Separation Force Research Articles

Oxygen vacancy induced defect dipoles in BiVO4 for photoelectrocatalytic partial oxidation of methane

A strong driving force for charge separation and transfer in semiconductors is essential for designing effective photoelectrodes for solar energy conversion. While defect engineering and polarization alignment can enhance this process, their potential interference within a photoelectrode remains unclear. Here we show that oxygen vacancies in bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) can create defect dipoles due to a disruption of symmetry. The modified photoelectrodes exhibit a strong correlation between charge separation and transfer capability and external electrical poling, which is not seen in unmodified samples. Applying poling at −150 Volt boosts charge separation and transfer efficiency to over 90%. A photocurrent density of 6.3 mA cm−2 is achieved on the photoelectrode after loading with a nickel-iron oxide-based cocatalyst. Furthermore, using generated holes for methane partial oxidation can produce methanol with a Faradaic efficiency of approximately 6%. These findings provide valuable insights into the photoelectrocatalytic conversion of greenhouse gases into valuable chemical products.

Study on the wetting characteristics of liquid-Al/ SiO2 interface with Si content in liquid-Al

Aiming to address the issue of aluminum slag adhering to the interior walls of vacuum lifting ladles in the aluminum electrolysis industry, Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to investigate the wetting behavior and adhesion characteristics of aluminum droplets on silica surfaces. Our findings indicate that with an increase in silicon content within the droplets, wetting diminishes and complete wetting of the silica substrate by aluminum droplets is not achieved. The presence of silicon reduces both the melting point temperature and surface tension of aluminum droplets, leading to a significant increase in contact angle and a corresponding decrease in wettability. Moreover, an elevated silicon content within molten aluminum droplets substantially decreases their interaction energy with the substrate surface. The virtual wall method is applied to examine average separation force and work of separation for detaching aluminum droplets from the substrate, revealing that adhesion characteristics are predominantly governed by mutual adhesive forces. This paper presents an atomic-level analysis elucidating how silicon as an alloying element influences adhesion between liquid aluminum and solid surfaces.

Phase behavior of aqueous two-phase systems formed with cholinium-based magnetic ionic liquids: Experimental insights and theoretical correlations

In this work, three cholinium-based MILs were synthesized, characterized and successfully applied to construct the magnetically responsive aqueous two-phase system (ATPs). This ATPs combined the advantages of ILs and magnetic responsiveness, and showed great potential in the field of extraction and separation. Phase behavior for the magnetic ionic liquid aqueous two-phase systems (MIL-ATPSs) containing [N 1 1n 2OH] [TEMPO-OSO3] + salts + water was investigated experimentally at different temperatures. Merchuk equation was adopted to fit the experimental binodal data with satisfactory correlation performances. The effects of the structure of MILs, temperature and types of salts on the phase behavior were evaluated. Investigation on the phase separation mechanism showed that the phase formation was affected by the structure and viscosity of MILs. The salting-out effect is recognized as the major force for phase separation, which is closely related to the Gibbs free energy of hydration (ΔhydG) and entropy of hydration (ΔhydS) of salts. In addition, a larger biphasic area was obtained by increasing the temperature, indicating the phase separation process was endothermic and entropically driven. The binodal curve at different temperature confirms that this MIL-ATPs has low critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transition behavior. All these experimentally measured data and the theoretical correlations can provide meaningful and valuable information that may promote further research and application.

Additive Manufacturing of Tough Silicone Via Large-Scale, High-Viscosity Vat Photopolymerization

Abstract In this work, a large-scale, high-viscosity vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing system is designed and fabricated to print 3D structures as large as 370 × 300 × 370 mm3 out of high-viscosity, low-reactivity elastomeric resins. A detailed overview is presented of the printer's design and capabilities, including a resin processing sub-system that stores and spreads high-viscosity resin; a roll-to-roll variable tensioning system to mitigate the separation forces after printing each layer; and a light patterning system that generates high-intensity light patterns across an area of 370 × 300 mm2 with a resolution of 3840 × 4320 pixels. The ability to print with both high-viscosity and low-reactivity resins and resins that require high-intensity light enables additive manufacturing of new classes of materials that could not be printed previously using vat photopolymerization techniques. These materials include highly reinforced silica nanoparticle composites, high-molecular-weight polymers such as silicones and acrylate or methacrylate resins, and low-reactivity resins such as photocurable platinum-catalyzed liquid silicone rubber.

