Separate Lift Research Articles

Comparison of Aerodynamics and Flight Performance of Fixed Wing Solar Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle When Separate Lift and Thrust Vertical Take-Off and Landing System is Installed

The objective of this research paper is to analyze the effects of installing a separate Lift and Thrust vertical takeoff system for fixed-wing solar powered UAVs in terms of flight performance changes. This research article uses a prototype aircraft in this study, which is a fixed-wing aircraft powered by an electrical system and equipped with a solar system. There are 2 types of designs, namely the type with installation and without installation of the Vertical Take-Off and Landing system which the vertical take-off and landing aircraft compared to the normal configuration will weigh 42.48% more and have a zero-lift drag coefficient of 67.1% more. The initial step involves creating an aircraft model in the XFLR5 software to assess the lift and drag coefficients and compare them with the wind tunnel test results. Subsequently, the software analysis findings are used to evaluate the flight performance of both aircraft configuration, as well as to identify the performance changes that occur when the VTOL system is installed. The outcomes align with expectations, installing a VTOL system leads to a significant reduce in flight performance, In particular, the Endurance and maximum range of vertical take-off aircraft are only 41.55% and 43.43% of normal aircraft and for solar-powered systems. The vertical takeoff has the Endurance and range is 31.46% and 32.06% of normal aircraft equipped with solar systems. which can be distinctly contrasted with the performance of aircraft in various aspects. However, these compromises are made in exchange for the capability to take off and land vertically.

Shuttle-Based Storage and Retrieval Systems Designs from Multi-Objective Perspectives: Total Investment Cost, Throughput Rate and Sustainability

This paper studies performance comparison of two shuttle-based storage and retrieval system (SBS/RS) configurations developed on flexible or non-flexible travel policies of shuttles in the system. In the non-flexible SBS/RS, a shuttle is dedicated to a tier so that it cannot travel out of its dedicated aisle and tier. A lifting mechanism is installed in each aisle to provide vertical travel for loads. In flexible SBS/RS, shuttles can travel between tiers by a separate lifting mechanism installed on the other edge point of each aisle. The advantage of that flexible design is that there might be decreased number of shuttles settling in the system compared to the non-flexible design. We simulate the two system configurations and conduct an experimental design for the comparison purpose. Based on the three-performance metrics: total investment cost, throughput rate and energy consumption per transaction, the results show that mainly the flexible system provides better results which might be considered as future system investment for SBS/RS.

COVID 19 WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Introduction: The world has witnessed positive environment implications of nationwide lockdowns brought down upon by Covid 19 such as cleaner rivers and clearer skies, the same is not the case with respect to solid waste management. Objective:To study the Covid 19 waste management practices and precautions taken in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology:A retrospective study from 1st April 2020 to 31st March 2021 was conducted at NIMS, Hyderabad. Direct observational study was done to assess the existing facility, manpower, workflow and practices followed. Results:An average of 252 kgs biomedical waste was generated daily. All the biomedical waste including the waste generated in covid 19 areas, Rapid antigen testing centre, RTPCR lab were segregated in separate colour coded bags and were transferred to collection room, where it was stored in different rooms based on the colour, ready to be collected by GJ Multiclave for treatment and disposal. Adequate number colour coded waste bins and needle destroyers were provided to covid areas. Also, hypochlorite solution was issued in adequate quantity. No calibrated weighing machine was available onsite in covid areas nor any biomedical waste registers were maintained in Covid wards and ICUs. Yellow bins were filled beyond 3/4th level due to PPE kits leading to spillage, but frequent collection of waste was followed. Whereas other bins were not filled beyond 3/4th level to avoid spillage. There was 100% compliance in segregating infectious sharps from non-sharps. There was 100% compliance in segregating waste in Covid ICUs and 90% compliance in the Covid wards. Double packing method was followed. On-site measures like treating PPE with hypochlorite was practiced. Storage in the facility was never beyond 48 hours. A total of 19 workers were posted in three shifts for collecting waste. Adequate PPE kits were provided to all the workers in Covid units apart from the regular safety equipment. 20:10 day rule was followed where the workers worked for 20days followed by 10 days of quarantine. Training of staff was on periodic basis. Separate lifting trolleys for covid areas were earmarked and disinfection with hypochlorite was practiced. Workers posted underwent routine RAT once a month and a quarantine of 15 days was given to the tested positive workers. Conclusion:On an average 252 kgs of biomedical waste generated per day. 100% compliance was observed in segregating biomedical waste in Covid ICUs and 90 % compliance in the Covid wards. On site measures like treating PPE kits with hypochlorite solution was practiced. Covid waste was transported in closed containers. Stored waste was disposed within 48 hours of collecting from wards. Regular training of health workers posted in wards improved waste management.

