Temperature Sensor For Monitoring Research Articles

Fiber Bragg grating as a temperature sensor for human body temperature monitoring

Fiber Bragg grating as a temperature sensor for human body temperature monitoring

Spider silk biological material for Q-switched temperature sensor

Abstract A temperature sensor using compact design and highly sensitivity of side polished fiber and fiber Bragg grating as the sensing elements, Q-switched pulse fiber laser source with spider silk as a saturable absorber is proposed and demonstrated. Spider silk sample was gently collected from a live spider, specifically, the jumping spider of Plexippus sp. which then incorporated within the laser cavity by deposited the silk onto the surface of the fiber ferrule to facilitate the generation of Q-switched pulse fiber laser. The temperature variations were detected by monitoring the pulse train and radio frequency shift from the oscilloscope. The performance of the side polished fiber sensor probe shows a sensitivity of 0.1522 kHz/°C, with 0.9479 coefficient of determination value as the temperature increased from -0.5 °C to +3.1 °C. Besides, a linear temperature re-sponse in the range of 25 °C – 55 °C with a sensitivity of 0.0423 kHz/°C, and a linear correlation coefficient of 0.951 was experimentally achieved for a fiber Bragg grating device. The spider silk as a saturable absorber material is compatible with fiber optic interconnection and the temperature sensing characteristics were successfully demonstrated. The sensor's straight-forward design further enhances its desirability as a sensor for temperature monitoring, including in the field of biological treatments, consumer electronics, detection of chemical analytes, and medical diagnosis.

Empowering Homes with Esp-32

Smartboard system utilizing an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with various sensors and electric sockets. The system aims to enhance safety, convenience, and energy efficiency in residential environments. Initially, an electric switch box was fitted with two sockets, and an ESP32 microcontroller was integrated to control them. The system further includes a smoke sensor for gas leakage detection, water level magnetic sensors for automatic water pump control, a DHT sensor for temperature and humidity monitoring, a display for real-time data visualization, and a Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) for protection. Through integration with the Blynk app, users can remotely monitor and control the system, including supplying power to sockets and detecting gas leaks. Additionally, Bluetooth connectivity is incorporated for added convenience, particularly for electric scooter users in complex living environments. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the integrated system in providing remote control, safety monitoring, and automation features. KeyWords: Smartphone-based, Mobile application, an automated system (ESP32), Wifi Network

Solution-Processed Flexible Temperature Sensor Array for Highly Resolved Spatial Temperature and Tactile Mapping Using ESN-Based Data Interpolation.

High-performance flexible temperature sensors are crucial in various technological applications, such as monitoring environmental conditions and human healthcare. The ideal characteristics of these sensors for stable temperature monitoring include scalability, mechanical flexibility, and high sensitivity. Moreover, simplicity and low power consumption will be essential for temperature sensor arrays in future integrated systems. This study introduces a solution-based approach for creating a V2O5 nanowire network temperature sensor on a flexible film. Through optimization of the fabrication conditions, the sensor exhibits remarkable performance, sustaining long-term stability (>110 h) with minimal hysteresis and excellent sensitivity (∼-1.5%/°C). In addition, this study employs machine learning techniques for data interpolation among sensors, thereby enhancing the spatial resolution of temperature measurements and adding tactile mapping without increasing the sensor count. Introducing this methodology results in an improved understanding of temperature variations, advancing the capabilities of flexible-sensor arrays for various applications.

MOF/MXene Nanocomposite to Improve Thermal Sensitivity and Bending Resistance of Flexible Temperature Sensor for Body Temperature and Respiration Rate Monitoring

MOF/MXene Nanocomposite to Improve Thermal Sensitivity and Bending Resistance of Flexible Temperature Sensor for Body Temperature and Respiration Rate Monitoring

Preventing perioperative hypothermia in children through implementation of customised guidelines.

