Beam Separation Research Articles

High-Precision Experiments with Trapped Radioactive Ions Produced at Relativistic Energies

Research on radioactive ion beams produced with in-flight separation of relativistic beams has advanced significantly over the past decades, with contributions to nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics, atomic physics, and other fields. Central to these advancements are improved production, separation, and identification methods.The FRS Ion Catcher at GSI/FAIRexemplifies these technological advancements. The system facilitates high-precision experiments by efficiently stopping and extracting exotic nuclei as ions and making these available at thermal energies. High-energy synchrotron beams enhance the system’s capabilities, enabling unique experimental techniques such as multi-step reactions, mean range bunching, and optimized stopping, as well as novel measurement methods for observables such as beta-delayed neutron emission probabilities. The FRS Ion Catcher has already contributed to various scientific fields, and the future with the Super-FRS at FAIR promises to extend research to even more exotic nuclei and new applications.

Jordan Eliminations in Force Analysis When Changing Beam Structural Design

Purpose: The aim of the work is to study changes in forces in cross sections of a statically indeterminate beam when changing the structural design.Methodology: Jordan elimination is used to solve the system of equations. Jordan elimination used in the force analysis is considered on the example of the formation of a statically indeterminate beam by connecting two previously calculated statically indeterminate beams into one.Research findings: The data obtained for two separate statically indeterminate beams and Jordan elimination allow to calculate the forces and displacements for a statically indeterminate beam obtained by connecting two separate beams without the need to solve a new system of resolving equations.

Entanglement-induced collective many-body interference.

Entanglement and interference are both hallmark effects of quantum physics. Particularly rich dynamics arise when multiple (at least partially) indistinguishable particles are subjected to either of these phenomena. By combining both entanglement and many-particle interference, we propose an interferometric setting through which N-particle interference can be observed, while any interference of lower orders is strictly suppressed. We experimentally demonstrate this effect in a four-photon interferometer, where the interference is nonlocal, in principle, as only pairs of photons interfere at two separate and independent beam splitters. A joint detection of all four photons identifies a high-visibility interference pattern varying as a function of their collective four-particle phase, a genuine four-body property.

Fast nonlinear scattering of runaway electron beams through resonant interactions with plasma waves

Abstract The resonant interaction between a runaway electron (RE) beam and a reactor-grade background plasma is investigated through two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, employing a simplified model of the system. The temporal evolutions of the electron momentum distribution function for two separate initial beam energies (1 and 10 MeV) are tracked, revealing the occurrence of plasma wave growth concomitant with pitch angle scattering or momentum distribution diffusion within the RE beam. Notably, we identify and confirm the dependence of the dominant resonance condition on the initial kinetic energy of the RE beam. Furthermore, we quantify the effect of particle-wave interactions on the RE momentum distribution diffusion by assessing the average kinetic energy flux from the RE distribution function.

Design and implementation of a portable snapshot multispectral imaging crop-growth sensor.

The timely and accurate acquisition of crop-growth information is a prerequisite for implementing intelligent crop-growth management, and portable multispectral imaging devices offer reliable tools for monitoring field-scale crop growth. To meet the demand for obtaining crop spectra information over a wide band range and to achieve the real-time interpretation of multiple growth characteristics, we developed a novel portable snapshot multispectral imaging crop-growth sensor (PSMICGS) based on the spectral sensing of crop growth. A wide-band co-optical path imaging system utilizing mosaic filter spectroscopy combined with dichroic mirror beam separation is designed to acquire crop spectra information over a wide band range and enhance the device's portability and integration. Additionally, a sensor information and crop growth monitoring model, coupled with a processor system based on an embedded control module, is developed to enable the real-time interpretation of the aboveground biomass (AGB) and leaf area index (LAI) of rice and wheat. Field experiments showed that the prediction models for rice AGB and LAI, constructed using the PSMICGS, had determination coefficients (R²) of 0.7 and root mean square error (RMSE) values of 1.611 t/ha and 1.051, respectively. For wheat, the AGB and LAI prediction models had R² values of 0.72 and 0.76, respectively, and RMSE values of 1.711 t/ha and 0.773, respectively. In summary, this research provides a foundational tool for monitoring field-scale crop growth, which is important for promoting high-quality and high-yield crops.