Analisis Kegagalan Permukaan Kontak Rail dan Wheel pada Overhead Travelling Crane

For the sake of the smooth process of cement production, it is necessary to maintain each component of the production. One of the tools that play an important role in the maintenance and production of cement is the Overhead Traveling Crane, which is a combination of a separate lifting mechanism with a frame to lift and move loads that can be hung freely or attached to the crane itself. The problems that arise in the Overhead Traveling Crane include the reverse direction of the motor rotation due to an error in the motor connection, the motor cannot start due to a disconnected power supply, the occurrence of bending (curving) on ​​the girder due to lifting operations that exceed the maximum capacity which can also accelerate service life. of the girder, wear on the wheel due to high workload during operation. Due to the need for very long use, periodic maintenance is needed so that it can be in normal condition for a long time. The main parts that support the overall weight of the crane are rails and wheels. This journal discusses the analysis of failures that occur due to contact between rails and wheels that occur in a cement factory. Failure analysis is done by testing the hardness of both the wheel and the rely which is considered to have failed or is no longer suitable for use. Then review the results of direct field observations with data from hardness tests and literature studies related to wheels and rails. after that it was concluded that the company considered for the procurement of rails and wheels. The conclusion obtained is that the hardness value on the rail is lower than on the wheel. Resulting in failure of the rail so that the rail must be replaced.

Lift Disturbance Cancellation with Rapid-Flap Actuation

Mitigation of vertical aerodynamic disturbances by means of a simple mechanical flap is investigated experimentally. A wall-to-wall NACA 0006 wing is bisected about the midchord for a 50%-chord flap length. Experiments are performed in a water tunnel at a chord-based Reynolds number of . The wing is driven in a sinusoidal vertical plunge motion as a spatially uniform, temporally varying surrogate to a vertical disturbance. Concurrently, the flap is actively deflected in a survey of kinematic parameters designed to suppress the influence of a plunge-induced disturbance. Plunge rates explored amount to disturbances incurred over a temporal range from one convective time to eight convective times. Two methodologies are employed to guide selection of flap deflection phase and amplitude necessary to preserve the baseline zero-lift state () of the undisturbed wing. In the first method, Theodorsen’s model is applied to arrive at an analytical solution to flap kinematics for a given prescribed plunge history. The theoretical derivation makes the standard assumptions of attached flow, planar wake, and no leading-edge vortical formations. Direct force measurements reveal reduction in lift transients by flap actuation of up to 87%, verifying the applicability of Theodorsen’s classical model. Further improvement is sought in a second method where empirical state-space modeling is formulated for lift cancellation. In this approach two separate lift models for wing plunge and flap deflection are constructed independently, and their superposition is employed to approximate the total lift in combined plunge and deflection motions. It is shown that although the empirical state-space approach performs similar to the inviscid theory of Theodorsen’s model, the empirical model proves more effective in suppressing the formation of the leading-edge vortex induced by plunge.

Cost and performance comparison for tier‐captive and tier‐to‐tier SBS/RS warehouse configurations

AbstractThis paper compares two shuttle‐based storage and retrieval system (SBS/RS) configurations developed on travel policy of shuttles in the systems. Specifically, we compare two system configurations of SBS/RS: SBS/RS with tier‐captive shuttles and SBS/RS with tier‐to‐tier shuttles. In a tier‐captive SBS/RS warehouse design, there is a dedicated shuttle in each tier that cannot travel between tiers. Due to a large number of shuttles in such a configuration, lifts are always bottlenecks and the utilizations of shuttles are very low. In this study, we propose an alternative SBS/RS design with tier‐to‐tier shuttles in which shuttles can travel between tiers by using a separate lifting mechanism dedicated for them. The advantage of this design would be reduction in investment cost due to the decreased number as well as higher utilizations of shuttles in the system. The two configurations were compared on the following performance metrics: initial investment costs, throughput rates per hour, and average energy consumption per transaction when there is a regeneration mechanism in the system. In a tier‐to‐tier SBS/RS design, allowing shuttles to travel between tiers increases operational complexity of the system. Thus, we simulate the two system designs and compare their performance metrics by conducting several rack design experiments based on the number of aisles, tiers, and bays. The results of this study suggest that there may be a better configuration in terms of total investment cost and throughput rate in a newly proposed tier‐to‐tier SBS/RS design that could be considered as an alternative to a tier‐captive SBS/RS design.

