Separate Subdivisions Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF MAIN TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH CARE IN UKRAINE.

The aim: To substantiate the conceptual approaches of building a cluster model of primary medical care at the level of the hospital district in terms of the development of family medicine, in particular, the consolidation of health care institutions as the main providers of medical services in the provision of primary medical care in the hospital district and improving its efficiency. Materials and methods: Methods of structural and logical analysis, bibliosemantic, abstraction and generalization were used in this work. Results: The analysis of the legal framework in the field of health care of Ukraine demonstrated multiple attempts to reform it in order to increase the availability and efficiency of medical and pharmaceutical services. The practical implementation of any innovative project becomes much more difficult or even impossible without a carefully developed plan. Today in Ukraine there are 1,469 united territorial communities, 136 districts, so more than one thousand primary health care centers (further written as PHCCs) have been created against, a possible 136. A comparative analysis indicates the economic validity and possibility of such changes - the creation of a single health care facility at the level of a hospital cluster to provide primary medical care. For example, the Bucha district of the Kyiv region consists of twelve territorial communities, and 11 primary health care centers (PHCCs), the latter have separate subdivisions under their control in the form of: general practice-family medicine dispensary (GPFMD), group practice dispensary (GPD), paramedic and midwifery points (PMP), paramedic points (PP). Conclusions: The implementation of a cluster model of providing primary medical care in the form of the creation of a single health care facility at the level of a hospital cluster has a number of advantages in the short term. For the patient, it is the availability and timeliness of medical care, at least at the level of the district, not the community; cancellation of paid medical services during the provision of primary medical care regardless of the place of its provision. For the subject of governance (the state) - cost reduction during the provision of medical services.

ON THE ISSUE OF DEVELOPMENT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS ENTITIES

The article examines the methodological principles of corporate social responsibility (CSR) development in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. The advantages of implementing the CSR system in the practice of Ukrainian agrarian formations are substantiated on the example of IMK agricultural holding. The main incentives that will contribute to the spread of corporate social responsibility are identified, and the main directions of CSR development in agribusiness are proposed. Corporate social responsibility of agrarian business entities can be interpreted as a process of implementation of voluntarily accepted obligations to meet the social needs of employees of the business entity, as well as partners and other members of society in general. IMK is one of the 10 largest agricultural companies in Ukraine. It is an integrated economic entity that carries out its activities in such areas as growing crops (sunflower, soybeans, wheat, corn) and storage of products; milk production. The company pursues an active social policy in the following areas: personnel, labor and health protection, industrial safety, environmental protection, social program "IMK helps". Regarding this agrarian formation, the following can be stated: first, an important component is environmental protection and resource conservation, as corporate and social business must take comprehensive initiatives to reduce the harmful effects of its production and economic activities on the environment; second, politics socially responsible companies should provide social programs for residents of the region of business, which include support for socially vulnerable groups, support for the preservation and development of housing and communal services and cultural and historical sites, etc.; thirdly, the development of the company's staff should be aimed at training and professional development, taking into account the maintenance of a high level of motivation employees, both in terms of pay and social package, the creation of appropriate conditions for recreation and leisure, support of internal communications in the company, as well as the active participation of the personnel of the business entity in management decisions. The main directions of increasing the level of competitiveness of "IMK" on the basis of the development of corporate social responsibility are implementation of the policy of responsible attitude of the company to its employees; support, and development of the position of active citizenship; initiating a dialogue with influence groups as a tool for obtaining information on optimizing social programs and minimizing enterprise risks; introduction of reporting standards in its social responsibility program; creation of separate subdivisions, the introduction of separate positions that will be responsible for CSR management activities; increase of the company's budgets for CSR activities. All this will improve the business reputation and image among the population, consumers and customers, investment attractiveness of the company, and more.

Organization of the work of the accounting service in the presence of separate subdivisions

The article discloses the concept of a separate subdivision from the standpoint of civil law and tax legislation, describes the characteristic features of the organization of centralized and decentralized accounting in an economic entity in the case of the separation of separate subdivisions, as well as regulatory requirements for the submission of accounting, statistical, tax reporting and reporting to non-budgetary funds. Possible risks of the accounting system of economic entities with separate subdivisions are considered.