Hybrid piezo-triboelectric wind energy harvesting mechanism with flag-dragging the cantilever beam vibration

Hybrid power generators will improve the extraction of electrical energy from the wind to develop sustainable and eco-friendly self-powered wireless sensors. A novel piezo-triboelectric flag wind energy harvesting nanogenerator (P-FTENG) is proposed that consists of a piezoelectric cantilever beam and a triboelectric flag. The flag flutters in the wind, inducing vibration in the cantilever beam, thereby converting wind energy into electrical power with piezo and triboelectric effects. Based on the aerodynamic mechanism, a nonlinear flutter theoretical model is derived to evaluate the drag force and pressure of fluid separation on the piezo-triboelectric structure. Furthermore, this paper comprehensively elaborates on the transverse motion of the flag flutter caused by the airflow. The force from the transverse motion excites the cantilever beam. The power output of P-FTENG generation depends on various factors. The optimized flag-shaped configuration may activate the piezoelectric cantilever beam vibration and decrease the crucial flutter wind speed, according to test results. P-FTENG generates a voltage of around 17.8 V when the wind speed is 8.5 m/s. The cantilever beam energy harvester's PEH reaches 32 mW/m2, while Flag-TENG's output power density reaches 37 μW/m2, which charges capacitors and lights the array of LEDs. The hybrid piezo-triboelectric flag nanogenerator fluttering in the wind is promising for powering the function of a calculator or electronic thermometer/hygrometer sensor.

The interface electric field accelerated charge transfer kinetics of 1D/0D TiO2/Bi2Sn2O7 Z-scheme heterojunction with close contact interface significantly improves photothermal catalytic N2 reduction

The slow kinetics of charge transfer and weak redox ability hindered the practical application of photocatalytic N2 reduction. Therefore, in this article, Bi2Sn2O7 nanoparticles were grown in situ on the surface of TiO2 nanorods using a solvothermal method to form a 1D/0D TiO2/Bi2Sn2O7 (TBSO-15) Z-scheme heterojunction with a tight contact interface. The results of density functional theory calculations (DFT) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) indicated that the difference in Fermi levels led to spontaneous rearrangement of charges at the heterojunction interface and the formation of a strong interfacial electric field (IEF). IEF provided a powerful driving force for the spatial separation of photogenerated charges, accelerating charge transfer dynamics. Secondly, the Z-scheme migration pathway of photo-generated charges between TiO2 and Bi2Sn2O7 enhanced the redox ability of TBSO-15 and formed a spatially separated redox center. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations (MD) showed that the photothermal effect significantly promoted the dynamic diffusion of N2 and H2O, accelerating the chemical reaction kinetics. Therefore, the synergistic effect of the two significantly improved the performance of Photothermal catalytic N2 reduction (PTC-NRR). After simulating solar irradiation for 2 h, the PTC-NRR performance of TBSO-15 achieved 327.25 μmoL·g−1 in pure water, which was 19.7 times that of TiO2 and 4.2 times that of Bi2Sn2O7, respectively. This study provides a reference for the synergistic effect of charge space transfer dynamics and photothermal effect to promote PTC-NRR.

Interfacial internal-electric field on nanoneedle CoOOH/WO3 photoelectrode realized efficient photoelectrocatalytic degradation of 4-fluorophenol via facilitated H2O oxidation and physical contact

Development of photoelectrodes capable of efficiently degrading fluorinated pollutants with C-F bonds remains a significant challenge in the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) system. Herein, a nanoneedle CoOOH-loaded nanoplate WO3 photoelectrode (CoOOH/WO3) was successfully fabricated, which exhibited a high rate of 3.92 × 10−2 min−1 in the PEC degradation of 4-fluorophenol, much higher than that of pristine WO3. The ∙OH generation rate by CoOOH/WO3 was 1.5 times that by WO3. Photoelectric features demonstrated that an interfacial internal-electric field provided a driving force for efficient charge separation in the CoOOH/WO3; Density functional theory calculations demonstrated that constructing CoOOH onto WO3 reduced thermodynamic barriers for H2O oxidation and for *OH formation, thereby promoting the ∙OH generation; Computational fluid dynamic simulations confirmed the facilitated surface reactions and intensified contact between pollutants and ∙OH. This study provided viable insights into simultaneously improving the charge separation efficiency, surface H2O oxidation kinetic and physical contact in PEC wastewater treatment.

