Sensitive Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensor Research Articles

One‐Pot Carbothermal Reduction Preparation of Cu‐BTC@Cu/C Heterostructure for Enhanced Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensing

AbstractA heterostructure based on MOFs with a small lattice mismatch is ideal for improving glucose‘s electrochemical sensing performance. Herein, a novel one‐pot carbothermal reduction technique to prepare Cu‐BTC@Cu/C heterostructure with intimate interfacial contact and high yield was developed, by in situ integrating Cu‐BTC (Cu3(BTC)2 ⋅ 3H2O) and its derived Cu/C nanocomposites. Structure characterizations demonstrated that Cu‐BTC@Cu/C heterostructure shows a synergistic effect in the combination of these two components, with more electrochemical active sites and lower resistance. Compared with each individual component, Cu‐BTC@Cu/C heterostructure exhibits better glucose electrooxidation performance. Under optimal condition, an extremely sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensor with a low detection limit of 6.78 μM, sensitivity of 911.03 μA mM−1 cm−2, linear range of 0.001–2.0 mM, and anti‐interference performance is presented. Meanwhile, the newly constructed sensor was effectively employed for detecting glucose in honey sample with perfect recoveries, showing its great potential toward glucose monitoring in real sample. In addition, it has been demonstrated Cu(II) can be induced into Cu(I) by glucose in solution, while Cu(I) could be electrochemically converted to Cu(II), therefore achieving a Cu(I)/Cu(II) redox cycle. It offers a promising strategy for synthesis of advanced electrocatalysts with high efficiency and promising applications in this paper.

A novel strategy towards the fabrication of highly stable and sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on Ni3N thin films using high power impulse magnetron sputtering

Glucose level surveillance in mankind is considered the greatest need of recent times to achieve healthy lifestyle goals due to its health-related concern for humans. To fulfill the need, Nickel-based compounds emerge with excellent bio-mimic properties. However, due to the poor electrical properties of oxides and hydroxides of Ni, developing a supporting base that can enhance electron transportation is mandatory. The present work is dedicated to non-enzymatic glucose detection by electrochemical means on the Ni3N thin film on an Indium-doped Tin Oxide (ITO) substrate as a working electrode in an alkaline medium. The Ni3N films use HiPIMS as a deposition technique due to its high ionization rate of sputtered species and dense plasma which helps the Ni ions to react with nitrogen in the formation of a perfect Ni3N phase, and it is a green process that can contribute to sustainable manufacturing. Ni3N thin film deposited at a 60 % N2 flow ratio shows the largest crystallinity and catalytic properties, which helps this modified electrode to have significant potential for glucose detection. The Ni3N modified electrode acquires a lower linear range of 0.001–1.25 mM with sensitivity and Limit of Detection (LOD) of 337.46 µAmM–1cm−2, and 0.78 µM, respectively, and a higher linear range of 1.25–7.3161 mM with a sensitivity of 158.58 µAmM–1cm−2. The amperometric measurements reveal the fast response of the electrode towards glucose detection at 2.46 secs. The key measures of the electrode according to the corresponding measurements are satisfactory selectivity, reproducibility, repeatability, and operational stability. The modified electrode shows a significant response for real samples such as commercially available honey, apple juice, and biological fluids.

Green synthesized gold nanoparticles and CuO-based nonenzymatic sensor for saliva glucose monitoring.

Glucose, essential for brain and muscle functions, requires careful monitoring in diabetes and other chronic disease management. While blood glucose monitoring provides precise information about these diseases, it remains an invasive method. Saliva glucose monitoring could offer an alternative approach, but the glucose concentration in saliva is very low. In this work, we report a simple, low-cost, highly sensitive nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor. We developed this sensor using green synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and wet chemical synthesized copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles on a screen-printed carbon electrode (Au/CuO/SPCE). The sensor's high sensitivity results from dual amplification strategies using AuNPs and CuO nanomaterials, each demonstrating catalytic activity towards glucose. This shows promising potential for saliva glucose monitoring. The AuNPs were synthesized using an Au precursor and orange peel extract (OPE), yielding stable colloidal AuNPs with a mean diameter of about 37 nm, thus eliminating the need for additional capping agents. Under optimal conditions, amperometric tests revealed that the sensor responded linearly to glucose concentrations ranging from 2 μM to 397 μM with a sensitivity of 236.70 μA mM-1 cm-2. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated excellent reproducibility, stability and high selectivity for glucose in the presence of different biomolecules. We validated the sensor's efficacy by measuring glucose in human saliva, showing its potential for noninvasive glucose monitoring. This research advances the development of point-of-care devices, positioning the sensor as a promising tool for noninvasive glucose monitoring and improved diabetes management.