Perioperative hypothermia (PH) is common in children and associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Guidelines to prevent PH are mainly developed for adults and differ among institutions. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of customised guidelines in reducing PH in our paediatric population and the impact of cost considerations on physician practice. Patients aged ≤16 years undergoing general anaesthesia in our tertiary paediatric hospital were prospectively recruited in this cohort study. Patient demographics, surgical procedures, anaesthesia details and temperature control measures were recorded. Data collection occurred over four phases: Phases 1 and 2 comprised standard management, while Phases 3 and 4 occurred following guidelines implementation. Sensors for continuous core temperature monitoring were provided free to patients during Phases 1 and 3, but were charged during Phases 2 and 4. The main outcome was occurrence of PH, defined as core temperature <36°C at any point from induction of anaesthesia to discharge from the postanaesthetic care unit. The impact of guidelines implementation and cost considerations influencing physician practice on PH outcomes was also analysed. Data from 3917 patients was analysed (1766 in Phase 1, 679 in Phase 2, 706 in Phase 3 and 766 in Phase 4). Guidelines implementation decreased PH incidence from 11.0% to 6.79% (odds ratio [OR] 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50-0.80, P = 0.0002). Free sensors increased the odds of detecting PH (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.17-1.88, P = 0.001). With guidelines implementation, there was greater reduction in PH with free sensors (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.47-0.88, P = 0.0055) compared to chargeable sensors (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.50-1.11, P = 0.1471). Customised guidelines facilitated a sustained reduction of hypothermia in our paediatric surgical patients, although its impact was reduced by cost considerations.

Wireless flow-powered miniature robot capable of traversing tubular structures.

Wireless millimeter-scale robots capable of navigating through fluid-flowing tubular structures hold substantial potential for inspection, maintenance, or repair use in nuclear, industrial, and medical applications. However, prevalent reliance on external powering constrains these robots' operational range and applicable environments. Alternatives with onboard powering must trade off size, functionality, and operation duration. Here, we propose a wireless millimeter-scale wheeled robot capable of using environmental flows to power and actuate its long-distance locomotion through complex pipelines. The flow-powering module can convert flow energy into mechanical energy, achieving an impeller speed of up to 9595 revolutions per minute, accompanied by an output power density of 11.7 watts per cubic meter and an efficiency of 33.7%. A miniature gearbox module can further transmit the converted mechanical energy into the robot's locomotion system, allowing the robot to move against water flow at an average rate of up to 1.05 meters per second. The robot's motion status (moving against/with flow or pausing) can be switched using an external magnetic field or an onboard mechanical regulator, contingent on different proposed control designs. In addition, we designed kirigami-based soft wheels for adaptive locomotion. The robot can move against flows of various substances within pipes featuring complex geometries and diverse materials. Solely powered by flow, the robot can transport cylindrical payloads with a diameter of up to 55% of the pipe's diameter and carry devices such as an endoscopic camera for pipeline inspection, a wireless temperature sensor for environmental temperature monitoring, and a leak-stopper shell for infrastructure maintenance.

Revolutionizing Wellness: The IoT Smart Bottle for Health Monitoring

Intelligent and health-focusedIoT project designed to monitor and provide information about the contents of a bottle, such as temperature and water level. This system utilizes a DHT11 sensor for temperature monitoring, an ultrasonic sensor for water level detection, and an LCD to display real-time information. The project aims to promote health awareness by allowing users to monitor the temperature of liquids and ensure anadequate water supply in their bottles. The smart bottle's sensors detect when the medication is dispensed, and thedata is transmitted to a centralized platform via a secure IoT network. This not only assists healthcare professionals in tracking patient compliance but also facilitates personalized healthcare by enabling timely adjustments to treatment plans. With the ability to send alerts and notifications to both patients and healthcare providers, the Smart Bottle Health Care using IoT enhances patient engagement, fosters medication adherence, and ultimately contributes to better health outcomes. This innovative solution holds great potential in transforming medication management, particularly for individuals with chronic conditions who require consistent and precise dosage adherence for effective treatment. Through continuous monitoring and data analysis, the IoT-enabled smart bottle not only ensures timely medication reminders but also provides a holistic view of patients' medication adherence trends. This data-driven approach empowers healthcare providers to make informed decisions, intervene proactively, and tailor treatment plans for improved patient outcomes. The system's ability to send notifications and alerts fosters a collaborative healthcare ecosystem, engaging both patients and caregivers inthe medication

Research and implementation of fault data recovery method for dry-type transformer temperature control sensor based on ISSA-LSTM algorithm

This study proposes a temperature control sensor fault data recovery model based on the improved Sparrow Search Algorithm (ISSA) optimizing Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to address erroneous data output caused by temperature monitoring sensor failures in dry-type transformers. The model aims to recover faulty sensor data in dynamic processes. It enhances the algorithm by initializing the population using Tent chaotic mapping, employing t-distribution and differential variation perturbations, and introducing a dynamic step size factor. Simulation experiments evaluated the performance of ISSA-LSTM, SSA-LSTM, PSO-LSTM, GA-LSTM, and ACSA-LSTM algorithms. The ISSA-LSTM model outperforms the worst PSO-LSTM model by 82.6%, 82.1%, and 1.8% in terms of MAE, RMSE and R2 values, respectively. Field experiments confirmed the algorithm's effectiveness in recovering data from faulty sensors and different fault types, improving the accuracy and stability of temperature control sensor fault data recovery in dry-type transformers.

