Separate Production Of Electricity Research Articles

Конкурентоспособность существующих теплоэлектроцентралей по сравнению с современными источниками раздельного производства электрической энергии и тепла

The development of cogeneration has been recognized as a priority line of measures aimed at more efficient combating climate change. Given the climatic and geographical features, this is one of the main methods for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the Russian Federation. Development of the Russian Federation's energy sector is based on using the best available technologies (BAT). The Russian Federation Government’s Decree No. 398-R of March 19, 2014 defined "a set of measures aimed at doing away with outdated and inefficient technologies, switching to the principles of the best available technologies and introducing modern technologies". In making strategic decisions about the target structure of generating capacities in the energy system of Russia, it is necessary to correctly compare the efficiency with which electricity and heat are obtained from sources of their combined and separate generation. In so doing, the same list of goods and services provided by the sources of electricity and heat for the same electrical and thermal loading modes of generating equipment should be taken into account. Cross-subsidization distorts the competitiveness indicators of combined generation in both the wholesale and retail markets. Currently, for the purposes of drawing up state statistical reports on the fuel efficiency with which electricity and heat are produced and distributed, the physical method and the Firm ORGRES method are used. An analysis of combined heat and power plants (CHPPs) carried out using the physical method shows that CHPPs are less competitive in the heat market, whereas their analysis carried out using the Firm ORGRES method shows that they are less competitive in the electricity market. None of these methods should be used in making strategic decisions on shaping the structure of generating capacities for supplying electricity and heat supply to consumers, as they give insufficiently correct results. CHPP operation in the cogeneration mode is in the interests of the electric power and heat power systems. CHPP operation in the condensing mode is performed by commands of the system operator to support the required electric modes in the country’s electric power system. The developed method of separating fuel consumption between the production of electricity and heat eliminates cross-subsidizing, which distorts the initial information when making strategic decisions. Calculations have shown that combined generation of electricity and heat at CHPPs equipped with R-, T-, and PT-type steam turbines with the mandatory process steam discharges into the condenser has the best specific fuel consumption indicators in generating electricity and heat in comparison with the modern technologies for their separate production during operation in the daily load curve base part. The highly maneuverable gas turbine based CHPP presented in the article features a higher fuel heat utilization coefficient in comparison with the modern technologies for separate production of electricity and heat during operation in the daily electric load curve peaking part.

The Concept of an Energy-Technological Complex for Using Natural Gas in the Production of Electric Power, Heat, and Synthetic Liquid Fuel with Partial Sequestering of Carbon Dioxide Emissions into the Atmosphere

The article provides a description and comparative analysis of the original integrated technology for using natural gas with the simultaneous production of energy and synthetic liquid motor fuel and the partial sequestration of carbon dioxide. The installation operates in two main modes: it generates electricity, heat, and methanol during daylight hours. During night hours of the electric load, CO2 is partially extracted from the flue gases using the mastered industrial technology, which is converted in a plasmatron with the addition of natural gas and water vapor into synthesis gas, which is significantly richer in hydrogen and carbon monoxide than daytime gas. The resulting additional synthesis gas is sent to a methanol synthesis catalytic reactor, in which, thanks to the use of richer synthesis gas, the methanol synthesis process is accelerated on existing equipment. At the same time, the energy-generating part of the plant’s equipment operates in almost the same mode, although the supply of useful electricity in accordance with the requirements of the power system is reduced several times. The use of a single-pass methanol synthesis reactor drastically reduces the size and cost of synthesis unit equipment. At the same time, a significant content of unreacted useful gases (H2 and CO) at the outlet of the synthesis reactor is not a drawback of the scheme since the exhaust gases are used as fuel for an energy gas turbine plant. A feature of the proposed technology is the beneficial use of CO2 during the night period, which, in addition to a significant reduction in its emissions into the atmosphere at this time, simultaneously and without additional costs, also solves the problems associated with its disposal since carbon dioxide is used inside the technological scheme as a raw material for obtaining additional amounts of synthesis gas. Compared with existing plants for the separate production of electricity, heat, and methanol, the proposed technological scheme will allow achieving natural gas savings of approximately 20% and reduce atmospheric CO2 emissions by up to 30%.

