Separate Reservoirs Research Articles

Development and Performance Analysis of a Low-Cost Redox Flow Battery

Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) offer a promising solution for energy storage due to their scalability and long lifespan, making them particularly attractive for integrating renewable energy sources with fluctuating power output. This study investigates the performance of a prototype Zinc-Chlorine Flow Battery (ZCFB) designed for low-cost and readily available electrolytes. The ZCFB utilizes a saltwater electrolyte containing ZnCl2 and NaCl, paired with a mineral spirits catholyte. The electrolyte consists of a 4 M ZnCl2 and a 2 M NaCl solution, both with a pH of 4.55. The anode was a zinc metal electrode, while the cathode comprised a porous carbon electrode on a titanium grid current collector. The cell volume was approximately 4.0 mL, with separate reservoirs for the NaCl/H2O and mineral spirits electrolytes. Experiments were conducted under constant current conditions, with a 0.2 A charging current and a 5 mA discharge current chosen for optimal cell voltage. The study analyzed the relationship between voltage, current, power, and capacity during both charging and discharging cycles. Results from multiple charge/discharge cycles found that the current density of the battery is around 62.658 mA/cm2 with an energy capacity average of 1.2 Wh. These findings can contribute to the development of more efficient and practical ZCFBs, particularly for applications requiring low-cost and readily available electrolytes.

The Carbon Isotopic Ratio and Planet Formation

We present the first detection of 13CCH in a protoplanetary disk (TW Hya). Using observations of C2H, we measure CCH/13CCH = 65 ± 20 gas with a CO isotopic ratio of 12CO/13CO = 21 ± 5. The TW Hya disk exhibits a gas phase C/O that exceeds unity, and C2H is the tracer of this excess carbon. We confirm that the TW Hya gaseous disk exhibits two separate carbon isotopic reservoirs, as noted previously. We explore two theoretical solutions for the development of this dichotomy. One model represents TW Hya today with a protoplanetary disk exposed to a cosmic-ray ionization rate that is below interstellar as consistent with current estimates. We find that this model does not have sufficient ionization in cold (T < 40 K) layers to activate carbon isotopic fractionation. The second model investigates a younger TW Hya protostellar disk exposed to an interstellar cosmic-ray ionization rate. We find that the younger model has sources of ionization deeper in a colder disk that generates two independent isotopic reservoirs. One reservoir is 12C-enriched carried by methane/hydrocarbon ices, and the other is 13C-enriched carried by gaseous CO. The former potentially provides a source of methane/hydrocarbon ices to power the chemistry that generates the anomalously strong C2H emission in this (and other) disk systems in later stages. The latter provides a source of gaseous 13C-rich material to generate isotopic enrichments in forming giant planets, as recently detected in the super-Jupiter TYC 8998-760-1 b by Zhang et al.

A novel approach to retrograde autologous priming for infant, pediatric and adult populations undergoing congenital heart surgery.

Retrograde Autologous Priming (RAP) of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuits is an effective way to reduce prime volume, commonly through the transfer of prime into separate reservoirs or circuit manipulation. We describe a simple and safe technique for RAP without the need for any circuit modifications or manipulations. For this technique, a separate roller pump for ultrafiltration (UF) is used. After adequate heparinization and arterial cannulation, the UF pump is initiated slowly, removing prime through the effluent of the UF, replacing with the patient's blood from the aortic cannula. Once the arterial line and UF circuit are autologous primed, the arterial head displaces reservoir crystalloid toward the UF circuit at a flow rate equal to the UF pump, displacing the crystalloid prime with blood from the UF circuit, autologous priming the boot and oxygenator with blood, crystalloid again being removed by the effluent. After venous cannulation, the venous line prime is replaced with autologous blood, the crystalloid removed by the effluent of the UF circuit via the arterial head. During RAP, if the patient becomes hypovolemic, either autologous volume is transfused back to the patient, or CPB is initiated, without the need for circuitry modifications. The patient population in this sample consisted of 63 patients ranging between 6.1kg and 115.6kg. The smaller the patient, the less blood volume available for RAP and therefore the less prime volume able to be removed. Overall percent removal increases as our patients size increases compared to total circuit volume. This RAP technique is a safe and effective way to achieve a standardized asanguinous prime for many regardless of patient or circuit size in the absence of contraindications such as low starting hematocrit, emergency surgery or physiologic instability. Most importantly, this potentially reduces the amount of hemodilution patients see from CPB initiation and therefore the lowest nadir hematocrit and consequently the amount of required homologous blood products needed during surgery.