Russian Enterprises in Spring 2021: What Has Changed during the Covid-19 Pandemic Year

—The paper analyzes and comments on the results of a regular survey of Russian enterprises in the real sector, which was conducted by the Institute for National Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The assessments of enterprises regarding the quality of the anticrisis policy of the state during the pandemic are presented. The information on the investment activity of Russian enterprises and on the sources of its financing is reflected. The opinions of enterprises on the importance for them of the exchange rate of the ruble against the US dollar and the euro, as well as on the desired dynamics of this rate are presented. The problem of the use of outsourcing by Russian enterprises and the presence of geographically separate subdivisions is investigated. The activity of Russian enterprises on the processing of their waste into secondary raw materials and on their use in primary production is considered.

НАУЧНОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ СТРУКТУРЫ ПОЛИКЛИНИКИ ЦРБ

Significance. The existing personnel imbalance in health care, including the number of medical staff and occupied positions in the central district hospitals (CDH) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and structural units of these hospitals, makes it difficult to improve availability and quality of primary health care (PHC). Development and implementation of the standard CDH models with the standard staffing table, on the basis of which it is possible to form the optimal structure of the central district hospital with the optimal staffing table based on the justified need for human resources, will contribute to improving quality and availability of primary health care at the municipal level. Purpose of the study: to significantly substantiate the regular number of medical personnel of the central district hospital with differently sized catchment areas. Material and methods: Forms of the federal statistical observation (FSN) No. 30 in the pilot territories in three constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the three different federal districts, procedures for care delivery by specialty. Analytical and statistical methods. Results. Actually, a doctor position should be included in the CRH staffing table if the standards allow for the full-time position. Certain health specialties allow for part-time positions if the outpatient and inpatient positions of the specialists can be combined into one full-time position, or part-time positions in the related specialties in the polyclinic with due regard to the population demand. Results. The structure of the CDH polyclinic and the list of full-time medical positions considerably differ depending on the size of the attached population. The adequate number of specialty doctors is ensured by the CDH work organization, distribution of specialists across separate subdivisions that are part of the CDH structure, and the use of telehealth technologies.

Аналого-цифровая тарификация в отрасли нефтепроводного транспорта: методы интеграции с системой профессиональных квалификаций

The author considers the new approaches to the rating system (labor complexity evaluation) of directors and specialists of the production and structural subdivisions of Transneft system entities, based on the results of independent expert and analytical evaluation of a universal set of production and technical values, representing the subdivisions’ activities. The author performed a number of practical studies and developments in the area of forming universal mathematical models, which allow economic analysis to be carried out and establishing a justified salary as per the positions of the directors of various subdivisions, regardless of activity type and level of position. The article introduces universal systems of point-based and factor-based ranking, based on the use of innovative mathematical analysis methods (multi-innovating normalizing, decision matrices, hierarchy analysis) for obtaining normalized assessment of production activity), administrative work load and professional labor complexity. The devised analytical approaches to the selection and assessment of the performance of subdivisions provide the possibility for objective and independent calculation for rating determination (salary) both for the Transneft system as a whole and for separate structural subdivisions (observing labor laws). The represented methods have significant applicability in modern conditions – on the stage of transition to the new system of professional standards and evaluation of qualifications, as well as the rejection of traditional models, based on strict attachment to the rating and qualification system, fixed salaries, etc.

Lived Experiences of Male Nurse Educators: An Interpretive Phenomenological Inquiry.

Male nurses experience stereotypes and obstacles that affect their career progression in clinical and leadership roles. The experiences of male students and nurses in educational and clinical settings are documented, but no research explored the experiences of nurse educators. To explore and develop a deeper understanding of the lived experiences of male nurse educators. An interpretive phenomenological inquiry was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 male educators in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Ricoeur's interpretation theory was used for data analysis. The themes included "searching for respect and autonomy: from discrimination to recognition", "keeping up the pace: proving worth as nurse educators", "building relationship with the opposite gender: overcoming cultural constraints", "withstanding unfair female nursing and non-nursing management", "appreciating support from democratic management" and "envisioning a non-gendered nursing profession". Male educators surmounted various challenges while searching for respect and recognition and felt content with their professional growth. The greatest challenge was discriminative institutional and the government policies. The educators recognized that female dominance in nursing can be a hurdle, but they indicated that gender discrimination can be ended with collaborative efforts at personal, institutional, and governmental levels. Nursing regulatory bodies and institutions should develop policies that are conducive to recruitment of male and female educators. Separate sub-divisions could be established to provide support to and advocate for the rights of male nurses in clinical, educational, and leadership positions.

