Separate Body Parts Research Articles

Universal and cultural factors shape body part vocabularies

Every human has a body. Yet, languages differ in how they divide the body into parts to name them. While universal naming strategies exist, there is also variation in the vocabularies of body parts across languages. In this study, we investigate the similarities and differences in naming two separate body parts with one word, i.e., colexifications. We use a computational approach to create networks of body part vocabularies across languages. The analyses focus on body part networks in large language families, on perceptual features that lead to colexifications of body parts, and on a comparison of network structures in different semantic domains. Our results show that adjacent body parts are colexified frequently. However, preferences for perceptual features such as shape and function lead to variations in body part vocabularies. In addition, body part colexification networks are less varied across language families than networks in the semantic domains of emotion and colour. The study presents the first large-scale comparison of body part vocabularies in 1,028 language varieties and provides important insights into the variability of a universal human domain.

The Variability Role of the Membrane of Spicular Sheath in Identification of Trichocephalus Species

In Azerbaijan, previously reported species Trichocephalus globulosa, T. infundibulus, T. baskakowi, T. indicus were not confirmed. Upon comprehensive research, frequent variability of the membrane of spicular sheath was detected and it was assumed that these indicated species are just different forms of T. ovis. It was also established that distal end of the membrane of specular vagina of T. ovis T. skrjabini change its forms depending on the degree of protrusion and extrusion. Due to reduction and expansion, transformation of various forms (globe-shaped, funnel-shaped, glass-shaped, etc.) in membrane of distal end of the specular vagina T. ovis takes place. Form of end of spicule changes (ends sharply, bluntly or with rounded ends). It again serves as a proof that membrane of distal end of specular vagina and form of end of spicules are volatile. In the process of microscopy study of separate body parts of the T. skrjabini, the membrane of spicule vagina in the form of light bulbs, vase and pomegranate seeds were detected. Based on numerous studies of Trichocephalus, it was concluded that in Azerbaijan two species of Trichocephalus are existed: T. ovis and T. skrjabini. Accordingly, on the basis of aforementioned, it is considered important to provide a more comprehensive image and description of morphological structure of helminths studied. The presented images allow you to easily determine the species and achieve an accurate diagnosis of the highlighted helminths.

Body Image Software Programs

The assessment of body image has evolved in recent decades through the development of various software programs. However, it is not yet known whether this technological advance has resulted in refined evidence or whether this assessment development has been extensively applied in the field. This study reviewed the body image software programs developed and applied from 2000 to 2020. Searches were systematically conducted in four scientific databases. A total of 35 articles were selected, and 13 body image software programs were identified. The main features comprising the variability of the software were the pattern of body stimuli presentation (avatars x real body x body drawings) and the procedures of body image manipulation (whole body adjustment x adjustment of separate body parts). Heterogeneity was prevalent among the studies reviewed and prevented a favorable conclusion regarding the use of software compared to other body image assessment strategies.

Tingkat kelangsungan hidup Trepang Benang (Bohadschia marmorta) dengan metode transverse-fission di perairan alam dan pada wadah terkontrol

This research was conducted to examine the survival and regeneration success rate of the Brown Sandfish (Bohadchia marmorata) using the Transverse-fission method in containers placed in nature and controlled. This research was conducted from June to July 2021, in Bahoi Village, West Likupang, North Minahasa. This research used the Transverse-fission method, in which B. marmorata was tied using a rubber band until cleavage occurred. The container used is a basket covered with a net as many as 6 units, each of which is insulated in the middle so that it becomes 12 parts. Individuals who have been tied, then observed for changes shortly after the binding is done until the individual is separated (every 1 - 2 hours), followed by observing the survival and regeneration of separate body parts (every 6 hours). The results of the study were then analyzed using SPSS 22 version with T-test. Based on the results of the research, the survival and regeneration success rate of B. marmorata using the Transverse-fission method placed in containers in natural waters was significantly different from that of B. marmorata placed in controlled containers, where the total survival rate of B. marmorata placed in in controlled containers reached 100% while the total survival rate of B. marmorata placed in natural waters only reached 3.33%.