Mush Architecture and Processes in the Reservoirs of a Supereruption-Scale Magma System, Permian Ora Ignimbrite (Northern Italy)

Abstract The Ora Ignimbrite (~275 Ma) is a crystal-rich (~40%), heterogeneous, supereruption-sized (~1300 km3) rhyolite in northern Italy and the final eruptive product of the Athesian Volcanic Group (289–274 Ma), the largest Permian volcanic district in Europe. Two key outcrops, an intracaldera vitrophyre and an outflow vitrophyre, contain well-preserved, glass-bearing juvenile material. We investigate at what scale heterogeneities existed in the Ora magmatic system by studying the geochemical and petrological characteristics of crystal-rich (20–50%) and crystal-poor (&amp;lt;20%) fiamme from the Ora vitrophyres, allowing us to reconstruct critical aspects of Ora's magmatic architecture and pre-eruptive history and granting us further insight into the storage and dynamic processes that occur in large, crystal-rich, silicic systems. Textural analysis of fiamme reveals four types: the intracaldera vitrophyre has very coarse-grained crystal-rich (VCCR) and fine-grained crystal-poor (I-FCP) fiamme, while the outflow vitrophyre has coarse-grained crystal-rich (CCR) and fine-grained crystal-poor (O-FCP) fiamme. The diversity of crystal-poor (I-FCP &amp; O-FCP) fiamme glass trace-element compositions suggests that multiple small crystal-poor magma bodies were dispersed throughout the Ora magmatic system. Compositionally and texturally distinct glass types in single O-FCP fiamme preserve evidence of variable degrees of magma mixing and record different mingling to eruption timescales, revealing that the Ora magmatic system experienced multiple silicic recharge events. In the crystal-rich (VCCR &amp; CCR) fiamme, high crystal contents (VCCR: 40–50%; CCR: 20–40%), large crystals (max grain size: VCCR: 4–10 mm; CCR: 3–4 mm), and interlocking growth textures suggest that these fiamme contain parcels of disaggregated magma mush. High-silica rhyolite glass compositions (77.2–78.3 wt.% SiO2) and extremely depleted Sr (VCCR: &amp;lt;20; CCR: &amp;lt;5 ppm) and Ba (VCCR: &amp;lt;70; CCR: &amp;lt;20 ppm) glass trace-element concentrations indicate that the crystal-rich fiamme glasses represent highly fractionated melts. Crystal-rich fiamme glass trace-element compositions also form discrete, tightly clustered populations, suggesting that multiple crystal-rich, melt-dominated magma bodies existed prior to eruption. We propose that the coexistence of large-scale heterogeneity (e.g. deposit-scale and outcrop-scale) with small-scale homogeneity observed in crystal-rich fiamme is resolved by a model in which at least two separate magma reservoirs, each containing multiple melt-dominant magma bodies, erupted to form the Ora Ignimbrite.

Improving the accuracies of estimating environment parameters via initial probe-environment correlations

We investigate the effect of the initial probe-environment correlations in estimating environment parameters. The probe constructed by two qubits, i.e. the two-qubit probe, is coupled with separate bosonic reservoirs and prepared in the product state. With the initial probe-environment correlations, we derive the analytic quantum Fisher information (QFI) and the corresponding quantum signal-to-noise ratio (QSNR) to quantify the estimation accuracy of environment parameters. The QFI and the QSNR increase when estimating cut-off frequency, coupling strength, and temperature, respectively, demonstrating that the initial probe-environment correlations can be used to improve the accuracy of estimating the environment parameters in the estimation scheme of two-qubit probes.

