The aim of this paper is to introduce and investigate small pairs of abelian p-groups, defined by means of small homomorphisms and by analogy with torsion theories and cotorsion pairs. Non-trivial small pairs live inside the two classes of thick p-groups and thin p-groups. Since these groups, as well as small homomorphisms, have been investigated long time ago, in the first part of the paper we survey known results on these topics, adding some new results. A relevant role in the study of small pairs is played by the classes of fully-thick and fully-thin groups and by the groups which are at the same time thick and thin. This last class of groups is large enough to guarantee the existence of 22c different small pairs. Connections with a Corner's classical realization theorem for endomorphism rings of separable p-groups and the recent topic of groups with minimal full inertia are established.