A microwave resonance thin-film sensor for real-time wireless temperature monitoring in composites manufacturing

Composites are of growing importance to today's industries. Curing or consolidation under certain temperatures is a vital process to manufacture composite parts. Great attention has been paid to monitoring the temperature of composite parts being processed. Wireless monitoring methods are extensively explored for their unique advantages in realizing real-time monitoring of specific temperature distribution of the part. Here, a flexible microwave resonance sensor is first introduced to achieve real-time wireless temperature monitoring of composites. When applied to curing processes with different heating rates, it was found that the sensing relationship of the sensor was varied. Through in-depth analysis, the relationship between peak frequencies and temperature was established with consideration of different heating rates. In several curing processes with different heating rates, the mean error of the thin film sensor using a heating rate-related relationship was about 4.23 °C. which can be reduced by more than 43 % compared with the method using a static relationship.

Implantable Wireless Sensors for Three-Node Temperature Monitoring of Artificial Knee Joints

Implantable Wireless Sensors for Three-Node Temperature Monitoring of Artificial Knee Joints

On-Chip Sensors for Temperature Monitoring of Packaged GaN MMICs

On-Chip Sensors for Temperature Monitoring of Packaged GaN MMICs

Increasing Battery Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries by Using Cell-Internal Glass Fiber Sensors for in-Situ Temperature Monitoring

Lithium-ion batteries (LIB), featuring high energy density and power density, are used in a wide range of applications. One of the most important requirements for their application is to ensure their safety and continuous performance under different operating conditions. In order to ensure the afore mentioned factors, in-situ monitoring of internal cell parameters, such as temperature, state-of-charge, and state-of-health of LIB is essential. The cell temperature is a critical factor for both the safety and the LIB’s health. Not only the average temperature, but also the temperature distribution within the cell must be considered. However, common battery management systems mostly rely on monitoring the surface temperature of the cells, while neglecting changes of the internal parameters. This is where the integration of optical glass fiber sensors into battery cells, which allow direct monitoring of internal temperature changes during operation, makes a significant contribution.In this work, different approaches for the integration of optical glass fiber sensors into battery cells have been evaluated. The focus was set on the complete integration of the glass fiber at specific positions within the LIB, while ensuring that both, the glass fiber, and the battery components remain intact. Furthermore, the influence of the integrated glass fibers on the performance of the LIB was investigated. Finally, their functionality as temperature sensors was evaluated.In a second step, temperature measurements were performed on LIB during operation, using both internal and external sensors. The results obtained clearly reveal an early detection of temperature changes by internal glass fibers compared to external sensors. This not only confirms the efficiency of the internal sensors, but also leads the path to improved battery safety by early detection of critical temperatures within the cell.

Multifunctional Conductive Double-Network Hydrogel Sensors for Multiscale Motion Detection and Temperature Monitoring.

As typical soft materials, hydrogels have demonstrated great potential for the fabrication of flexible sensors due to their highly compatible elastic modulus with human skin, prominent flexibility, and biocompatible three-dimensional network structure. However, the practical application of wearable hydrogel sensors is significantly constrained because of weak adhesion, limited stretchability, and poor self-healing properties of traditional hydrogels. Herein, a multifunctional sodium hyaluronate (SH)/borax (B)/gelatin (G) double-cross-linked conductive hydrogel (SBG) was designed and constructed through a simple one-pot blending strategy with SH and gelatin as the gel matrix and borax as the dynamic cross-linker. The obtained SBG hydrogels exhibited a moderate tensile strength of 25.3 kPa at a large elongation of 760%, high interfacial toughness (106.5 kJ m-3), strong adhesion (28 kPa to paper), and satisfactory conductivity (224.5 mS/m). In particular, the dynamic cross-linking between SH, gelatin, and borax via borate ester bonds and hydrogen bonds between SH and gelatin chain endowed the SBG hydrogels with good fatigue resistance (>300 cycles), rapid self-healing performance (HE (healing efficiency) ∼97.03%), and excellent repeatable adhesion. The flexible wearable sensor assembled with SBG hydrogels demonstrated desirable strain sensing performance with a competitive gauge factor and exceptional stability, which enabled it to detect and distinguish various multiscale human motions and physiological signals. Furthermore, the flexible sensor is capable of precisely perceiving temperature variation with a high thermal sensitivity (1.685% °C-1). As a result, the wearable sensor displayed dual sensory performance for temperature and strain deformation. It is envisioned that the integration of strain sensors and thermal sensors provide a novel and convenient strategy for the next generation of multisensory wearable electronics and lay a solid foundation for their application in electronic skin and soft actuators.