Battery Technologies in Electrochemical Energy Storage

Electrochemical energy storage technologies play a pivotal role in stabilizing renewable energy sources, ensuring a consistent power supply, and reducing our reliance on fossil fuels. In this article, three electrochemical energy storage technologies—lithium-ion batteries, sodium-sulfur batteries, and flow batteries—are analyzed and contrasted with an emphasis on their hopeful futures. Lithium-ion batteries operate by shuttling lithium ions between cathodes and anodes through an electrolyte, offering high energy density, rechargeability, stable voltage, long cycle life, and low self-discharging rate, making them versatile for a variety of uses, such as grid-scale power storage. However, cost, recycling challenges, and safety concerns have led to ongoing research into solid-state lithium-ion batteries for enhanced performance and safety. Sodium-sulfur batteries, while operating at high temperatures, provide high energy density and reliability, making them suitable for grid-level energy storage and backup power applications. Considering their shortages, researchers are exploring room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries as a possible alternative with improved safety and cost-effectiveness for various energy storage applications, such as grid integration and electric vehicles. Flow batteries, with their separate electrolyte reservoirs, offer scalability and prolonged lifespan, making them ideal for grid-level energy storage and renewable energy integration. However, they have lower energy density and efficiency compared to some other battery types, requiring ongoing research to address these limitations and enhance their competitiveness in the energy storage market. Compared with sodium-sulfur batteries and flow batteries, lithium-ion batteries hold a dominant position due to their versatility, ongoing research advancements, and extensive infrastructure support.

Renewable Electric Energy Storage Systems by Storage Spheres on the Seabed of Deep Lakes or Oceans

This paper describes a new underwater pumped storage hydropower concept (U.PSH) that can store electric energy by using the high water pressure on the seabed or in deep lakes to accomplish the energy transition from fossil to renewable sources. Conventional PSH basically consists of two storage reservoirs (upper and lower lake) at different topographical heights. It needs special topographic conditions, which are only limitedly available in mountain regions. Furthermore, due to the lack of acceptance and the environmental impact, new conventional PSH projects are very unlikely to be built in larger numbers in Europe in the near future. The presented solution solves these issues by placing the storage system on the seabed, thus having other geographical requirements. It operates as follows: in contrast to well-known conventional PSH plants, which use two separated water reservoirs of different heights, the U.PSH concept uses the static pressure of the water column in deep waters by installing a hollow concrete sphere in deep water. Storage of electricity is achieved by using a reversible pump in the hollow sphere. Upon opening a valve, water flows into the sphere, driving a turbine/generator, thereby discharging the storage device. In order to re-charge, the water is pumped out of the sphere against the pressure of the surrounding water. The power and energy, respectively, are proportional to the surrounding water pressure at the seabed. The amount of energy stored depends on the water depth and the volume of the spheres. The spheres need a cable connection to the shore or to a close-by floating transformer station (e.g., an offshore wind plant). No other connections such as pipes are needed. The functional principle of this energy storage technology, its state of the art, its storage capacity and the shape and size of the required spheres are discussed in this paper.

Seismicity near Mayotte explained by interacting magma bodies: Insights from numerical modeling

Mayotte island experienced a large volcanic eruption 50 km offshore in 2018–2021, creating the submarine volcano “Fani Maoré”. The eruption was accompanied by intense seismicity at mantle depths (20–45 km), divided into a “proximal” and a “distal” cluster centered 10 and 30 km east from the island, respectively. Previous studies suggest that two separate magma reservoirs may lie at the top and bottom of the proximal cluster. Here, we assess whether two reservoirs are a mechanically viable explanation for the proximal cluster's truncated conical shape. We developed finite-element models of pressurized magma reservoirs in a 2D axisymmetric domain, modeling the reservoirs as compliant elastic ellipsoids embedded in an elastoplastic host rock. We find that, at these depths, extremely low friction is required to generate failure at realistically low reservoir pressures. This implies in turn that mechanical weakening must occur at these depths. The weakening could be induced by fractures or pore fluid overpressure in the volcanic system. We find that two superimposed reservoirs can generate a plastic domain between them, if they are spatially close enough. Several reservoir geometries (from spherical to sill-like) are plausible. A conical fracture domain is more likely to appear for reservoirs with opposite pressure loads (i.e. one inflating, one deflating). Given the geometrical match with the proximal seismicity cluster at Mayotte, we suggest that the shallower (Moho-depth) reservoir is inflating, creating a potential hazard for Mayotte island.