Design and Implementation of Home Security Using Telegram Botfather

Security is a condition where humans or objects feel protected from the danger that threatens or disturbs them, which will then cause a feeling of calm and comfort. Security can be obtained in several ways, one of which is by using and implementing technology. Today's application of security technology has developed very rapidly, ranging from conventional methods to high-tech. Therefore the author tries to design a home security system based on a microcontroller which is expected to be helpful, especially for people who often travel out of the house. One of the contributions made is to design and manufacture a home security device using the BOTFather telegram. This home security system uses internet technology to control devices remotely. Nodemcu esp8266, PIR sensor as a sensor used to detect infrared rays from an object, PIR sensor is passive, meaning that this sensor does not emit infrared light but only receives infrared radiation from outside. 4 channel relay is a switch that is entirely operated with electricity and is an electromechanical (electromechanical) component consisting of 2 parts, namely electromagnet (coil) and mechanical (separate lift contact switch/switch) which is used to turn on and off lights, and other devices. Arduino software is used to program Nodemcu Esp8266. PIR sensors, Lamp Relays and TELEGRAM are used as tools to send commands to devices in real-time

Drag Assessment of Vertical Lift Propeller in Forward Flight for Electric Fixed-Wing VTOL Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

A fixed-wing UAV that is capable of vertical takeoff/landing is a hybrid aerial vehicle that could take off as helicopter and then transition into conventional airplane for forward flight. There are several powertrain configurations for the VTOL aircraft, one of them is called Separate Lift Thrust (SLT) configuration where the forward flight uses different powertrain compared to the hover phase. Without complex mechanism to store the inactive hover powertrain, the hover powertrain components added a significant amount of aerodynamic drag during forward flight. This paper presents the assessment of the drag caused by the inactive propellers during the forward cruising flight phase. For this research, 26 propeller samples with diameter from 5 inch to 9 inch were used with various configuration and materials. They were then tested in wind tunnel facility and the resultant drag was measured. The results from the wind tunnel test shows that for lowest drag penalty, smaller propeller diameter with low pitch blade provide the lowest drag. Interestingly, from the results, it shows that there is a flight speed that can provide an optimum drag from the chosen propeller. A selection of optimum motor and battery can be made in the future based on result presented in this paper to further improve the performance of the UAV.

Impact of electric propulsion technology and mission requirements on the performance of VTOL UAVs

One of the engineering challenges in aviation is the design of transitioning vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft. Thrust-borne flight implies a higher mass fraction of the propulsion system, as well as much increased energy consumption in the take-off and landing phases. This mass increase is typically higher for aircraft with a separate lift propulsion system than for aircraft that use the cruise propulsion system to support a dedicated lift system. However, for a cost–benefit trade study, it is necessary to quantify the impact the VTOL requirement and propulsion configuration has on aircraft mass and size. For this reason, sizing studies are conducted. This paper explores the impact of considering a supplemental electric propulsion system for achieving hovering flight. Key variables in this study, apart from the lift system configuration, are the rotor disk loading and hover flight time, as well as the electrical systems technology level for both batteries and motors. Payload and endurance are typically used as the measures of merit for unmanned aircraft that carry electro-optical sensors, and therefore the analysis focuses on these particular parameters.

