporin epimers are very different, e.g., D( -)-a-aminobenzylpenicillin (ampicillin), D( -)-a-aminoben!ldeacetoxycephalosporin (cephalexin) and D( -)-a-aminobenzylcephalosporin (cephaloglycin) are far more active ‘&an their corresponding L-isomers. With a-phenoxyethylpenicillin, the D-isomer is more active than the L-isomer, but when the two isomers are mix&d a synergistic effect occurs and the biological activity of the mixture is similar to that of the more active isomer. In recent years, much work has been published on the high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation of cephalosporins and penicillins and their decomposition products I. Special mention should be made of reversed-phase HPLCz4, excellent separations having been obtained thereby. However, the literature has not revealed any work on the separation of the diastereoisomers of penicillins or cephalosporins. On the other hand, separations of racemic mixtures of amino acids by gas chromatography have been described, but not a method suitable for the resolution of racemic mixtures by HPLC. However, the separation by HPLC of the mixture of Land D-amino acids as diastereoisomeric derivatives using Micropak Si-5 and in isooctane 1.5 Y0 isopropanol as the mobile phase has been described’. This paper describes the development of a method for separating diastereoisomers of penicillins and cephalosporins by reversed-phase HPLC.

Separation of Penicillins by Paper and Thin Layer Chromatography

Abstract The development of a paper and a thin layer chromatographic method for separating many of the most common penicillins is described. The separation on thin layer plates of the two epimers of phenoxyethyl penicillin (phenethicillin) and phenoxypropyl penicillin (propicillin) as their a-penicilloic esters is also reported.

Detection and Separation of Penicillins by Thin-Layer Chromatography

Thin-layer chromatographic systems and spray reagents are described for the rapid differentiation of 10 penicillins. Comparative behavior of 18 other antibiotics under these conditions is presented together with other supporting data.

The separation of penicillins by partition chromatography

Penicillin K was successfully determined in a mixture of penicillins by means of partition chromatography in which silicic acid is the adsorbent, a buffer solaion the immobile solvent, chloroform and ether the mobile solvents. There was sufficient resolution of the other penicillins to permit the isolation and purification of a penicillin F.