New MT surveys and 3D resistivity imaging beneath the Ngozi-Rungwe volcanoes at the triple rift junction of the East African Rift System in SW Tanzania: Support for integrated interpretations of geothermal conceptual models

The geothermal system related to the Ngozi and Rungwe volcanoes, SW Tanzania, lies at the intersection of the west and east branches of the East African Rift System and has been investigated by many geoscientists for decades. Here we present a 3D electrical resistivity model based on 190 magnetotelluric resistivity soundings that have been integrated with geochemical and geological results to support the development of the geothermal resource conceptual model presented here. The model includes two separate reservoirs, a larger system located beneath the Rungwe volcano and a smaller chloride water reservoir located under the Ngozi caldera, which contains a neutral chloride hot spring with geothermometry >230°C. An extensive conductive clay cap with variable thickness extends along the 30 km long NW-SE trending Ngozi-Rungwe Fault Zone from the Kiejo area SE of the Rungwe volcano to the Ngozi caldera. The absence of geothermal surface manifestations directly over the inferred Rungwe upflow zone is consistent with effective sealing of the proposed underlying geothermal reservoir by the clay cap. The scarcity of thermal manifestations on the up-dip margins of the low-resistivity clay cap can be explained by coincidence of the base of the clay cap with impermeable Precambrian formations and by structural boundaries. This interpretation implies that the area with the highest geothermal resource potential is the Rungwe volcano where proposed drilling sites might intersect the proposed high-temperature reservoir.

A Low-Cost Programmable Reversing Flow Column Apparatus for Investigating Mixing Zones.

This note describes the development and testing of a novel, programmable reversing flow 1D (R1D) experimental column apparatus designed to investigate reaction, sorption, and transport of solutes in aquifers within dynamic reversing flow zones where waters with different chemistries mix. The motivation for constructing this apparatus was to understand the roles of mixing and reaction on arsenic discharging through a tidally fluctuating riverbank. The apparatus can simulate complex transient flux schedules similar to natural flow regimes The apparatus uses an Arduino microcontroller to control flux magnitude through two peristaltic pumps. Solenoid valves control flow direction from two separate reservoirs. In-line probes continually measure effluent electrical conductance, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, and temperature. To understand how sensitive physical solute transport is to deviations from the real hydrograph of the tidally fluctuating river, two experiments were performed using: (1) a simpler constant magnitude, reversing flux direction schedule (RCF); and (2) a more environmentally relevant variable magnitude, reversing flux direction schedule (RVF). Wherein, flux magnitude was ramped up and down according to a sine wave. Modeled breakthrough curves of chloride yielded nearly identical dispersivities under both flow regimes. For the RVF experiment, Peclet numbers captured the transition between diffusion and dispersion dominated transport in the intertidal interval. Therefore, the apparatus accurately simulated conservative, environmentally relevant mixing under transient, variable flux flow regimes. Accurately generating variable flux reversing flow regimes is important to simulate the interaction between flow velocity and chemical reactions where Brownian diffusion of solutes to solid-phase reaction sites is kinetically limited.

Novel molecularly imprinted nanogel modified microfluidic paper-based SERS substrate for simultaneous detection of bisphenol A and bisphenol S traces in plastics

Paper-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) optical nanoprobes provide ultrasensitive analyte detection; however, they lack selectivity, making them difficult to use in real-world sample analysis without a pretreatment process. This work describes the design of a microfluidic paper-based SERS substrate based on molecularly imprinted nanogels decorated with silver nanoparticles to simultaneously detect bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) traces in plastic toys and receipts. The synthesized nanogels have two characteristics that boost SERS performance: molecularly imprinted cavities that allow for selective adsorption and a wrinkled surface that creates uniformly distributed hot spots. Simple paper-based sensor devices were built as ‘drop and read’ SERS substrates with a separate reservoir to detect a single target, while advanced SERS platforms were designed as a microfluidic chip with two reservoirs connected by a channel for simultaneous detection of BPA and BPS. The SERS platform with a single reservoir showed outstanding analytical performance for the detection of BPA and BPS, with low detection limits of 0.38 pM and 0.37 pM, respectively. The microfluidic paper-based sensor allowed simultaneous and selective detection of BPA and BPS with detection limits estimated at 0.68 nM and 0.47 nM, respectively. The developed sensors are successfully applied to detect BPA and BPS in plastic products and receipts. Finally, the results obtained with our method showed greater sensitivity than those of commercially available ELISA kits, and the acquired values within the ELISA detection range were in excellent agreement.

Freestanding graphene heat engine analyzed using stochastic thermodynamics

We present an Ito-Langevin model for freestanding graphene connected to an electrical circuit. The graphene is treated as a Brownian particle in a double-well potential and is adjacent to a fixed electrode to form a variable capacitor. The capacitor is connected in series with a battery and a load resistor. The capacitor and resistor are given separate thermal reservoirs. We have solved the coupled Ito-Langevin equations for a broad range of temperature differences between the two reservoirs. Using ensemble averages, we report the rate of change in energy, heat, and work using stochastic thermodynamics. When the resistor is held at higher temperatures, the efficiency of the heat engine rises linearly with temperature. However, when the graphene is held at higher temperatures, the efficiency instantly rises and then plateaus. Also, twice as much entropy is produced when the resistor is hotter compared to when the graphene is hotter. Unexpectedly, the temperature of the capacitor is found to alter the dissipated power of the resistor.