Factoring two‐dimensional two‐channel non‐separable stripe filter banks into lifting steps

Since the division with remainder cannot be implemented in multivariable polynomials, the two-dimensional non-separable wavelet transform cannot be lifted by using a similar way as that of univariate wavelet transforms. To solve this problem, a general lifting factoring method of two-dimensional two-channel non-separable stripe filter banks is presented. The constructing form of the polyphase matrices of the stripe filter banks is deduced and the general factoring of the polyphase matrices is given. Compared with the separable lifting wavelet transform, the proposed lifting factoring method can extract better texture information. The lifting form is more succinct than that of the tensor product lifting wavelet transform. The computation amount of the proposed factoring method for image decomposition is a quarter of the two-dimensional two-channel non-separable stripe filter bank and the original two-dimensional two-channel non-separable wavelet system is quickened. Moreover, the proposed lifting factorising method is faster than the traditional two-dimensional two-channel non-separable wavelet transform based on the Fourier transformation framework in which the size of each filter is greater than N + 1 . The proposed lifting factorising method has better sparsity than that of the original wavelet transform and the famous two-dimensional two-channel biorthogonal symmetric non-separable wavelet transform.

Reduction of rounding noise and lifting steps in non-separable four-dimensional quadruple lifting integer wavelet transform

The wavelet transform (WT)-based JPEG 2000 is a standard for the compression of digital images that uses a separable lifting structure in which a multidimensional image signal is transformed separately along its horizontal and vertical dimensions. A non-separable three-dimensional (3D) structure is used to minimize the number of lifting steps in existing methods and can reduce the delay between input and output as each process is implemented by cascading in lifting calculation. This structure reduces rounding noise and the number of steps of the lifting scheme in the transform. The non-separable 3D structure in the 5/3-type transform for lossless coding reduces rounding noise, but it increases in the 9/7-type transform for lossy coding in the structure. A combination of 2D and 3D non-separable structures for 4D integer WT has been proposed to solve this problem, but the original filter arrangements need to be preserved to reduce rounding noise. Therefore, in this study, a non-separable 2D structure for the integer implementation of a 4D quadruple lifting WT with a 9/7 filter is proposed. The proposed wavelet transform has the same output signal as the conventional separable structure except for the rounding noise. As the order of the original lifting scheme is preserved, rounding noise in pixels of the decoded image can be significantly reduced, and the upper bounds of quality and lossy decoded 4D medical images can be improved.

Non-separable four-dimensional integer wavelet transform with reduced rounding noise

Since few decades ago, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) based digital image signal compression had been adopted as the JPEG international standard. Later, Wavelet Transform (WT) has replaced the DCT and its being applied in medical image compression. JPEG 2000, the international standardization of WT is using separable lifting structure where the multidimensional image signal is transformed separately in its horizontal and vertical direction. Besides that, each process is realized by cascading in lifting calculation. However, the necessity of waiting for previous step before calculating to the next step will make the overall delay time become longer. The delay time between input and output of WT is reduced as the proposed method reduces its lifting steps. Since the lifting step contains a rounding operation, variance of the rounding noise generated due to the rounding operation inside the transform is reduced. In this paper, unlike the conventional separable structure, the proposed non-separable structure reduces the rounding noise inside the transform, which will lead to the increasing of coding performance. The proposed wavelet transform has a merit that its output signal, apart from the rounding noise, is exactly the same as the conventional separable structure which is a cascade of 1D structure. As a result of experiments, it was observed that the proposed method reduces the rounding noise as well as increases the performance of data compression of various 4D input signals.

Design of Separate Lift and Thrust Hybrid UAV

Hybrid UAV is a new platform of UAV which is integrating fixed wing and multirotor to get vertical takeoff and landing capability with high range and long endurance. Thus it has the benefit of both fixed wing and multirotor platform. The design methodology of hybrid UAV is resembled fixed wing aircraft with modification at some part due to augmentation of multirotor. This Hybrid UAV has been manufactured and on testing phase.

Reduction of Lifting Steps of Non Separable 2D Quadruple Lifting DWT Compatible with Separable 2D DWT

Reduction of Lifting Steps of Non Separable 2D Quadruple Lifting DWT Compatible with Separable 2D DWT

Non-separable lifting scheme with adaptive update step for still and stereo image coding

Many existing works related to lossy-to-lossless multiresolution image compression are based on the lifting concept. It is worth noting that a separable lifting scheme may not appear very efficient to cope with the 2D characteristics of edges which are neither horizontal nor vertical. In this paper, we propose to use 2D non-separable lifting schemes that still enable progressive reconstruction and exact decoding of images. Their relevant advantage is to yield a tractable optimization of all the involved decomposition operators. More precisely, we design the prediction operators by minimizing the variance of the detail coefficients. Concerning the update filters, we propose a new optimization criterion which aims at reducing the inherent aliasing artifacts. A theoretical analysis of the proposed method is conducted in terms of the adaptation criterion considered in the optimization of the update filter. Simulations carried out on still images and residual ones generated from stereo pairs show the benefits which can be drawn from the proposed optimization of the lifting operators.