Parallel organization of the avian sensorimotor arcopallium: Tectofugal visual pathway in the pigeon (Columba livia).

The sensory-motor division of the avian arcopallium receives parallel inputs from primary and high-order pallial areas of sensory and vocal control pathways, and sends a prominent descending projection to ascending and premotor, subpallial stages of these pathways. While this organization is well established for the auditory and trigeminal systems, the arcopallial subdivision related to the tectofugal visual system and its descending projection to the optic tectum (TeO) has been less investigated. In this study, we charted the arcopallial area displaying tectofugal visual responses and by injecting neural tracers, we traced its connectional anatomy. We found visual motion-sensitive responses in a central region of the dorsal (AD) and intermediate (AI) arcopallium, in between previously described auditory and trigeminal zones. Blocking the ascending tectofugal sensory output, canceled these visual responses in the arcopallium, verifying their tectofugal origin. Injecting PHA-L into the visual, but not into the auditory AI, revealed a massive projection to tectal layer 13 and other tectal related areas, sparing auditory, and trigeminal ones. Conversely, CTB injections restricted to TeO retrogradely labeled neurons confined to the visual AI. These results show that the AI zone receiving tectofugal inputs sends top-down modulations specifically directed to tectal targets, just like the auditory and trigeminal AI zones project back to their respective subpallial sensory and premotor areas, as found by previous studies. Therefore, the arcopallium seems to be organized in a parallel fashion, such that in spite of expected cross-modal integration, the different sensory-motor loops run through separate subdivisions of this structure.

Формування механізму управління прибутком комерційних підприємств

Profit is one of the main economic categories, reflecting all aspects of the activities of business entities and ensures their stable operation. Making and maximizing a profit gives the company the opportunity for continuous development and improvement, providing it with competitive advantages in the market. Achieving maximum profit and minimizing costs is one of the main goals of any commercial enterprise. The purpose of the article is to reveal the theoretical foundations of the economic mechanism of profit management based on the use of the processes of its planning, analysis and distribution. As study results shows the structure of the mechanism of profit management includes: state regulatory and market economic regulation of the process of formation and use of profit, as well as a system of specific internal methods and techniques that form the enterprise. It was emphasized that the theoretical foundations of profit management should be based on the principles of integration with the general management system, for the solution of the different tasks, flexibility and variability of approaches to the development of management decisions. It was substantiated that in the process of forming profits, enterprises often face a decrease in actual revenues compared with the plan. This situation should be corrected by reducing costs and ensuring non-operating income. It was proved that the main goal of the profit distribution process is to optimize the proportions between the share of profits, its capitalization and consumption. Optimization is necessary to ensure the implementation of the enterprise development strategy and the growth of its market value. The necessity of creating special separate subdivisions at enterprises (profit centers), which provide in dynamics the optimal combination of the values of sales volume, selling prices, variable and fixed costs, income and net profit, was confirmed.

Unravelling the subcortical and retinal circuitry of the primate inferior pulvinar.

The primate visual brain possesses a myriad of pathways, whereby visual information originating at the retina is transmitted to multiple subcortical areas in parallel, before being relayed onto the visual cortex. The dominant retinogeniculostriate pathway has been an area of extensive study, and Vivien Casagrande's work in examining the once overlooked koniocellular pathway of the lateral geniculate nucleus has generated interest in how alternate subcortical pathways can contribute to visual perception. Another subcortical visual relay center is the inferior pulvinar (PI), which has four subdivisions and numerous connections with other subcortical and cortical areas and is directly recipient of retinal afferents. The complexity of subcortical connections associated with the PI subdivisions has led to differing results from various groups. A particular challenge in determining the exact connectivity pattern has been in accurately targeting the subdivisions of the PI with neural tracers. Therefore, in the present study, we used a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided stereotaxic injection system to inject bidirectional tracers in the separate subdivisions of the PI, the superior layers of the superior colliculus, the retina, and the lateral geniculate nucleus. Our results have determined for the first time that the medial inferior pulvinar (PIm) is innervated by widefield retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and this pathway is not a collateral branch of the geniculate and collicular projecting RGCs. Furthermore, our tracing data shows no evidence of collicular terminations in the PIm, which are confined to the centromedial and posterior PI.