A Few Charged Residues in Galectin-3's Folded and Disordered Regions Regulate Phase Separation.

Proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) often undergo phase separation to control their functions spatiotemporally. Changing the pH alters the protonation levels of charged sidechains, which in turn affects the attractive or repulsive force for phase separation. In a cell, the rupture of membrane-bound compartments, such as lysosomes, creates an abrupt change in pH. However, how proteins' phase separation reacts to different pH environments remains largely unexplored. Here, using extensive mutagenesis, NMR spectroscopy, and biophysical techniques, it is shown that the assembly of galectin-3, a widely studied lysosomal damage marker, is driven by cation-π interactions between positively charged residues in its folded domain with aromatic residues in the IDR in addition to π-π interaction between IDRs. It is also found that the sole two negatively charged residues in its IDR sense pH changes for tuning the condensation tendency. Also, these two residues may prevent this prion-like IDR domain from forming rapid and extensive aggregates. These results demonstrate how cation-π, π-π, and electrostatic interactions can regulate protein condensation between disordered and structured domains and highlight the importance of sparse negatively charged residues in prion-like IDRs.

Comprehensive assessment of elite forms of black currant of the Ural selection for suitability to mechanized harvesting

In the conditions of the Sverdlovsk region (Middle Urals), a comprehensive assessment of elite forms of black currant was carried out to identify those suitable for mechanized harvesting with intensive cultivation technologies. The objects of research were 12 elite forms of black currant bred by the Sverdlovsk Breeding Station of Horticulture (planting 2018, layout 3×1 m). The research was carried out in 2021–2023 according to generally accepted methods. The studies were carried out according to generally accepted methods. According to the height of the bush, elite forms 3-2-05-08, 3-8-05-08, 5-2-05-08, 2-11-05-08 were distinguished – the measurement result was 100...110 cm; by the width of the bush – 3-1-05-08, 3-5-05-08, 3-8-05-08, 5-2-05-08 – 110...120 cm. The diameter of the base of the bush for most variety samples was 20.. 30 cm. The number of bent branches in all forms was less than 5 %, the diameter of the branches 8...15 mm. The average weight of berries was 1.5 1.8 g for elite forms 2-11-05-08, 3-5-05-08, 4-6-05-08, 4-7-05-08, 5-2 -05-08. The crushing force of berries in the studied variety samples was 201...367 g. Based on the force of berry separation, elite forms 3-5-05-08, 4-5-05-08, 5-4-05-08 stood out – 50 57 g. According to the results of the assessment of suitability for mechanized harvesting, the elite form of black currant 3-5-05-08 has optimal values in all parameters. Elite forms 2-11-05-08, 3-1-05-08, 3-8-05-08, 5-2-05-08, 4-6-05-08, 4-7-05-08, 5-4-05-08 are subjected to testing under production conditions. The following variety samples are not suitable for mechanized harvesting: 3-4-05-08, 4-5-05-08, 5-1-05-08, 5-3-05-08. In the conditions of 2023, elite forms 4-5-05-08, 5-1-05-08 were characterized by resistance to fungal diseases.

Fabricating built-in electric field in fully enclosed carbon nitride/Fe-based MIL heterojunction for efficient CO2 photoreduction