Screen-printed electrode modified with MoO3-MoS2/Ni porous array for sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor

A MoO3-MoS2/Ni porous micro/nano array was successfully prepared by two-step electrodeposition using a screen-printed electrode as the substrate and colloidal spheres as a template. Owing to defects in the MoO3-MoS2 micro/nanostructure and the characteristics of the edge active sites, the modified electrode performs well as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor. The sensitivity of the screen-printed electrode modified with MoO3-MoS2/Ni porous array is 2278 μA mM−1 cm−2 in the linear range of 0.5 μM–2 mM and 1421 μA mM−1 cm−2 in the linear range of 2–5.5 mM, with a low detection limit of 0.2 μM. The structure of the MoO3-MoS2/Ni porous array electrode is ordered, and the preparation and test procedure are simple. The use of a screen-printed electrode as a substrate confers novelty to the synthesis strategy of the non-enzymatic glucose sensor, with good prospects for commercial application.

Exploiting synergistic interaction in Cu-Zn-Ni alloy oxide films prepared by one-step anodizing for a highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor

A highly sensitive and precise electrochemical biosensor for glucose detection was developed by coupling synergetic catalysis of Cu-Zn-Ni oxide films. To enhance the catalytic performance of alloy, potentials between −0.5 V and 1.5 V are selected for potentiostatic oxidation. Notably, the oxidation process reveals the influence of Cl− in the electrolyte, leading to electrode surface etching, with increasing etching and grain boundary collapse at higher potentials. The electrochemical performance of the electrode was comprehensively evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric response in alkaline conditions. The catalytic electrode has an impressive linear response in the concentration range of 0.1 ∼ 1.0 mM glucose, with a sensitivity of 3775.11 μA·mM−1. Furthermore, the electrode exhibits remarkable stability and anti-interference properties, rendering it suitable for non-enzymatic glucose sensing applications.

Au-wrapped CuS-Interlaced Chain Structure for Ultrafast Response and High Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor

We report the fabrication and testing of ultrafast response nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on the use of interlaced chain structure Au@CuS nanomaterial. The new Au@CuS nanomaterial was synthesized by a facile solvothermal method from L-cysteine、Cu(NO3)2·3H2O and Au Seeds without using additional surfactants or templates. The combination of Au and CuS solves the problems of poor electrical conductivity of CuS and the susceptibility of Au to toxicity, while the interlaced chain structure exposes more active sites to facilitate the diffusion of glucose molecules with a low resistance to increase the inter-electron transfer rate. The non-enzymatic Au@CuS-based glucose sensor showed a wide linear range with excellent sensitivity (5817.37 and 3629.78 μA mM−1cm−2), ultrafast response time (<0.1 s), excellent selectivity and outstanding long-term stability. Further, the designed glucose sensor was used to determine glucose in human blood serum sample with satisfactory result.

Development of hyaluronic acid-based electroconductive hydrogel as a sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor

Herein, a novel hyaluronic acid (HA)-based electroconductive hydrogel with enhanced mechanical properties was developed for the non-enzymatic glucose detection. As the main component of the polymeric network, HA was modified through methacrylation to integrate photocrosslinkable groups into its backbone. Electrical conductivity was provided to hydrogel by using two different conductivity sources as the introduction of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and polyaniline (PANI) to HA-based hydrogel structure. The combination of these conductivity sources not only provided the sufficient electrical conductivity (1.58 ×10−5 S/cm) to hydrogels, but also ensured superior mechanical performance in terms of compressive strength (992.1 kPa) and elastic modulus (23.4 kPa) due to the synergistic effect of the rGO and PANI, that are the significant parameters for sensor applications. The electrochemical activity and sensor performance of the HA-based hydrogel were investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and choronoamperometry (CA) methods. The fabricated HA-based hydrogel sensor exhibited high sensitivity as 421.42 µAmM−1cm−2 and selectivity for glucose with a low detection limit (0.3 µM). Moreover, it showed excellent long-term stability, reproducibility and anti-interference feature towards uric acid, ascorbic acid and sorbitol. Based on these results it could be stated that the developed HA-based hydrogel sensor containing ternary HA-rGO-PANI formulation for the first time in the literature might be served as a promising potential for the non-enzymatic glucose detection and it also offers a new perspective for fabricating efficient hydrogel-based biosensing systems for future studies.

A sensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on a ZnO/Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite

A novel sensitive and selective ZnO/Co3O4/rGO nanocomposite was fabricated using a hydrothermal method and used as a non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for the detection of glucose.