Separation of twin beams generated in a Sagnac fiber loop

We theoretically demonstrate the propagating performance of twin beams generated in a Sagnac fiber loop by developing a practical model of optical parametric loop mirror consisting of an optical coupler with adjustable splitting ratio, a nonlinear fiber, a dispersion element, and two tunable attenuators placed at different positions in the loop. Two situations of frequency degenerate and frequency non-degenerate four-waving mixing are considered and various of factors including dispersion conditions, internal losses in the loop, and splitting ratios of the coupler are investigated in detail. When the splitting ratio of the coupler is 1:1 and no loss is in the loop, both the frequency degenerate and non-degenerate twin beams can propagate from different ports completely by introducing proper dispersion, and switching between phase-sensitive and phase-insensitive amplification can be realized by changing the dispersion within the loop. In general, the propagation of signal and idler beams at the two output ports of the fiber loop are influenced by both the splitting ratio of the coupler and the internal loss within the loop. Adjusting the internal loss can partially compensate for the asymmetry of the splitting ratio of the coupler, facilitating spatial separation of the signal and idler beams. Our research is useful for the generation of twin beams using Sagnac fiber loop and the realization of switchable phase-sensitive amplifiers.

Interference of high-order perfect optical vortex beams

We investigate the interference of high-order perfect optical vortex (POV) beams with different topological charges. Through numerical simulations, we reveal a remarkable phenomenon: keeping the beam width, and beam radius fixed while changing the topological charge, the splitting of the composite POV beam into two distinct individual perfect vortices occurs exactly at the same inter-axial separation. The observed interference pattern exhibits pronounced sensitivity to factors such as axial separation, phase shift, beam radius, and topological charges of the constituent beams. Notably, our findings are contrasted with the interference of high-order Laguerre-Gauss (LG) beams, highlighting that the splitting of composite vortices into their individual components is more rapid in the case of LG beams. We also investigate the evolution of the interference pattern for both POV, and LG beams along the propagation direction in free-space. Our research provides significant insights into the distinct interference properties of high-order POV beams, presenting potential applications in the fields of optical manipulation and communication systems.

Test Results of the First Series Magnet of Beam Separation Dipole for the HL-LHC Upgrade

Test Results of the First Series Magnet of Beam Separation Dipole for the HL-LHC Upgrade

Cold Mass Assembly of First Full-Scale Prototype of Beam Separation Dipole Magnet for the High-Luminosity LHC Upgrade

Cold Mass Assembly of First Full-Scale Prototype of Beam Separation Dipole Magnet for the High-Luminosity LHC Upgrade

Design of a Beam Separator for FLASH Electron Therapy Facilities

Design of a Beam Separator for FLASH Electron Therapy Facilities

In situ measurement of electron emission yield at Si and SiO2 surfaces exposed to Ar/CF4 plasmas

Abstract Plasma simulations require accurate yield data to predict the electron flux that is emitted when plasma-exposed surfaces are bombarded by energetic particles. One can measure yields directly using particle beams, but it is impractical to create a separate beam of each particle produced by typical plasmas. In contrast, measurements made in situ, during plasma exposure, provide useful values for the total emitted flux and effective yield produced by all incident particles. Here, in situ measurements were made at thermally oxidized and bare silicon wafers placed on the radio-frequency (rf) biased electrode of an inductively coupled plasma system. The rf current and voltage across the sheath at the wafer were measured, along with Langmuir probe measurements of ion current density and electron temperature. The measurements are input into a numerical sheath model, which allows the emitted electron current to be distinguished from other currents. The effective yield, i.e. the ratio of the total emitted electron flux to the incident ion flux, was determined at incident ion energies from 40 eV to 1.4 keV, for Si and SiO2 surfaces in Ar, CF4, and Ar/CF4 mixtures at 1.33 Pa (10 mTorr). Yields for Ar plasmas are compared with previous work. For SiO2 surfaces in Ar/CF4 mixtures and pure CF4, the yield is dominated by ion kinetic emission, which is the same for all mixtures, and, presumably, for all ions. For Si surfaces in Ar/CF4 and CF4, the yield at high energies can be explained in part by fragmentation of molecular ions, and the yield from Ar+ can be distinguished from the other ionic species. Analytic fits of the yields are provided for use in plasma simulations.

Geometrical misalignment-induced nonlinear error in homodyne interferometers.