Designing structures such as heterojunctions to establish built-in electric fields, introduces inherent driving forces for charge separation and migration. The partial surface contact in the current g-C3N4/MIL-88B(Fe) heterojunction composites limits the migration capability of interfacial charges and the formation of a built-in electric field. In this study, we fabricated a built-in electric field in the fully enclosed g-C3N4/MIL-88B(Fe) (CNNS/M-NS) heterojunction using electrostatic self-assembly. The electric field facilitated the migration of photo-excited electrons from the M-NS conduction band to the CNNS valence band, while corresponding band bending prevented the electron backflow from the CNNS conduction band to the M-NS conduction band. The fully contacted CNNS/M-NS heterojunction demonstrated a CO yield of 13.09 μmol g−1 h−1, which was 5.62 times of pristine CNNS. This significant improvement was primarily due to the complete encapsulation of M-NS by CNNS, which improved charge separation efficiency and reduced the charge transfer resistance. DRIFTS tests confirmed that CNNS/M-NS effectively converted to CO through the sequential transformation of CO2*, COOH*, and CO* intermediates. DFT calculations revealed that M-NS had a higher work function than CNNS, leading to the charge transfer at the interface and the formation of a built-in electric field from CNNS to M-NS. This work proposes a novel design of fully enclosed g-C3N4/MIL-88B(Fe) heterojunctions using electrostatic self-assembly to improve CO2 photoreduction efficiency.

Barnacle-inspired amphipathic high strength adhesives under-water/oil

Adhesives designed for bonding in liquid environments have a broad application prospect. In general, amphiphilic polymer structures are important research objects for underwater bonding. And in the study of underwater adhesives, it was found that they can quickly dispel or absorb interfacial water and form reliable bulk strength and adhesion strength. However, achieving strong adhesion in both water-based and oily environments poses a significant challenge. In this work, an adhesive inspired by barnacles that can meet the bonding requirements in both water-based and oily environments has been prepared. Hydrophilic (polyethylene glycol (PEG)) main chains and hydrophobic (1-Octadecyl thiol (ODT)) side chains are simultaneously integrated into the polyurethane structure. Different from the past, hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments are included in the hard segment and soft segment microregion, respectively; At the same time, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic chain segments have strong crystallization, which greatly strengthens the driving force of molecular segments migration and phase separation compared with ordinary hydrophilic/hydrophobic structures. Water-based and oil-based solvents drive hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecular chains to diffuse to the surface, respectively, which enhances the adhesive strength to hydrophilic and hydrophilic surfaces, respectively. In comparison to the adhesion strength observed in air, the adhesion strength of the adhesive to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) increases by 1.72 times in oil environments (from 1.02 to 1.75 MPa). Similarly, the adhesion strength to aluminum (Al) increases by 2.23 times under water (from 1.82 to 4.04 MPa). These findings suggest that the regulation strategy for polymer chains employed in this study holds great potential for advancing adhesive performance in diverse environments.

Asymmetric Charge Distribution in One-dimensional Metal-Organic Assemblies to Promote Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

The local charge distribution of photocatalyst is crucial to the catalytic activity due to its influence on the charge separation process. Herein, we report two one-dimensional Ni-based metal-organic assemblies for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution without using noble-metal cocatalysts. By adjusting the aromatic ring in the center of the tricarboxylic ligand, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity was increased from 1715 to 2652 μmol h-1 g-1. The detailed mechanism study shows that the introduced nitrogen atoms in the ligands of the metal-organic coordination assembly could modulate the local charge distribution, and yielding a significant enhancement of the molecular dipole moment which engenders a propulsive force for the effective separation and transport of photoinduced charge carriers. This work provides insights into the local charge distribution via ligand modulation for enhancing the activity of photocatalysts.

The effect of Reynolds number on the separated flow over a low-aspect-ratio wing

At high incidence, low-aspect-ratio wings present a unique set of aerodynamic characteristics, including flow separation, vortex shedding and unsteady force production. Furthermore, low-aspect-ratio wings exhibit a highly impactful tip vortex, which introduces strong spanwise gradients into an already complex flow. In this work, we explore the interaction between leading-edge flow separation and a strong, persistent tip vortex over a Reynolds number range of $600 \leq Re \leq 10{\,}000$ . In performing this study, we aim to bridge the insight gained from existing low-Reynolds-number studies of separated flow on finite wings ( $Re \approx 10^2$ ) and turbulent flows at higher Reynolds numbers ( $Re \approx 10^4$ ). Our study suggests two primary effects of the Reynolds number. First, we observe a break from periodicity, along with a dramatic increase in the intensity and concentration of small-scale eddies, as we shift from $Re = 600$ to $Re = 2500$ . Second, we observe that many of our flow diagnostics, including the time-averaged aerodynamic force, exhibit reduced sensitivity to Reynolds number beyond $Re = 2500$ , an observation attributed to the stabilising impact of the wing tip vortex. This latter point illustrates the manner by which the tip vortex drives flow over low-aspect-ratio wings, and provides insight into how our existing understanding of this flow field may be adjusted for higher-Reynolds-number applications.