Reversible 2D 9-7 DWT Based on Non-separable 2D Lifting Structure Compatible with Irreversible DWT

This paper proposes a reversible two dimensional (2D) discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for lossless coding which is compatible with the irreversible 2D 9-7 DWT for lossy coding in the JPEG 2000. Since all the filters and scalings are factorized into a product of lifting steps, and signal values are rounded into integers, the proposed DWT is reversible and applicable to lossless coding of 2D signals. We replace a part of the separable 2D transfer function of the 2D DWT by a non separable 2D lifting structure, so that the number of rounding operations is decreased. We also investigate performance of the DWT under octave decomposition case and theoretically endorse it. As a result, reduction of the rounding errors due to the replacement was confirmed. It means that compatibility of the reversible DWT to the irreversible 2D 9-7 DWT is improved.

Design and development considerations for biologically inspired flapping-wing micro air vehicles

In this paper, the decade of numerical and experimental investigations leading to the development of the authors’ unique flapping-wing micro air vehicle is summarized. Early investigations included the study of boundary layer energization by means of a small flapping foil embedded in a flat-plate boundary layer, the reduction of the recirculatory flow region behind a backward-facing step by means of a small flapping foil, and the reduction or suppression of flow separation behind blunt or cusped airfoil trailing edges by flapping a small foil located in the wake flow region. These studies were followed by systematic investigations of the aerodynamic characteristics of single flapping airfoils and airfoil combinations. These unsteady flows were described using flow visualization, laser-Doppler velocimetry in addition to panel and Navier-Stokes computations. It is then shown how this flapping-wing database was used to conceive, design and develop a micro air vehicle which has a fixed wing for lift and two flapping wings for thrust generation. While animal flight is characterized by a coupled force generation, the present design appears to separate lift and thrust. However, in fact, the performance of one surface is closely coupled to the other surfaces.

Marco Polo Deepwater TLP

This article, written by Assistant Technology Editor Karen Bybee, contains highlights of paper SPE 95331, "Marco Polo Deepwater TLP: Completion Implementation and Performance," by J. Burman, SPE, Exploitation Technologies LLC, and K. Renfro, SPE, and M. Conrad, SPE, Anadarko Petroleum, prepared for the 2005 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, 9–12 October. Novel well-completion techniques and exceptional field execution allowed the six well completions in the Marco Polo deep-water tension-leg-platform (TLP) project to be accomplished in world-class fashion. All six wells (17 frac packs) were placed on pro-duction in only 168 days, including 14 days lost because of storms. The full-length paper focuses on how the implementation challenges of completing 17 zones in six deepwater dry-tree wells with a 1,000-hp rig were met and highlights a number of concepts and technical firsts that can be used in other deepwater development projects. Background Field Development. The Marco Polo field in Green Canyon Block 608 in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) was discovered in 2000. Six development wells were drilled in 2002 and 2003 and were temporarily abandoned to await completion of the TLP. The TLP hull and deck were installed in January 2004 and were designed to accommodate a 1,000-hp completion rig to run riser tiebacks and perform completions. Only 88 persons are allowed on the platform at a time because of U.S. Coast Guard rules, a significant issue for rig operations. Reservoir. Initial reservoir pressures and temperatures range from 6,700 to 7,600 psi and from 115 to 122°F, respectively. Reservoir fluids are undersaturated black oils, with gravity ranging from 30 to 34°API and gas/oil ratio ranging from 700 to 1,000 scf/STB. Completion-Design Overview. Multiple pay sands, low reservoir temperatures, the requirement to gas lift the wells, and the deepwater environment drove the design of the Marco Polo completions. After significant flow-assurance modeling and evaluation, dual-barrier risers with insulating gel and a separate gas lift string were chosen as the upper-completion design. The sandface-completion design focused on risk management during completion operations, with the hardware designed to minimize future intervention risk. The 17 pay intervals in the six wells were developed with multizone, selective single, stacked frac-pack completions, using sliding sleeves with a concentric isolation string for zonal isolation. Multiple chemical-injection points are installed for hydrate, paraffin, asphaltene, and scale prevention. The installation of fiber-optic technology for downhole-pressure and -temperature sensing assisted in well surveillance and hydrate prevention. Fig. 4 in the full-length paper shows a generalized Marco Polo wellbore schematic.