Priority RPL for IOT Based Smart Manufacturing Industries

A routing protocol used in heterogeneous transport networks for low-power, lossy networks. This is a routing protocol for wireless networks. This protocol follows the same specifications as Zigbee, 6 lopan is IEEE 802.15. 4 Enables both many-to-one and one-to-one communication. To address the need for enhancing in this study proposes a novel methodology called RPL-PG (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks Priority Generation). Initially sensors like Temperature, Humidity, Vibration, Proximity, Gas and Current Monitoring Sensors are used for smart manufacturing. Consequently, Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) is used for RPL configuration. Based on selected RPL configuration the priority is generated using assign priority count and priority-based queuing. Finally, Fuzzy rules are used to select the RPL path and then update the DODAG finally reached the destination. The study involves setting up a simulated environment using appropriate tools, such as MATLAB. Experimental findings evaluate and compares performance measures, such as Energy Consumption, Network Life Time, Packet Loss Ratio, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), E2E Delay, and Network Throughput. The Energy Consumption of the proposed RPL-PG method achieves 43.6 % lower than 38 % and 35.8 % in terms of OMC-RPL and RMA-RP respectively.

Effects of a high-reflective mulching membrane on environmental parameters and food crops cultivation: results from a summer season campaign

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an innovative technology for the agricultural sector. The technology consists of a high-reflective mulching membrane, coupled with a drip sub-irrigation system, applied in the experimental field in Perugia, Italy. The aim is to investigate the effects of the high-reflective membrane on soil temperature, food crops productivity, phenological growth, and nutritional characterization of fruits. The experimental field was set up to investigate two potential scenarios: with and without mulching membrane coupled with a drip sub-irrigation system. Temperature monitoring sensors were installed in both sections to monitor the soil temperature at 5 cm depth. The phenological monitoring campaign was performed according to the parameters defined for the cultivated food crops. Preliminary results in terms of environmental monitoring showed that the soil temperature values were lower in the section covered by the mulching membrane during the middle hours of the day. The proposed farming technology allows to increase the food crops productivity tenfold, while maintaining the nutritional properties of food crops compared to those cultivated with traditional techniques. Further analyses will be performed to investigate more in-dept the nutritional properties of the cultivated food crops to assess its effects on human health.

Self-Assembled and Multilayer-Overlapped ESM-PDA@rGO Nanofilm-Based Flexible Wearable Sensor for Real-Time Body Temperature Monitoring.

There is an urgent need for wearable sensors that continuously monitor human physiological conditions in real time. Herein, an ESM-PDA@rGO-based flexible wearable temperature sensor was successfully constructed by integrating an eggshell membrane (ESM) with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through dopamine (DA) polymerization. Depending on the "bridge effect" of diversified polydopamine (PDA) chains, on the one hand, a staggered arrangement of PDA-rGO frameworks and a lot of conductive pathways were produced and acted as an active layer. On the other hand, PDA-rGO frameworks were linked with ESM by PDA chains as a flexible sensing nanofilm. As a result, these mechanical merits of the ESM-PDA@rGO exhibited a 1.8-fold increase in Young' s modulus and 1.4-fold increase in tensile strength. Thereby, the conformability and performance of the temperature sensor were greatly enhanced, showing excellent sensitivity (-2.23%/°C), good linearity (R2 = 0.979), as well as stability. Especially, the flexible sensing nanofilm is evolved from the staggered arrangement of PDA-rGO frameworks, which endows it with rapid response (only 4-8 s), high resolution (0.1 °C), as well as excellent long-term durability (10 weeks). More importantly, the temperature sensor demonstrates insensitivity to bending deformation, ensuring reliable wearing stability. The sensor allows for online, real-time monitoring of human body temperature, encompassing both core (forehead, temple, cochlea, and exhale gas) and shell (palm and back of the hand, fingertip, and instep) temperatures. Particularly, it can accurately assess minor changes in peripheral body temperature before and after exercise, and it is capable of mapping daily patterns of body temperatures. The developed temperature sensor will provide us new materials design concepts and holds considerable promise in the fields of e-skin, disease surveillance, prediction, and diagnose.