Ferroelectric, flexoelectric and photothermal coupling in PVDF-based composites for flexible photoelectric sensors.

A ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film with excellent flexibility possesses great potential for photodetection and wearable devices. However, the relatively weak photo-absorption and the consequent small photocurrent limit its photofunctional properties. Herein, we embedded a strongly visible-light active material system, 0.5Ba(Zr0.08Ti0.8Mn0.12)O3-0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BZTM-BCT) loaded with Ag and Au nanoparticles, into a PVDF film, which demonstrates a significantly higher photovoltaic response in the whole visible light range with a β-phase content of over 90%. In a state of "bending + poling", the PVDF/BZTM-BCT:Au film presents an optimal response for photoelectric properties by exhibiting a photocurrent that is 57 times higher than that of a pure PVDF film when illuminated with 405 nm LED light at 100 mW cm-2. Photoexcitation and thermal excitation jointly contribute to the generation of free carriers, while the flexoelectric and ferroelectric coupling electric field provides a greater driving force for carrier separation and transport. More interestingly, composite film-based photoelectric sensors can simultaneously respond to light and the movement and deformation of contacted things, indicating its potential in versatile applications. Overall, this work puts forward a new route for designing new flexible multifunctional photoelectric devices.

Dominance analysis to assess solute contributions to multicomponent phase equilibria

Phase separation in aqueous solutions of macromolecules underlies the generation of biomolecular condensates in cells. Condensates are membraneless bodies, representing dense, macromolecule-rich phases that coexist with the dilute, macromolecule-deficient phases. In cells, condensates comprise hundreds of different macromolecular and small molecule solutes. How do different solutes contribute to the driving forces for phase separation? To answer this question, we introduce a formalism we term energy dominance analysis. This approach rests on analysis of shapes of the dilute phase boundaries, slopes of tie lines, and changes to dilute phase concentrations in response to perturbations of concentrations of different solutes. The framework is based solely on conditions for phase equilibria in systems with arbitrary numbers of macromolecules and solution components. Its practical application relies on being able to measure dilute phase concentrations of the components of interest. The dominance framework is both theoretically facile and experimentally applicable. We present the formalism that underlies dominance analysis and establish its accuracy and flexibility by deploying it to analyze phase diagrams probed in simulations and in experiments.

Optimizing the separation process for improved zirconia molding through liquid crystal display 3D printing

Mask stereolithography 3D printing for zirconia ceramics has attracted increasing attention in the industrial manufacturing due to their advantages of complex shapes, precisely controlled internal structures and fine surface effects. However, high refractive index and expensive equipment cost have always affected its development. Herein, we combine liquid crystal display (LCD) light curing 3D printing with zirconia molding, which is free from environmental and price limitations. In the conventional method of operation, the cured layer is bonded to the bottom and cannot be manufactured. We put forward a strategy for optimizing separation process and investigate the mechanism of the separation process in depth for high-quality zirconia ceramics LCD 3D printing. The results show that the controlled adjustment of the surface free energy can achieve a great reduction in the separation force, which enabled the successful printing of zirconia ceramics based on LCD. The effect of physical properties of the separation membrane on the separation process was studied and the solid content and 3D printing parameters of ceramic paste were optimized. When the solid content is 72.5 wt%, high quality zirconia ceramic parts with flexural strength of 255 MPa and relative density of 98.1 % can be obtained. This work provides new ideas for the convenient customization of zirconia ceramics in many fields.