A disposable and sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on a 3D-Mn-doped NiO nanoflower-modified flexible electrode.

Herein, nanoflower-shaped Mn-doped NiO nano-enzyme composites with high catalytic performance and excellent conductivity were grown on 3D flexible carbon fiber cloth (CFC) via hydrothermal and calcination methods to construct an efficient flexible glucose-sensitive detection electrode. For electrochemical-based sensors, high conductivity is a prerequisite for reliable data acquisition. To avoid the problems associated with using insulating Nafion or paraffin binders, we adopted a strategy of directly growing Mn-doped NiO onto the electrode surface, thereby avoiding interference due to the oxidization of species present in real samples at higher redox potentials, since Ni2+/Ni3+ has low redox potential. Therefore, the electrode has a linear range of 3-5166 μM for glucose detection, with a detection limit as low as 0.28 μM, showing excellent selectivity and reproducibility. The composite-modified electrode provides accurate detection results with real human serum samples, which are in full agreement with those of commercial blood glucose meters. In addition, we tested the glucose content in tea and sorghum fermentation broth at different stages, further expanding the application range of the Mn-NiO sensors. The nano-enzyme sensor fabricated herein offers a new idea for further integration into wearable flexible electronic devices for accurate glucose detection.

Highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CoCu@MC derived from CoCu/melamine cyanurate superstructures

Non-enzymatic glucose detections have attracted more and more attentions with the development of electrochemical catalysts. Herein, Co2+ and Cu2+ are introduced into the hexagonal prism of melamine cyanurate, and nitrogen-doped carbon seaweed-like nanosheets ([email protected]) are synthesized through pyrolysis. [email protected] shows superior electrochemical catalytic activity for glucose oxidation with high sensitivity (1.489 μA μM−1 cm−2), low detection limit (0.34 μM) and wide linear range (1 μM–1.25 mM). Also, [email protected] demonstrates excellent application potential for glucose detection in artificial sweat with good conductivity, fast electron transfer, and high selectivity, which result from CoCu bimetal composites and seaweed-like carbon nanostructures. The glassy carbon electrode coated with [email protected] was used as the working electrode along with Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode and carbon rod as the counter electrode. The findings above will provide a general methodology to design and synthesize different carbon nanostructures through the addition of different transition metal cations.

An Electrochemical Nonenzymatic Microsensor Modified by CuCo2O4 Nanoparticles for Glucose Sensing

This work reported a low-cost, highly sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on electrochemical electrode decorated by CuCo2O4 nanoparticles. The CuCo2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using oxalic acid and sodium hydroxide as precipitators. The results showed that the oxalate-assisted CuCo2O4 electrode exhibits excellent glucose sensing performance, including superb sensitivity to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4506.7 \mu \text{A} \cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{-{1}}\,\,\cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula> cm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{-{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with the correlation coefficient of 0.99674, and the detection limit as low as <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.446 \mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , as well as extensive linear range from <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1 \mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to 10 mM, which is superior to that of the NaOH-assisted CuCo2O4. Additionally, the glucose sensor had a great selectivity and was not interfered by citric acid (CA), ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), urea, and so on. Moreover, it also showed good repeatability and long-term stability for up to 28 days. In alkaline solution, the synergistic action of bimetallic ions in CuCo2O4 promotes the electrooxidation of glucose. These findings prove that the oxalate-assisted CuCo2O4 is an advantageous electrode material for nonenzyme glucose sensors.

Highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on copper oxide nanorods

Highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on copper oxide nanorods

Deciphering Highly Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Nanoscale CuO/PEDOT-MoS2 Electrodes in Chronoamperometry

The present work demonstrates fabrication of a non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CuO nanoparticles deposited over poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) conducting polymer infiltrated with nanoscale MoS2. Structural, morphological and elemental analyses of the fabricated sensor electrodes were performed via different characterization techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), elemental dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies of the hybrid nanoelectrode (CuO/PEDOT-MoS2) exhibited better redox activity and electron transfer kinetics, as compared with the CuO/PEDOT and CuO only systems. Accordingly, the electrochemical parameters of all the systems were determined and compared at large. The CuO/PEDOT-MoS2 hybrid electrode system offered a significant enhancement in the electroactive area (∼1.47 cm2) and rate constant (0.76 s−1) upon oxidizing glucose into gluconic acid. In the CV responses, an augmented activity was monitored at +0.6 V which was considered as the dc bias potential in the chronoamperometric experiment for detecting glucose suitably. The sensor electrode yielded a low LOD of 0.046 μM and with a sensitivity magnitude as high as 829 μA mM−1 cm−2 over a wide linear range, between 30 μM to 1.06 mM of glucose concentration. Deployment of organic-inorganic nanomaterial based non-enzymatic sensor would find immense scope in non-clinical diagnostics and pharmaceutical applications for fast, convenient and smart sensing.

A sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on MgO entangled nanosheets decorated with CdS nanoparticles: Experimental and DFT study

• A novel and unique morphology of MgO entangled nanosheets (MgOENS) was produced via anodization. • MgOENS is functionlized with CdS NPs via sonication-assisted CBD method and used as a non-enzymatic glucose biosensor. • The hybrid electrode showed a remarkable selectivity and highest sensitivity of ∼28570 μA cm −2 mM −1 toward glucose. • Real-time analysis of glucose in human blood serum showed comparable values for the electrode to the commercial sensors. MgO entangled nanosheets (MgOENS) with unique vertically-oriented morphology were produced via anodization and functionalized with CdS nanoparticles (NPs). Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the successful functionalization of CdS NPs on the surface of MgOENS. The pristine (MgOENS) and hybrid (CdS@MgO) nanostructures were employed as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor. The MgOENS showed a sensitivity of ∼12363 μA cm −2 mM −1 , fast response time of 4 s, detection limit of 0.5 μM and linear range of detection was 0.0025 mM to 0.035 mM, respectively. The hybrid electrode exhibited the highest sensitivity of ∼28,570 μA cm −2 mM −1 with a low detection limit (0.020 μM), wide linear range of 1.25 μM to 15 mM and fast response time (2 s) toward glucose compared to the pristine electrode. This is attributed to the lower band gap energy of the electrode material, formation of heterojunction points, and creation of additional active surface sites due to CdS NPs decoration which enhanced the electron transfer rate. Density functional theory simulations confirmed that MgOENS can greatly enhance the sensing behavior toward glucose due to the negative adsorption energy (-1.67 eV) and larger reduction in energy gap (0.599 eV). The real-time analysis of glucose in human blood serum reflects the high accuracy of the fabricated electrode. The proposed biosensor showed ultra-high sensitivity and excellent selectivity making MgOENS decorated with CdS NPs can be potential active material for biosensing.

Synthesis of Au or Ag/Cu2O/ aluminum doped zinc oxide nanorods hybrid electrode for high sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor: Mechanism investigation of formation and surface plasmon resonance

The proposal of the research mainly employs the surface plasmon resonance of gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) to stabilized induction current of hybrid cuprous oxide (Cu2O)/aluminum doped zinc oxide nano-rods (AZO NRs) for non-enzymatic glucose sensor. This research investigation concerns the mechanism of formation and surface plasmon resonance. There were mainly three synthesis processes for the hybrid electrode. The first involved the hydrothermal growth of AZO NRs, and the seed layer of AZO was sputtered with different thickness from 35 to 105 nm. The second concerned the deposition of Cu2O on AZO NRs by the method of electrochemical deposition, and the Cu2O films were prepared with different pH value from 3 to 10. The third was concerned with Au and Ag NPs, and they were formed with the hydrothermal method and the seed reduction method, respectively. These NPs were dripped uniformly on the surface of Cu2O/AZO NRs through Nafion dispersants. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) were used to verify these formation performances for the Au or Ag NPs/Cu2O/AZO NRs hybrid electrodes. The results showed that the linear range changed from 70.5 to 37.5 and 54.5 mg/dL, and linear regression coefficients (R2) also increased from 0.982 to 0.9965 and 0.997, respectively for Au and Ag NPs modified Cu2O/AZO NRs electrodes.

Highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CuMn2O4 shuttles supporting on Ni foam

Highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CuMn2O4 shuttles supporting on Ni foam

A highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CuNi nanoalloys through one-step electrodeposition strategy

A highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CuNi nanoalloys through one-step electrodeposition strategy

Ag-Doped CuO Microflowers on Multilayer Graphene for a Highly Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor

Ag-Doped CuO Microflowers on Multilayer Graphene for a Highly Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor

A CdxZn1−xS/TiO2 nanotube array electrode for a highly sensitive and selective nonenzymatic photoelectrochemical glucose sensor

A highly sensitive nonenzymatic photoelectrochemical glucose sensor based on a CdxZn1−xS/TiO2 Nanotube Array Electrode.

A Novel and Ultra Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor in Real Human Blood Samples Based on Facile One-Step Electrochemical Synthesis of Nickel Hydroxides Nanoparticles Onto a Three-Dimensional Inconel 625 Foam

A Novel and Ultra Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor in Real Human Blood Samples Based on Facile One-Step Electrochemical Synthesis of Nickel Hydroxides Nanoparticles Onto a Three-Dimensional Inconel 625 Foam