Towards interfacial nanothermometry in chemical reactions by total internal reflection wide-field diamond microscopy

In situ monitoring interfacial temperatures at microscopic scale is crucial in chemical reactions involving two immiscible phases. However, such measurement is challenging for most sensing methods due to harsh chemical conditions. Nanodiamond (ND) containing nitrogen-vacancy centers provides a promising method for sensitive temperature monitoring at nanoscale in a chemical reaction zone without perturbing the ongoing reactions. In this study, we developed a total internal reflection (TIRF) wide-field microscopy combined with ND quantum sensors for interfacial temperature monitoring in chemical reactions. The stability and measurement uncertainty of this method were demonstrated by monitoring the interfacial temperature in zinc electrodeposition with dendrite growth induced internal short circuit (ISC). For the first time, the surface scattering of growing Zn dendrites was revealed, which would induce significant photon counts fluctuations of NDs when the surface morphology of Zn dendrite dynamically changed. Fluorescence stability maintained by adopting TIRF mode wide-field microscope, which enabled real time monitoring of the interfacial temperature at intervals of hundreds of seconds with a measurement uncertainty of ∼1 K during the entire process of zinc dendrite induced ISC. This work represents a critical advancement in the investigation of surface optical properties and thermal dynamics across a wide range of chemical reactions.

Upconversion-Luminescent Fiber Microchannel Sensors for Temperature Monitoring at High Spatial Resolution in the Brains of Freely Moving Animals.

Brain temperature is a critical factor affecting neural activity and function, whose fluctuations may result in acute life-threatening health complications and chronic neuropathology. To monitor brain temperature, luminescent nanothermometry (LN) based on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with low autofluorescence has received extensive attention for its advantages in high temperature sensitivity and high response speed. However, most of current the LNs are based on optical imaging, which fails in temperature monitoring in deep brain regions at high spatial resolution. Here, the fiber microchannel sensor (FMS) loaded with UCNPs (UCNP-FMS) is presented for temperature monitoring at high spatial resolution in the deep brains of freely moving animals. The UCNP-FMS is fabricated by incorporating UCNPs in microchannels of optical fibers, whose diameter is ∼50µm processed by femtosecond laser micromachining for spatially resolved sensing. The UCNPs provide thermal-sensitive upconversion emissions at dual wavelengths for ratiometric temperature sensing, ensuring a detection accuracy of ± 0.3°C at 37°C. Superior performances of UCNP-FMS are demonstrated by real-time temperature monitoring in different brain regions of freely moving animals under various conditions such as taking food, undergoing anesthesia/wakefulness, and suffering external temperature changes. Moreover, this study shows the capability of UCNP-FMS in distributed temperature sensing in mammalian brains in vivo.

Signal processing integrated with fiber-optic Vernier effect for the simultaneous measurement of relative humidity and temperature.

A novel inline Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) for simultaneous relative humidity (RH) and temperature monitoring is proposed. The sensing probe consists of a section of hollow core Bragg fiber (HCBF) spliced with a single-mode fiber pigtail. The end-face of the HCBF is coated with Chitosan and ultraviolet optical adhesive (UVOA), forming two polymer layers using a well-designed fabrication process. The surfaces of the layers and splicing point will generate multiple-beam interference and form Vernier-effect (VE) related envelopes in the reflection spectrum. A signal processing (SP) method is proposed to demodulate the VE envelopes from a complicated superimposed raw spectrum. The principle of the SP algorithm is analyzed theoretically and verified experimentally. The sensor's RH and temperature response are studied, exhibiting a high sensitivity of about 0.437 nm/%RH and 0.29 nm/ ∘C, respectively. Using a matrix obtained from experiment results, the simultaneous RH and temperature measurement is achieved. Meanwhile, the simple fabrication process, compact size and potential for higher sensitivity makes our proposed structure integrated with the SP algorithm a promising sensor for practical RH and temperature monitoring.