Regulation of macroporous cellulose microspheres via phase separation force induced by carbon nanotubes doping for enhanced protein adsorption

The burgeoning requirement for purified biomacromolecules in biopharmaceutical industry has amplified the exigency for advanced chromatographic separation techniques. Herein, macroporous cellulose microspheres (CCMs) with micron-sized pores are produced by a facile regulation via carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In this strategy, the incorporation of CNTs breaks the homogeneous regeneration of the cellulose, thus providing anisotropic phase force to produce macropores. The CCMs have manifested a faster mass transfer rate and more available adsorption sites owing to well-defined macropores (2.69 ± 0.57 μm) and high specific surface area (147.47 m2 g−1). Further, CCMs are functionalized by quaternary ammonium salts (GTAc-CCMs) and utilized as anion adsorbents to adsorb pancreatic kininogenase (PK). The prepared GTAc-CCMs show rapid adsorption kinetics for PK at pH 6.0, reaching 90 % equilibrium within 60 min. Also, GTAc-CCMs for PK exhibit high adsorptive capacity (632.50 mg g−1), excellent recyclability (> 80 % removal amount after 10 cycles) and selectivity especially at pH 6.0. Notably, the GTAc-CCMs have been successfully applied in a fixed-bed chromatography process, indicating their potential as an effective chromatographic medium for rapid separation of biomacromolecules.

Sub-rapid solidification microstructure characteristics and control mechanisms of twin-roll cast aluminum alloys: A review

Rapid growth in industrial sectors such as automotive and shipbuilding has highlighted the significance of strip casting technology to produce lightweight alloys, particularly aluminum alloys widely used in both industrial production and daily life. Twin-roll casting (TRC), as an economically and environmentally friendly method for slab/strip production and processing, has attracted significant interest from researchers. However, the development of TRC aluminum alloys faces many challenges due to limited understanding of microstructural characteristics and control mechanisms. To further enhance comprehension of TRC aluminum alloys, this article reviews the influencing parameters, control methods, and existing issues related to TRC sub-rapid solidification (SRS) microstructure. It firstly summarizes TRC equipment types and their solidification characteristics, followed by a detailed analysis on key parameters affecting the evolution of TRC microstructure including rolling speed, roll separation force (RSF), and heat transfer coefficient (HTC). Finally, solutions to TRC defects are summarized and evaluated alongside their underlying mechanisms. This article provides a comprehensive review of the characteristics and control mechanisms of TRC microstructure while offering valuable insights for the future production of high-quality TRC aluminum strips.

Impacts of operating variables in forward roll coating process of viscous hybrid nanofluid

Abstract Roll coating plays a significant role in various coating industries such as magnetic records, wallpapers, wrapping, adhesive tapes, books and magazines, photographic and plastic films. The thin layer coating of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) viscous hybrid nanofluid by passing through the space between two co-rotating rolls has been studied in an isothermal and incompressible analysis. The governing equation of mass and momentum are obtained then dimensionless using lubrication approximation theory (LAT). The velocity, pressure gradient, and pressure distribution are determined by the exact solution. Using Simpson’s (3/8) rule for numerical integration, the complex integral is examined. Important engineering parameters including power and roll separating force delivered by the rolls to the fluid are also estimated numerically. Raising the volume fraction of nanoparticles raises the pressure distribution and pressure gradient while having little effect on the velocity profile. It seems that the magnetic field and hybrid nanofluid, both seem very advantageous for the efficient roll coating process, controlling the separation force, power input, and distance between the attachment and separation point.

In situ oxidative growth to form compact TiO2–Ti3C2 heterojunctions for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Solar photocatalytic hydrogen production shows promise in addressing global energy and environmental concerns. The limited efficiency of photocatalysts is mainly due to ineffective separation and transfer of photogenerated charges. To improve this, we enhance the TiO2–Ti3C2 heterojunction by in-situ oxidation through interfacial engineering, resulting in a more compact composition. Subsequently, we anchor single-atom Pt at the TiO2–Ti3C2 interface through photo-Ti3C2 reduction. The in-situ growth of TiO2 on Ti3C2 introduces an interfacial driving force for carrier separation and provides a channel for electron transfer from TiO2 to Ti3C2. This further facilitates transfer onto Pt, shortening the migration distance and enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency. The best Pt/TiO2–Ti3C2 composite demonstrates an impressive hydrogen precipitation efficiency of 767 μmol g−1 h−1, surpassing TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 by factors of 12 times and 1.46 times, respectively. Furthermore, we developed a higher efficiency photocatalyst using the molten salt method to avoid the risks associated with conventional hydrofluoric acid etching. This research opens up new possibilities for the preparation of MXenes interface-modified catalysts, offering a valuable avenue for future exploration in the field.