Corneal clarity measurements in healthy volunteers across different age groups: Observational study.

The aim of this study was to standardize and investigate the changes in corneal clarity with age. Densitometry software for the Oculus Pentacam was used to examine corneal clarity at different age groups.A total of 192 eyes from 97 healthy participants were included in this cohort comparative nonrandomized, cross-sectional study. An Oculus Pentcam was used to image the cornea of healthy participants grouped by age (between 10 and 70 years old). Data from the densitometry output have been used to determine clarity in concentric zones and different depths of the cornea.Corneal densitometry (CD) across all ages showed significant differences between groups when divided into the following layers: anterior, central, and posterior or divided into 0 to 2, 2 to 6, and 6 to 10 mm concentric zones (P < .05). The most striking decrease in clarity occurred with age in all 3 layers of the periphery (6–10 mm) (P < .05). In addition, we showed that the 10 to 19-year age group had lower clarity than the 20 to 30-age group (P < .05), and after 30 years, the cornea shows a steady progression of increased or decreased clarity.The values for CD, as well as for separate subdivisions based on layer and surface area, might provide a standard for use in further studies and clinical practice. This study established that relation between CD and age is differed when the cornea is divided into layers and zones. This study suggests that there are other factors that may play an essential role in corneal clarity as well as age.

МОДЕРНІ НАПРЯМКИ СУЧАСНОЇ ЛІНГВІСТИКИ: ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ КОНТЕКСТ

The article is devoted to the analysis and differentiation of the concepts «modern linguistics» and «neolinguistics» in philology. It is stated that the defined notions are unclearly represented in modern science and require additional argumentation by the chronology and content of new ideas, concepts and theories. The thesis about special social, cognitive and civilizational status of the neolinguistic directions of knowledge, their prospects in a person’s intellectual activity is being argued. The author’s attention is focused on the integral nature of the modern directions of linguistics, which corresponds to the development tendencies of science and its social functions. The overview of separate structural subdivisions, specialties and specializations, tendencies of development of new directions of linguistic science in the leading universities of the world is offered. Information on the establishment of the medialinguistic commission of the International Committee of Slavists, an authoritative international organization of modern researchers in the humanities, is provided. It is postulated that the idea of changing the structural-functional paradigm of the 20th century on the cognitive-communicative paradigm of the 21st century requires additional argumentation.

The role of parietal cortex in the formation of color and motion based concepts.

Imaging evidence shows that separate subdivisions of parietal cortex, in and around the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), are engaged when stimuli are grouped according to color and to motion (Zeki and Stutters, 2013). Since grouping is an essential step in the formation of concepts, we wanted to learn whether parietal cortex is also engaged in the formation of concepts according to these two attributes. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and choosing the recognition of concept-based color or motion stimuli as our paradigm, we found that there was strong concept-related activity in and around the IPS, a region whose homolog in the macaque monkey is known to receive direct but segregated anatomical inputs from V4 and V5. Parietal activity related to color concepts was juxtaposed but did not overlap with activity related to motion concepts, thus emphasizing the continuation of the segregation of color and motion into the conceptual system. Concurrent retinotopic mapping experiments showed that within the parietal cortex, concept-related activity increases within later stage IPS areas.

Electromyography Activation Levels of the 3 Gluteus Medius Subdivisions During Manual Strength Testing.