Comparison on Two Option Design of The RDE Cogeneration System

The Reaktor Daya Eksperimen (RDE) is the High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR) type that will be mainly used for research activities of nuclear energy utilization. The RDE thermal power is 10 MWt using Helium gas as a primary cooling system that applies indirect cycle and superheated steam resulted from the steam generator of secondary coolant system. In separate production of electricity, some energy is discarged as waste heat, but in the cogeneration, some of heat energy is removed to be used for heat applications. Regarding to safety aspect and to optimize the utilization of heat energy, the cogeneration system using the heat exchanger could be applied. There are two options to be stidied in cogeneration system which is the heat exchanger that installed in the steam line. The option-1 is installed in outlet line from the Steam Generator, the option-2 is installed in outlet line from turbine. Purpose of this paper is to compare the cogeneration system between the two options. The comparison is carried out by the ChemCAD software. The feed water for cogeneration usingmass flow rate from 0.6 kg/s until 2.0 kg/s at temperature of 28°C were studied. The results show that the heat removal on the option-2 provides high power of turbine for generating the electricity more than the option-1. This study is expected provide possibilities of extended studies in the area of process heat applications.

A Highly Efficient Integrated Power and Technological Natural Gas Utilization System for Producing Electricity, Heat, and Synthetic Liquid Fuel with Partially Sequestering Carbon Dioxide Emissions into the Atmosphere

This article presents a description and comparative analysis of an integrated natural gas utilization technology for concurrently producing electricity and synthetic liquid engine fuel and partially sequestering carbon dioxide. In the daytime, the installation produces electricity, heat, and methanol. In the night-time hours of minimum load, CO2 is partially captured from flue gases and is converted in a plasmatron to obtain H2 + CO by adding natural gas and steam. The produced synthesis gas is forwarded to a catalytic synthesis reactor for boosting the operation of the methanol producing installation. In comparison with state-of-the-art installations for separate production of electricity, heat, and methanol, the proposed installation makes it possible to save about 20% of natural gas and decrease the amount of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere by as much as 30%.

Analysis of energy indices of a power plant adapted for the production of heat integrated with the amine Carbon dioxide processing unit

Abstract The adaptation of a power plant for heat production is an effective way of realizing high-efficiency cogeneration, and although the consumption of chemical energy of fuel decreases in comparison with the separate production of electricity and heat leading to a certain reduction of CO 2 emission, the installation of CO 2 capture ought to be applied. The paper concerns an amine installation of CO 2 processing unit. The application such an installation (capture and compression of CO 2 ) requires the supplementing of the calculation algorithms of energy indices of an integrated power plant adapted for the production of heat. The paper presents characteristic indices of a power plant adapted for heat production, viz. power loss coefficient (PLC) and overall energy efficiency as well as coefficient of heat cogeneration (COHC). The internal electro-mechanical power and heat consumption have been analyzed concerning various values of the unit consumption of heat for the purpose of regenerating the sorbent. Formulae expressing the overall net energy efficiency of an adapted power plant concerning the analyzed variants of integrated power plants have been derived. The influence of the unit consumption of heat for the regeneration of the sorbent on overall net energy efficiency of the adapted power plant and the coefficient of heat cogeneration have been analyzed.

Writing energy history: explaining the neglect of CHP/DH in Britain

It is inherent in the process of producing mechanical and hence electrical energy from a heat engine that much of the energy input is released as relatively low temperature heat. By various techniques it is possible to produce reject heat at a temperature useful for space heating or industrial process heating, giving a much higher overall efficiency of conversion and saving fuel over separate production of electricity and heat. Heat from combined heat and power (CHP) plant, or from another central source, can be piped in the form of hot water or steam to users' premises, in district heating (DH) networks.