Impact of "green" roofs on rainwater management: review of scientific research and perspectives of use

The multifaceted advantages of "green" technologies are analyzed, one of which is the effective management of rainwater in urbanized regions, which allows solving a number of important problems, such as: local waste disposal; reduction of runoff volumes due to evapotranspiration from vegetation and open surfaces; retention of rainwater in the soil; reduction of peak flow values due to temporary storage of water in the substrate and drainage layer; improving the quality of rainwater, which then falls into the soil or is collected in separate reservoirs for further use for technical or domestic purposes. Based on the analysis of experimental studies by world-class scientists, it is shown that for extensive "green" roofs, the average efficiency of rainwater retention is estimated between 45% and 60%, and the cumulative annual retention is about 50% and 60%, depending on the local climate. The results of a study on determining the degree of reduction of rainwater runoff from the surfaces of "green" roofs, which were conducted on two model roofs (extensive and intensive) in Poland, are given. It is well-founded that the rainwater absorbed by the layers of the "green" roof slowly evaporates over a long period of time, which means maintaining a more stable relative air humidity in the vicinity of the building. The method of determining the amount of rainwater runoff from the surface of "green" roofs, as well as determining the daily load of rainwater drainage on the analyzed site, is presented. It was established that about 44% of rainwater from torrential rains is retained in the layers of the "green" roof, and in the case of an intensity not exceeding 5 mm/day, rainwater is completely retained by both intensive and extensive roofs. The advantages of "green" technologies in the process of filtering rainwater, which can be collected in tanks and used for technical needs, are considered. The prospects of rainwater management using "green" roofing systems on roofs in different countries of the world and, in particular, in Ukraine, were analyzed. The ranking of the total area and density of "green" roofs used for rainwater management in different cities of the world for 2022 is given. The authors developed and presented a recommended system of measures for the development and implementation of "green" roofs in Ukraine.

Analysis of a multi-type resurgence of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle and badgers in Southwest France, 2007-2019

Although control measures to tackle bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle have been successful in many parts of Europe, this disease has not been eradicated in areas where Mycobacterium bovis circulates in multi-host systems. Here we analyzed the resurgence of 11 M. bovis genotypes (defined based on spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR) detected in 141 farms between 2007 and 2019, in an area of Southwestern France where wildlife infection was also detected from 2012 in 65 badgers. We used a spatially-explicit model to reconstruct the simultaneous diffusion of the 11 genotypes in cattle farms and badger populations. Effective reproduction number R was estimated to be 1.34 in 2007–2011 indicating a self-sustained M. bovis transmission by a maintenance community although within-species Rs were both < 1, indicating that neither cattle nor badger populations acted as separate reservoir hosts. From 2012, control measures were implemented, and we observed a decrease of R below 1. Spatial contrasts of the basic reproduction ratio suggested that local field conditions may favor (or penalize) local spread of bTB upon introduction into a new farm. Calculation of generation time distributions showed that the spread of M. bovis has been more rapid from cattle farms (0.5–0.7 year) than from badger groups (1.3–2.4 years). Although eradication of bTB appears possible in the study area (since R < 1), the model suggests it is a long-term prospect, because of the prolonged persistence of infection in badger groups (2.9–5.7 years). Supplementary tools and efforts to better control bTB infection in badgers (including vaccination for instance) appear necessary.

Extended-Reach Drilling (ERD)—The Main Problems and Current Achievements

With the development of different segments within the drilling technology in the last three decades, well drilling has become possible in harsh downhole conditions. The vertical well provides access to oil and gas reserves located at a certain depth directly below the wellsite, and a large number of vertical wells are required for the exploitation of hydrocarbons from spatially expanded deposits. However, the borehole can deviate from the vertical well, which means that the target zone can be reached by a horizontal directional well. With this type of well, especially in the case of drilling an extended-reach well (ERW), the length of the wellbore in contact with the reservoir and/or several separate reservoirs is significantly increased, therefore, it is a much better option for the later production phase. Unfortunately, the application of extended-reach drilling (ERD technology), with all of its advantages, can cause different drilling problems mostly related to the increased torque, drag, hole cleaning and equivalent circulation density (ECD), as well as to an increase in the well price. Overcoming these problems requires continuous operational change to enable operators to address downhole challenges. Today, the longest well reaches 15,240 m (50,000 ft), which raises the question of the technological and economic feasibility of this type of drilling project, especially with the lower oil price on the energy market. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of extended-reach drilling technology, discusses the main problems and analyzes current achievements.