Methodology of teaching the techniques of playing volleyball among 11-12 year-old boys

In all games, connected with the ball, main attention of a player should be paid to a moving ball. This rule ignoring leads to often inaccurate ball hitting. Admittedly, players should be taught to observe the opponent. But at the same time direct observation is held to the definite limit. And during the moment of direct training and hit fulfillment main attention is paid to the ball and other environment is observed only with the help of peripheral vision. During the game young volleyball players lose many favorable moments only because they can’t choose the best ways of a hit in the combat with the opponent. During the playing technique explanation and study it is necessary to study thoroughly the basis of the technique, the sequence of the separate body parts movements, speed and their amplitude during different techniques fulfillment. These factors are the main for volleyball player’s actions effectiveness achievement. While the attacking hit fulfillment and blocking it is important to control the opponent during the technique fulfillment. That is why it is necessary to master the ability to observe the opponent’s movements all the time, till the hit on the ball, among young volleyball players.

Analysis of the influences on plumage condition in laying hens: How suitable is a whole body plumage score as an outcome?

An important indicator of the health and behavior of laying hens is their plumage condition. Various scoring systems are used, and various risk factors for feather damage have been described. Often, a summarized score of different body parts is used to describe the overall condition of the plumage of a bird. However, it has not yet been assessed whether such a whole body plumage score is a suitable outcome variable when analyzing the risk factors for plumage deterioration. Data collected within a German project on farms keeping laying hens in aviaries were analyzed to investigate whether and the extent to which information is lost when summarizing the scores of the separate body parts. Two models were fitted using multiblock redundancy analysis, in which the first model included the whole body score as one outcome variable, while the second model included the scores of the individual body parts as multiple outcome variables. Although basically similar influences could be discovered with both models, the investigation of the individual body parts allowed for consideration of the influences on each body part separately and for the identification of additional influences. Furthermore, ambivalent influences (a factor differently associated with 2 different outcomes) could be detected with this approach, and possible dilutive effects were avoided. We conclude that influences might be underestimated or even missed when modeling their explanatory power for an overall score only. Therefore, multivariate methods that allow for the consideration of individual body parts are an interesting option when investigating influences on plumage condition.

Pressure comfort sensation and discrimination on female body below waistline

The garment pressure comfort sensation and discrimination were studied in the paper. The garment pressure comfort threshold and difference threshold were defined and calculated according to staircase method of psychophysics. In experiment, 10 subjects were employed in sensory tests and pressure measurements. A novel stretchable compressive belt was developed, which was used to control the pressure applied on separate body parts by its extension and intention, and the subjects judgement and pressure monitor were recorded in times. Finally, the comfort thresholds at nine separate body parts below waistline and difference thresholds at three parts & three varied standard pressure levels were investigated. This study provided proper comfort pressure range to human body for developing compression wear.Practitioner summary: Garment pressure comfort and difference threshold were firstly defined and calculated according to staircase method of psychophysics. The comfort thresholds at nine body parts and difference thresholds at three parts & three varied standard pressure levels were investigated. This study provided proper comfort pressure range to human body for developing compression wear.

Influence of local character exercises on subcutaneous fat thickness of separate body parts

Influence of local character exercises on subcutaneous fat thickness of separate body parts

Differentiated correction of junior school age children’s posture at physical culture trainings

Purpose: to show peculiarities of differentiated correction of junior school age children’s posture, considering tonic vibration reflex. Material: the research was conducted with participation of 62 junior school age children (7-10 years old boys and girls). All children have no sport training experience. All children were preliminary examined by qualified medical doctors. Tonic vibration reflex of lumbar spine was registered. Children fulfilled test exercises, which characterized power endurance of abdomen muscles, side of torso and back muscles. Results: external signs of posture disorders were absent in frontal plane. In 35 persons (65.8%) we registered one-side increased reflex excitability of nervous centers: from right side of backbone - in 28 children (72%); from the left side in 17 children (28%). Correction of posture with the help of correcting exercises can give steady effect only with simultaneous formation of correct posture habit. For this purpose it is necessary to create muscular-joint sense of separate body parts’ position. Conclusions: for determination of functional potentials of in-born muscular corset it is recommended to fulfill special test exercises. For local influence on lumbar spine muscles it is recommended to use exercise of asymmetric character.