Pet studies of human cortical and subcortical systems involved in lifting tasks with a precision grip.

Two positron emission tomography (PET) studies were performed on 18 normal volunteers to investigate regional cortical and subcortical activation induced by the repetitive lifting-holding-replacing of an object using a precision grip between the index finger and thumb. A three-dimensional PET was performed using H215O as a tracer. The first study was aimed to investigate the brain areas involved in a grasp-lift-hold-replace action and the effect of object weight. Data were obtained for 10 subjects under three object weight conditions (4, 200, and 600 g) and a rest condition. Grip and lift forces on a similar object and the activity of selected muscles in the hand, arm, and shoulder were also recorded in separate lifting trials. An external auditory beep sounded every 3.5 seconds to initiate the lifting action. The subjects repeated the lifting action 20-22 times during each PET scanning. A comparison between all movement conditions and the rest condition revealed significant activation of the primary motor (M1), primary sensory (S1), dorsocaudal premotor (PM), caudal supplementary motor (SMA), and cingulate motor (CMA) cortices contralateral to the hand used. On the ipsilateral side, activation of the M1, caudal SMA, and inferior parietal (BA40) was found. In the subcortical areas, the hemispheres of the bilateral cerebellum, left basal ganglia, and thalamus were activated. Behavioral adaptation to a heavier object weight was revealed in a nearly proportional increase of both grip and lift forces, and a higher level of hand and arm muscle activities. An increase in the rCBF associated with these changes was noted in several cortical and subcortical areas. Consistent object-weight-dependent activation, however, was observed only in the M1/S1 contralateral to the hand used and to some extent in the ipsilateral cerebellum.The second study was aimed at investigating the brain areas involved in each of the preparatory and execution phases for lifting of an object. In addition, the difference in brain activation between right (dominant) and left (non-dominant) hands was also investigated. Eight subjects were scanned under four conditions. The first condition was preparing and executing the task by the right hand, and the second was preparing only. The third condition was preparing and executing the task by the left hand, and the fourth was resting as a control condition. The subjects were cued for preparation for grasp by a tape-recorded voice saying “prepare, ” which was followed by a beep at some interval (4-8 seconds). For the execute condition, the subjects grasped and lifted the object at the beep sound, while for the prepare-only condition, the subjects stopped the preparatory state. This was repeated 10 or 11 times during each PET scanning. For the prepare and execute condition, results were similar to the activated areas for lifting action in the first study. BA40, however, was activated in the left side this time. For the prepare-only condition, after subtracting the resting condition, left SMA and S1 were the activated areas, and for the execute-only condition (the prepare-execute condition minus the prepare-only condition), left M1 and thalamus, and right cerebellum hemisphere were activated. When the task was performed by the left hand, there was nearly a mirror image of the activated areas seen in the right-hand lifting condition. These findings provided fundamental data for understanding the neural network governing control of fingers in grip-lift-replacement actions.

Separable lifting property and extensions of local reflexivity

A Banach space $X$ is said to have the {\it separable lifting property} if for every subspace $Y$ of $X^{**}$ containing $X$ and such that $Y/X$ is separable there exists a bounded linear lifting from $Y/X$ to $Y$. We show that if a sequence of Banach spaces $E_1, E_2, \ldots$ has the joint uniform approximation property and $E_n$ is $c$-complemented in $E_n^{**}$ for every $n$ (with $c$ fixed), then $\eco$ has the separable lifting property. In particular, if $E_n$ is a ${\mathcal{L}}_{p_n, \lambda}$-space for every $n$ ($1 < p_n < \infty$, $\lambda$ independent of $n$), an $L_\infty$ or an $L_1$ space, then $\eco$ has the separable lifting property. We also show that there exists a Banach space $X$ which is not extendably locally reflexive; moreover, for every $n$ there exists an $n$-dimensional subspace $E \hra X^{**}$ such that if $u : X^{**} \raw X^{**}$ is an operator ($=$ bounded linear operator) such that $u (E) \subset X$, then $||(u|_E)^{-1}|| \cdot ||u|| \geq c \sqrt{n}$, where $c$ is a numerical constant.