The complex construction of a glaciovolcanic ridge with insights from the 2021 Fagradalsfjall Eruption (Iceland)

Glaciovolcanic landforms provide global-scale records of paleoenvironmental conditions and yield insights into subglacial eruption processes. Models for the formation of glaciovolcanic ridges, or tindars, are relatively simple, proposing a monogenetic eruption and a fairly uniform stratigraphy with or without a single transition from effusive pillow lavas to explosive fragmental deposits. Others have suggested that tindars are more complicated. To build a more robust model for tindar formation, we conducted a field and geochemical study of Undirhlíðar ridge on the Reykjanes Peninsula in southwestern Iceland. We show that the ridge was built through a complex sequence of eruptive and intrusive events under dynamically changing ice conditions. Quarry walls expose a continuous cross-section of the ridge, revealing multiple pillow and fragmental units. Pillow lava orientations record the emplacement of discrete pillow-dominated lobes and the migration of volcanic activity between eruptive vents. Volatile contents in glassy pillow rinds show repeated pulses of pillow lava emplacement under glaciostatic conditions, with periods of fragmentation caused by depressurization. Variations in major elements, incompatible trace element ratios, and Pb-isotopes demonstrate that the eruption was fed from separate crustal melt reservoirs containing melts from a compositionally heterogeneous mantle source. A shift in mantle source signature of pillow lavas suggests that the primary ridge-building phase was triggered by the injection of magma into the crust. Within the growing edifice, magma was transported through dykes and irregularly shaped intrusions, which are up to 20% by area of exposed stratigraphy sequences. The model for tindar construction should consider the significant role of intrusions in the growth of the ridge, a detail that would be difficult to identify in natural erosional exposures. The 2021–22 eruptions from the adjacent Fagradalsfjall vents allow us to draw parallels between fissure-fed eruptions in subaerial and ice-confined environments and test hypotheses about the composition of the mantle underlying the Reykjanes Peninsula. Both Fagradalsfjall and Undirhlíðar ridge eruptions may have occurred over similar spatial and temporal scales, been triggered by mixing events, erupted lavas with varying mantle source signatures, and focused volcanic activity along migrating vents. Differences in composition between the two locations are not related to systematic lateral variations in the underlying mantle. Rather, the Undirhlíðar ridge and Fagradalsfjall eruptions capture complex interactions among the crustal magma plumbing system, mantle source heterogeneity, and melting conditions for a moment in time.

Biologically driven isotopic fractionations in bivalves: from palaeoenvironmental problem to palaeophysiological proxy.

Traditional bulk stable isotope (δ18 O and δ13 C) and clumped isotope (Δ47 ) records from bivalve shells provide invaluable histories of Earth's local and global climate change. However, biologically driven isotopic fractionations (BioDIFs) can overprint primary environmental signals in the shell. Here, we explore how conventional measurements of δ18 O, δ13 C, and Δ47 in bivalve shells can be re-interpreted to investigate these physiological processes deliberately. Using intrashell Δ47 and δ18 O alignment as a proxy for equilibrium state, we separately examine fractionations and/or disequilibrium occurring in the two major stages of the biomineralisation process: the secretion of the extrapallial fluid (EPF) and the precipitation of shell material from the EPF. We measured δ18 O, δ13 C, and Δ47 in fossil shells representing five genera (Lahillia, Dozyia, Eselaevitrigonia, Nordenskjoldia, and Cucullaea) from the Maastrichtian age [66-69 million years ago (Ma)] López de Bertodano Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctica. Material was sampled from both the outer and inner shell layers (OSL and ISL, respectively), which precipitate from separate EPF reservoirs. We find consistent δ18 O values across the five taxa, indicating that the composition of the OSL can be a reliable palaeoclimate proxy. However, relative to the OSL baseline, ISLs of all taxa show BioDIFs in one or more isotopic parameters. We discuss/hypothesise potential origins of these BioDIFs by synthesising isotope systematics with the physiological processes underlying shell biomineralisation. We propose a generalised analytical and interpretive framework that maximises the amount of palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiological information that can be derived from the isotopic composition of fossil shell material, even in the presence of previously confounding 'vital effects'. Applying this framework in deep time can expand the utility of δ18 O, δ13 C, and Δ47 measurements from proxies of past environments to proxies for certain biomineralisation strategies across space, time, and phylogeny among Bivalvia and other calcifying organisms.