Cross-sectional. Gluteus medius (GM) muscle dysfunction is associated with overuse injury. The GM is functionally composed of 3 separate subdivisions: anterior, middle, and posterior. Clinical assessment of the GM subdivisions is relevant to detect strength and activation deficits and guide specific rehabilitation programs. However, the optimal positions for assessing the strength and activation of these subdivisions are unknown. The first aim was to establish which strength-testing positions produce the highest surface electromyography (sEMG) activation levels of the individual GM subdivisions. The second aim was to evaluate differences in sEMG activation levels between the tested and contralateral (stabilizing) leg. Twenty healthy physically active male subjects participated in this study. Muscle activity using sEMG was recorded for the GM subdivisions in 8 different strength-testing positions and analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Significant differences between testing positions for all 3 GM subdivisions were found. There were significant differences between the tested and the contralateral anterior and middle GM subdivisions (P < .01). The posterior GM subdivision showed no significant difference (P = .154). Side-lying in neutral and side-lying with hip internal rotation are the 2 positions recommended to evaluate GM function and guide specific GM rehabilitation.

Особенности применения ПБУ 18/02 в организациях с обособленными подразделениями, применяющими разные ставки налога на прибыль

Особенности применения ПБУ 18/02 в организациях с обособленными подразделениями, применяющими разные ставки налога на прибыль

A reliable protocol for the manual segmentation of the human amygdala and its subregions using ultra-high resolution MRI

The measurement of the volume of the human amygdala in vivo has received increasing attention over the past decade, but existing methods face several challenges. First, due to the amorphous appearance of the amygdala and the difficulties in interpreting its boundaries, it is common for protocols to omit sizable sections of the rostral and dorsal regions of the amygdala comprising parts of the basolateral complex (BL) and central nucleus (Ce), respectively. Second, segmentation of the amgydaloid complex into separate subdivisions is challenging due to the resolution of routinely acquired images and the lack of standard protocols. Recent advances in technology have made ultra-high resolution MR images available, and in this study we provide a detailed segmentation protocol for manually tracing the whole amygdala that incorporates a greater portion of the rostral and dorsal sections with techniques illustrated in detail to maximize reproducibility. In addition, we propose a geometrically-based protocol for segmenting the amygdala into four component subregions of interest (sROI), which correspond largely to amygdala subnuclear divisions: the BL sROI, centromedial (CM) sROI, basomedial (BM) sROI, and the amygdaloid cortical (ACo) sROI. We performed an intra- and inter-rater reliability study of our methods in 10 adults (5 young adults and 5 older adults). The results indicate that both protocols can be implemented with a high degree of reliability (the majority of intra-rater and inter-rater correlations were > 0.81). This protocol should aid further research into the alterations in amygdala anatomy, connectivity, and function that accompany normal aging and pathology associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.

The Yudomian of Siberia, Vendian and Ediacaran systems of the International stratigraphic scale

In Russia, the terminal Neoproterozoic formally includes the Vendian of western part of the East European platform and the concurrent Yudoma Group of Siberia. As is shown in this work, the designated subdivisions correspond in the stratotypes only to the upper, Yudomian Series of the Vendian. In the Siberian platform, the Ust-Yudoma and Aim horizons of the Yudomian are tightly interrelated. The lower of them, bearing remains of Ediacaran Fauna, represents the Ediacarian Stage, whereas the upper one containing small-shelled fossils (SSF) corresponds to the Nemakit-Daldynian Stage divided into the trisulcatus and antiqua superregional zones. In more complete sections of the platform periphery, sediments of these subdivisions conformably rest on siliciclastic succession that should be ranked as basal subdivision of the Yudomian. The succession is concurrent to the Laplandian Stage of the East European platform. According to geochronological dates obtained recently, the Yudomian Series spans interval of 600–540 Ma. In the East European platform, the Upper Vendian (Yudomian) begins with the Laplandian basal tillites of synonymous stage. In the west of the platform, tillites are dated at 600 Ma like the Upper Vendian base in Siberia. The next Ediacarian Stage of the East European platform is stratigraphic equivalent of the Redkino Horizon, while summary range of the Kotlin and Rovno horizons is concurrent to that of the Nemakit-Daldynian Stage. The Vendian of Russia is conformably overlain by the Tommotian Stage of the Lower Cambrian. Intense pre-Vendian events constrained distribution areas of the Lower Vendian sediments in Russia. The Lower Vendian deposits of the East European platform are most representative and well studied in the central Urals, where they are attributed to the Serebryanka Group. In Siberia, separate subdivisions representing the Lower Vendian are the Maastakh Formation of the Olenek Uplift, two lower members of the Ushakovka Formation in the Baikal region, and the Taseeva Group of the Yenisei Range. Chronological interval of the Lower Vendian corresponds to 650–600 Ma. The Marinoan Glaciation dated in Australia at 650–635 Ma is concurrent to basal part of the pre-Yudomian interval of the Vendian in Russia, whereas the Laplandian Tillite and Gaskiers Glaciation (600–580 Ma) correspond to onset of the Yudomian Epoch. The new Ediacaran System (Knoll et al., 2004) legalized in the International Neoproterozoic scale is close in range to the entire Vendian (635–544 Ma), although without basal beds (Marinoan Tillite) it deprives the terminal Neoproterozoic of its original sense. Inferiority of the system consists also in its indivisibility into stages. Hence, it is clear that the Vendian System subdivided in detail in Russia should be retained in the rank of terminal system of the Precambrian, one of the basic in general scale of the Neoproterozoic.