This paper discusses the generation of a novel periodic nonlinear error in homodyne interferometers due to geometric misalignments. These misalignments arise from cumulative assembly errors among the sensor head interior, target mirror, test platform, and detector, leading to dynamic misplacement of the measurement beam on the detector's surface. A physical model was developed to explain this error, focusing on the interference field produced by Gaussian beams under conditions of beam separation and inclined interference. Observations from misaligned setups revealed a strong correlation between the modulation of the interference signal by an envelope curve and the distorted, complex patterns of Lissajous figures, with the movement of the target mirror. Numerical simulations and experimental results demonstrated that segmented elliptical fitting effectively calibrates vortex trajectories and substantially reduces periodic nonlinear errors. However, numerical simulations also uncovered previously undetected picometer-scale second-order nonlinear errors due to the geometric misalignments. This research highlights the physical mechanisms behind new nonlinear errors, emphasizing their importance in advancing homodyne interferometers toward picometer-level accuracy.

Design of Photonic Molecule-Based Multiway Beam Splitter/Coupler with Variable Division Ratio

An optical beam splitter is used for dividing an input optical beam into several separate beams with a specific power ratio. Usually, conventional optical beam splitters have bulky dimensions (many optical wavelengths) and a fixed dividing ratio, which significantly limit the design of new miniaturized optical devices and integrated optical circuits. We propose and investigate in detail a novel physical concept of a highly miniaturized (up to two working wavelengths) planar optical resonant splitter/coupler with a switching element comprising a photonic molecule (PM) pair dispersing input optical fluxes in multiple directions with a tailored power ratio. The structural design of the proposed splitter is based on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform and composed of high-quality resonators in the form of electromagnetically coupled submicron-sized microcylinders. The control on the power division ratio and the selection of optical beam directions is realized by tuning the photonic splitter structure to the corresponding resonance of the PM supermode. Compared to known analogs, the proposed design is easy and cheap in fabrication. Because of its tiny dimensions, it is suitable for integration into a “System-on-a-chip” platform and can dynamically change the beam power division ratio by input wave-phase manipulation.

Analisis dan Upaya Preventif Risiko Tingkat Kebisingan Pekerjaan MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing) Konstruksi Rumah Susun di Ibu Kota Negara

Construction work is one of the jobs that has various high risks for workers and people who are around it. These risks come from various sources, one of which is noise from various equipment and ongoing activities. One of the jobs that cause high noise in construction work is MEP (Mechanical Electrical Plumbing) work. Based on Permenaker Number 13 Year 2011, the Threshold Value (NAB) for noise that can be accepted by workers is 85 dBA for 8 hours a day. Based on the measurement of the construction of the flats, the MEP work in the form of Beam Separator Elevator Installation, Pipe Fabrication, Electrical Wiring Lighting Installation, as well as Welding and Grinding of Iron Pipe causes noise above the NAB. The highest noise comes from pipe fabrication in the form of iron pipe cutting activities using large grinding tools and bevel machines that produce noise of 107 dBA. From the Daily Noise Dose (DND) calculation, the noise generated from MEP work has a dangerous risk level for workers' hearing. Risk control efforts that can be done are preventive actions based on the K3 hierarchy in the form of administrative controls such as changing working hours or shifts and conducting safety talks before work is carried out. In addition, another preventive measure is the use of PPE such as ear plugs. Based on the calculation of the noise reduction level, the use of ear plugs has not reduced the noise level to reach the NAB, so it is recommended that workers in pipe fabrication work use ear muffs to reduce noise exposure.

Adaptive multi-beam X-ray ptychography.

Ptychography has evolved as an important method for nanoscale X-ray imaging with synchrotron radiation. Recently, it has been proposed to work with multiple beams in parallel. The main advantage of so-called multi-beam ptychography is that larger areas can be imaged much faster than with a conventional single beam scan. We introduce adaptive multi-beam ptychography performed with two Fresnel zone plates, placed one behind the other. In contrast to previous demonstrations of multi-beam ptychography, our optical scheme allows for adapting the spatial beam separation to the needs of the sample under investigation, relaxes thickness requirements on zone plates and is straightforward to implement. Moreover, it is simple to switch between single and multi-beam illumination during the same experiment. This opens the possibility of combining large and fast overview scans with detailed imaging of certain regions of interests.

Quantum beam splitter based on free charged particles.