СОЛТҮСТІК ЖӘНЕ ОРТАЛЫҚ ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ СУ ҚОЙМАЛАРЫНДАҒЫБАЛЫҚТАРДЫҢ ГЕЛЬМИНТОЗДАРЫ

In article the data on a degree of infection by parasitosis of fishes of separate reservoirs of fishery value of the Central and Northern Kazakhstan are resulted. Fish sampling was carried out from separate reservoirs of Akmola, Karaganda and North Kazakhstan regions. In total 257 specimens of fish were examined. In Akmola region tench is infested with Capillaria spp. with EI 25%, silver carp - oocysts of Eimeria spp. with EI 8.3%, Goussia carpelli (oocysts of coccidia) - 20%, Ligula intestinalis - 10%; perch - metacercariae Diplostomum spp. with EI 33.3%, bream - metacercariae Opistorchis spp. with EI 14.2% and oocysts of Eimeria spp. with EI 10%, tench with metacercariae Opistorchis spp. with EI 25%. In the Karaganda region, pike perch is infested with oocysts of Eimeria spp. with EI 25% Camallanus spp. – 25%, silver carp - oocysts of Eimeria spp. with EI 33.3%, Diplostomum spp. - 16.6%, perch - oocysts of Eimeria spp. with an EI of 16.6%. In the North-Kazakhstan region, O.felineus metacercariae with EI 25% were registered in tench, Ligula intestinalis with EI 16.6% in silverfish, Philometroides lusiana carp with EI 50%.

Dynamics of quantum correlations in two 2-level atoms coupled to thermal reservoirs

In this paper, we examine the dynamics of quantum correlations in two noninteractive two-level atoms coupled to two separate identical thermal reservoirs. The two atoms are initially produced in a Gisin state, which is a blend of a maximally entangled two-qubit state and a separable mixed state. Quantum entanglement is measured by logarithmic negativity, while the nonclassical correlations are characterized by trace distance discord and local quantum uncertainty. Using the mean photon number of reservoirs and spontaneous emission rates of atoms as inputs, we explore how these quantum resources behave. Consequently, we demonstrate that the dynamics of quantum entanglement and quantum correlations depend upon the parameters driving the system. Significantly, we further demonstrate that specific parameters may be tweaked to preserve the quantum resources in the system. The results give a full grasp of the quantum features of such a two-level atomic system, showing capabilities to construct quantum technology.

Magmatic and Tectonic Domains of Central Costa Rica and the Irazú‐Turrialba Volcanic Complex Revealed by Ambient Noise Tomography

AbstractThe Central America Volcanic Arc runs from Guatemala to Panama, locally interrupted in Costa Rica after the twin‐system Irazú‐Turrialba Volcanic Complex, at the onset of the Talamanca Cordillera. A marked geological discontinuity characterizes the transition between the volcanic arc and this continental mountain range. To shed light on the spatial and structural relationships between active tectonics and volcanism, we deployed a temporary network consisting of 20 broadband seismic stations around the Irazú‐Turrialba Volcanic Complex that integrated the national seismic networks maintained by Costa Rican institutes. From the seismic records, we extract cross‐correlation functions and Rayleigh wave group‐velocity dispersion curves to perform two ambient noise tomographies at a regional and local scale. From this, we derive two models that point out the magmatic and tectonic features of the southern part of the Central American Volcanic Arc and of the Irazú‐Turrialba Volcanic Complex. The regional‐scale tomographic inversion suggests that such a volcanic complex shares a common reservoir at about 5–7 km depth that is fed by a sub‐vertical region, departing from at least 12 km depth. From here magmas appear to be transported upwards and stored in separate reservoirs below each volcanic edifice. Our study establishes an improved understanding of the spatial relationship between tectonic features and distribution of magmatic reservoirs underpinning the plumbing system of the Irazú‐Turrialba volcanic complex.