LOGISTIC APPROACH IN THE MANAGEMENT OF RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION

Problem of work concordance of separate subdivisions of the transport system, which secure transportation of loads for realization of deliveries on chart «production – transport – an user» is considered.

Potential and promise of online volunteering

The Internet is often perceived as yet another technological innovation that causes a further widening of the gap between rich and poor. However, one of the most interesting phenomena to come out of the Internet revolution is its utilization as a channel for social development. Volunteers working in task forces who were recruited through the net, work to improve the lives of many millions of people in need throughout the world. Some of these volunteers are ‘field workers’, working in physical proximity to those they are trying to help, while others may be sitting at home, using their computers to help needy populations many thousands of miles away. This paper studies this trend and advocates a model to explain the potential and promise of online volunteerism from the perspective of the volunteer. It is suggested that understanding the characteristics behind Internet volunteering from the perspective of the volunteer may enhance the positive potential of the Internet. The model focuses on the unique informative and communicative aspects of net volunteering. It does so by separating this phenomenon into three separate subdivisions: the personal, the interpersonal, and the group. The personal subdivision refers to the advantages of volunteering on an individual level. The interpersonal subdivision refers to advantages in terms of dyadic interaction, and the group subdivision refers to the advantages as a result of being part of a task group. This paper concentrates almost exclusively on the positive, rather than negative, aspects of the Internet and Internet volunteering. This is because of the need for brevity, but more importantly, because the positive aspects of the Internet have been widely ignored by scholars. This paper aims to focus on these and to turn the spotlight on a fascinating combination of the affirmative harnessing of the Internet to increase social justice, and human well-being through unpaid volunteer work.

Parvocellular subparafascicular thalamic nucleus in the rat: anatomical and functional compartmentalization.

The parvocellular subparafascicular thalamic nucleus (SPFp) is located in the posterior thalamus, consists of horizontally oriented cells, and extends from rostromedial to caudolateral, fusing with the posterior intralaminar nucleus and the peripeduncular nucleus. The present study demonstrates a chemoarchitechtonic and functional parcellation of the rat SPFp. Analysis of the distributions of the neuropeptides galanin, calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), substance P, and calbindin revealed the existence of a medial and lateral subdivision within SPFp, and a possible intermediate subdivision. The medial subdivision contains a dense population of galanin-immunoreactive fibers, originating from galanin neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord. In contrast, the lateral subdivision contains CGRP-positive fibers and neurons. The presence of substance P and calbindin immunoreactivity throughout the entire nucleus suggests that these are separate subdivisions of SPFp, rather than different subnuclei. The present study also investigated the functional association of the separate subdivisions of SPFp for male and female rat sexual behavior. In the medial subdivision, Fos-positive neurons were activated in males by display of ejaculation and in females by vaginocervical stimulation. Thus, Fos induction in medial SPFp appears to reflect processing of inputs related to those events. In contrast, sexual behavior did not induce Fos in the lateral SPFp. Taken together, the present results indicate the existence of separate subdivisions in SPFp that are involved in different behavioral functions. The medial SPFp may process inputs important for sexual behavior, whereas the lateral SPFp may be involved in convergence of auditory and nociceptive inputs important for conditioned fear responses.