It is well known that the beam splitter is an integral part of many classical and quantum devices. The use of beam splitters in quantum technologies is currently particularly relevant. The emergence of new types of beam splitters provides new statistical characteristics of the separated photon beam and their control and new possibilities for use in various devices. This Letter presents a new, to the best of our knowledge, type of beam splitter based on free charged particles. This type of beam splitter has all the properties of a linear beam splitter with its reflection coefficient R, transmission coefficient T, and phase shift ϕ, which are presented in a simple analytical form. This type of beam splitter has interesting application prospects.

Integrated photonic waveguides for on-chip SBS with OAM modes

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) is a nonlinear optical process that can provide significant on-chip gain in various materials and platforms. The utilization of chalcogenide and silicon (Si) waveguides has facilitated the advancement of Brillouin lasers and diverse microwave photonic functionalities. The predominant approach has been centered on interactions between conventional guided modes, specifically TE/TM. This study introduces a novel approach that explores diverse guided-wave configurations capable of sustaining SBS with orbital angular momentum modes (OAM). These configurations include a cross-Si waveguide and a silica/chalcogenide waveguide. The simulations examine the forward and backward SBS utilizing OAM modes up to the 4th order in planar on-chip waveguides. A maximum on-chip SBS gain of up to ∼540W−1m−1 has been observed for pump and Stokes OAM mode numbers satisfying the topological charge conservation law. This OAM multiplexing approach can open new avenues for on-chip integrated nonlinear photonics for various applications, especially where pump and signal beam filtering or separation are critical.

Manipulation of Gaseous Ions with Acoustic Fields at Atmospheric Pressure.

The ability to controllably move gaseous ions is an essential aspect of ion-based spectrometry (e.g., mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry) as well as materials processing. At higher pressures, ion motion is largely governed by diffusion and multiple collisions with neutral gas molecules. Thus, high-pressure ion optics based on electrostatics require large fields, radio frequency drives, complicated geometries, and/or partially transmissive grids that become contaminated. Here, we demonstrate that low-power standing acoustic waves can be used to guide, block, focus, and separate beams of ions akin to electrostatic ion optics. Ions preferentially travel through the static-pressure regions ("nodes") while neutral gas does not appear to be impacted by the acoustic field structure and continues along a straight trajectory. This acoustic ion manipulation (AIM) approach has broad implications for ion manipulation techniques at high pressure, while expanding our fundamental understanding of the behavior of ions in gases.

Interpretable Machine Learning-Based Prediction Model for Concrete Cover Separation of FRP-Strengthened RC Beams.

This study focuses on the prediction of concrete cover separation (CCS) in reinforced concrete beams strengthened by fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) in flexure. First, machine learning models were constructed based on linear regression, support vector regression, BP neural networks, decision trees, random forests, and XGBoost algorithms. Secondly, the most suitable model for predicting CCS was identified based on the evaluation metrics and compared with the codes and the researcher's model. Finally, a parametric study based on SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) was carried out, and the following conclusions were obtained: XGBoost is best-suited for the prediction of CCS and codes, and researchers' model accuracy needs to be improved and suffers from over or conservative estimation. The contributions of the concrete to the shear force and the yield strength of the reinforcement are the most important parameters for the CCS, where the shear force at the onset of CCS is approximately proportional to the contribution of the concrete to the shear force and approximately inversely proportional to the yield strength of the reinforcement.

Imaging focused laser differential interferometry.

Focused laser differential interferometry (FLDI) is an important diagnostic for measuring density fluctuations in high-speed flows. Currently, however, high dynamic range FLDI is limited to photodiode measurements. In order to spatially resolve multiple locations within complex flows, we present a novel, to the best of our knowledge, refractive-optic imaging FLDI concept that not only produces two-dimensional images without scanning but also reduces the measurement noise floor of those images. To demonstrate this concept, a 33 × 33 grid of FLDI points is first generated using a microlens array. Then, the beams are split and recombined using two polarized Mach-Zehnder interferometers to maximize flexibility in beam separation and optimize signal sensitivity. Next, the FLDI points are collected slightly out of focus on a high-speed camera in order to increase the number of pixels n per FLDI point, thereby reducing noise floor by n. Finally, an under-expanded jet with a characteristic screech at 14.1 kHz is tested with the imaging FLDI setup, showing clear barrel and reflected shock features as well as spatially varying turbulence densities. Overall, this unique concept enables the creation of reduced-noise-floor, two-dimensional FLDI datasets for the study of supersonic and hypersonic flows.