New potential of the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children and adults

Goal. To study the efficacy and safety of local administration of Tacrolimus in the form of 0.03% and 0.1% ointment for patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Materials and methods. The study involved 32 patients suffering from atopic dermatitis and aged 2—64. The first group comprised 17 children aged 2—15 (7 girls and 10 boys). The second group comprised 15 patients (8 female and 7 male) aged 18—64. All of the patients suffered from moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Patients from both treatment groups received external therapy in the form of 0.03% of ointment for children and 0.1% of ointment for adults. The daily ointment amount was calculated as FTU (Finger Tip Units) for separate body parts. To ensure objective assessment of the severity of clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis and treatment efficacy, SCORAD (Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis) score was used for all of the patients. Results. The treatment resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the medial SCORAD index from 67.2 (54.8; 70.4) points to 14.0 (3.5; 22.1) points (р < 0.0001), Group 1, and from 52 (43.5; 75.5) points to 11.7 (0.0; 26.2) points (р < 0.0001), Group 2. Clinical recovery was achieved in 30% of children and 40% of adults. Conclusion. Protopic ointment for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis proved to be highly efficient, which was confirmed by a positive therapeutic effect on the course of the disease. There were no adverse effects characteristic of topical corticosteroids, which widens horizons in terms of treating patients with this type of dermatosis.

Cognitive Neuroscience: Swapping Bodies in the Brain

A recent study has found that activity in multisensory brain areas, namely the premotor cortex, intraparietal cortex and the putamen, mirrors the vividness ofownership over a mannequin, induced by the body-swap illusion.

Integrating perception and action through cognitive neuropsychology (broadly conceived)

This special issue of Cognitive Neuropsychology aims at providing a forum for empirical and theoretical research on the integration of perceptual and motor processes in the human mind. The initiative originated at a workshop on “Integrative approaches to perception and action” (Trieste, 27 October, 2006), a satellite event to the 14th Kanizsa Lecture. The 2006 lecture addressed the architecture of human vision from a broad perspective, reviewing a range of neuropsychological, imaging, and behavioural data to reveal the organization of visual pathways and relate it to the functions of vision. The satellite workshop presented alternative views and additional empirical findings, providing an exciting backdrop for the lecture. The number of valuable insights that ensued encouraged us to develop the project into a collection of printed papers. This special issue is the outcome of this process. Historically, the cognitive sciences have used the adjective “integrative” in different ways. The earliest dates back at least to the publication of Sherrington’s classic, The Integrative Action of the Nervous System (Sherrington, 1906), which aimed at studying how separate organs and body parts are brought together into a unified, organized organism by the workings of the nervous system. The integrative phenomena that came under Sherrington’s scrutiny were limited by his emphasis on reflexes as units of integration and by his corresponding interest in animal preparations displaying reflex behaviour (Levine, 2007). However, there is little doubt that understanding how different brain mechanisms relate to one another and to other bodily mechanisms, such as those mediating actions, remains central to contemporary cognitive science. A second sense refers to the need of integrating different levels of explanation when studying the mind/brain. Indeed, the idea that approaches limited to a single level of analysis do not suffice to unravel how the brain works forms the core dictum of integrative neuroscience

Projections from primary somatosensory cortex to the neostriatum: the role of somatotopic continuity in corticostriatal convergence.

We characterized the organization of corticostriatal projections from rodent primary somatosensory cortex (SI), testing the hypothesis that projections from SI areas representing subcomponents of the forelimb exhibit greater neostriatal overlap than projections from areas representing separate body parts. The anterograde tracers Fluoro-Ruby (FR), Alexa Fluor (AF), and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) were injected into physiologically identified regions of rat SI. Injection locations were confirmed by examining the SI barrel fields and limb representations in tangential sections processed for cytochrome oxidase (CO). Experimental animals were divided into two groups: one group received multiple tracer injections in neighboring SI regions that represent separate body parts (whiskers, forepaw, and hindpaw); the other group received injections in SI areas that represent different components of the forelimb (forepaw, antebrachium, and brachium). The distribution of labeled terminals and their varicosities in the neostriatum and in the thalamus were plotted and quantitatively analyzed. For most animals, tracer overlap in the thalamus was either minimal or completely absent. In the neostriatum, projections from the whisker, forelimb, and hindlimb representations terminated in regions that rarely overlap with each other, while those originating from different parts of the forelimb representation were more likely to terminate in overlapping parts of the neostriatum. To the extent that neostriatal activation depends on corticostriatal convergence, the corticostriatal projections in the sensorimotor channel appeared to be organized so that neostriatal neurons may signal when multiple components of the same body part are activated simultaneously.

Close-range attraction in Lygocoris pabulinus (L.).

Males of the green capsid bug, Lygocoris pabulinus, exhibit a specific courtship behavior, i.e., a vibration of the abdomen. When both live and dead females were offered to males, this vibration behavior was elicited in most of the males tested. When females were dissected into separate body parts, heads, wings, and legs elicited equal responses, while thorax plus abdomen elicited a much lower response. When separate body parts were extracted, the leg extracts elicited significantly stronger responses than any other extract. This suggests that female L. pabulinus legs are either the source of a close-range sex pheromone or that pheromone is accumulated on the legs due to grooming behavior. The leg extracts contained several hydrocarbons such as n-alkenes, n-alkanes, and some methylalkanes. Female extracts contained more (Z)-9-pentacosene and male extracts contained more (Z)-9-heptacosene. Substrates on which females had walked elicited similar responses as female legs, indicating that the pheromone is deposited on the substrate. This enlarges the functional range of low-volatility compounds, which are thought to function only when sexes are in close vicinity or in contact.

A Cerebral Central Pattern Generator inAplysiaand Its Connections with Buccal Feeding Circuitry

Different feeding-related behaviors in Aplysia require substantial variations in the coordination of movements of two separate body parts, the lips and buccal mass. The central pattern generators (CPGs) and motoneurons that control buccal mass movements reside largely in the buccal ganglion. It was previously thought that control of the cerebral neuronal circuitry and motoneurons that generate lip movements was coordinated directly by feedback from buccal interneurons. Here, we describe cerebral lip motoneuron C15, which drives rhythmic activity in the isolated cerebral ganglion. Other lip motoneurons are active during this program, so we define it as a cerebral motor program (CMP). The C15 in each cerebral hemiganglion drives the CMP in ipsilateral neurons only, suggesting there are independent CPGs in each hemiganglion. The cerebral and buccal CPGs interact at several points. For example, cerebral-to-buccal interneurons (CBIs), which can drive the buccal CPG, receive excitatory input when the cerebral CPG is active. Likewise, C15, which can drive the cerebral CPG, is excited when the buccal CPG is active. This excitation is simultaneous in both C15s, coupling the activity in the two hemiganglionic cerebral CPGs. Therefore, there are independent cerebral and buccal CPGs, which can produce distinct rhythms, but which interact at several points. Furthermore, the connections between the cerebral and buccal CPGs alter during different forms of motor program. We suggest that such alterations in the interactions between these CPGs might contribute to the generation of the various forms of coordination of lip and buccal mass movements that are necessary during different feeding-related behaviors.

The anterior border zones of primary somatic sensory (S I) neocortex and their relation to cerebral convolutions, shown by micromapping of peripheral projections to the region of the fourth forepaw digit representation in raccoons

In raccoons the somatic sensory neocortex is greatly expanded, with separate gyral crowns devoted to and intervening sulci separating, sensory representations of separate body parts, most strikingly those of the volar surfaces of individual forepaw digits. Most of the cortex in this region is buried in widely ramifying sulcal walls, wherein sensory projections have not been studied. We have determined mechanosensory projections to the fourth digit representation region including all neighboring sulcal walls, using tungsten microelectrodes for fine-grain 3-dimensional micromapping. We found no significant alteration in the location and pattern of projections when the following different anesthetics were used: dial-urethane, chloralose, or methoxyflurane with nitrous oxide. The precisely organized somatotopic representation of the distal volar surface of the fourth digit, on the caudal aspect of its gyral crown, continues down the anterior bank of the triradiate sulcus. This meets, at the fundus, projections from the proximal volar surface of the digit which occupy the posterior sulcus wall; they in turn meet projections from the volar palm at the gyral crown. In the anterior part of the crown containing the representation of the distal volar digit, across the crown of the gyral bridge intervening between the medial and lateral segments of the central sulcus, throughout the posterior walls of the central sulci, and in the walls of the interbrachial sulcus, we found a distinctive border-zone of projections from heterogeneous receptive fields. Within a roughly somatotopic basic pattern of organization we found intermingled projections from single and multiple claws and dorsal hairy surfaces of digits and proximal hand, along with additional projections from volar surfaces. These projections can be construed as forming something of a distorted mirror-image of the representation of the volar hand. Beyond this was a second zone of distinctive projections from afferents of the forelimb muscles, in the anterior walls of the central sulci. These projections are interrupted where the sulci are interrupted. The zone of muscle afferent projections corresponds to those seen between sensory and motor regions in other species; its strict association with sulcal folding here and in other species suggests a general relationship of these projections to central sulci. The zone of heterogeneous projections resembles similar zones seen at other levels of this system in raccoons, in the cortex of other species, and it may relate to some of the multiple representations reported in other species. It also may be related to the formation of sulci in this region and may be a specialized zone for cortico-cortical connections.