Sense Of Harm Research Articles

Conceptualizing and measuring privacy boundary turbulence in technological contexts: Constructing a measurement scale

Digital platforms have provided convenience, but they increase information misuse risks, which can cause privacy boundary turbulence, a key concept of Communication Privacy Management theory. Contrary to previous measurements of turbulence that mostly focus on actual privacy violation experiences, I propose a new measurement scale incorporating the perceived privacy violations. To construct the scale, I first used in-depth interviews (N = 33) to identify four dimensions of privacy turbulence through coding: sense of surveillance, sense of betrayal, sense of harm, and sense of helplessness. Drawing on interview data, I developed items for each dimension and tested the items to refine the scale. In Study Two (N = 283), exploratory factor analysis was used to test potential models. Study Three (N = 687) cross-validated the final factor structure using a separate sample. Study Four (N = 293) tested the discriminant and predictive validity of the measure by comparing it to the Privacy Management Measure scale.

Motives for selected crimes against life and health

Criminal behavior undermines both social and individual security. Exploring the motivational process in criminal acts focuses on searching for the sources of these acts and determining the factors that sustain criminal activity. Crime is not a homogeneous phenomenon, which makes the motives for crime diverse and complex.
 Criminological theories explore the causal factors of crime such as biological (including genetic), sociological (social), and psychological. A criminal act can be caused by an unformed drive, frustration, and be learned, including through following others. In the process of determining the motives for criminal behavior, it is not enough to point to direct motives because motivation should be approached as a process, which indicates the possibility of the development of motives over a certain time, and even many years. Thus, it is necessary to take into account socialization, personality traits (the level of aggressiveness, directiveness, and dominance), psychological needs (especially those unmet), and values, which, in a sense of responsibility, often can be considered anti-values.
 The major crimes against health and life are homicide, fights, and battery. In addition to ordinary murder, the Polish Penal Code lists aggravated murder (e.g., with extraordinary cruelty or as a result of motives deserving special condemnation) and privileged murder (committed under the influence of strong agitation justified by the circumstances), which can also be referred to as murder of passion. Fights and battery can be committed with or without the use of a dangerous object.
 A review of the literature indicates the following motives for homicide: robbery (economic), sexual, emotional, delusional, revenge, threat, insult, sense of harm, and jealousy. Perpetrators of fights and battery may be characterized by component factors of antisocial personality disorder as specified by DSM-5, such as non-compliance with legal and social norms, impulsivity, irritability, aggression, irresponsibility, and lack of guilt.
 In the case of crimes against life and health, it seems reasonable to identify several motives for the act. Motives are assessed primarily by a clinical interview. However, it should be taken into account that the perpetrators of these acts, for a variety of reasons, may obstruct justice.

„Łemko nosi ból w genach”

“A Lemko carries his pain in his genes.” The Face of the Lemkos’ Post-Memory
 The material being presented in this paper is a study case – the analysis of an interview which the author conducted with a granddaughter of the Lemkos displaced to Lower Silesia in 1947 as part of Operation Vistula. The narration of the interlocutor overfilled with emotions reveals the traumatic context of her incessant search for an answer to the question: Who am I? Since she did not agree to make the entirety of her talk public, transferring in this way the obligation to protect her name onto the author, the interview became a unique personal experience for the latter at the same time. Therefore, only those fragments of the above-mentioned interview are referred to in the text, which can be juxtaposed against opinions and sentiments of other Lemkos of the third generation. The aim is to make precise the contemporary picture of the Lemkos’ family-based post-memory that is burdened with the sense of harm and humiliation.

Terrorism in the Context of Conflicts in the Modern World

Contrary to popular expectations, armed conflicts persisted after the end of World War II. Some countries are fighting for independence, others for influence, and others are experiencing civil wars. This is determined by cultural, ethnic and religious differences. The modern world is tormented by many conflicts which, despite their regional scope, have an impact on the political and military situation on the entire globe. The functioning of formal borders that do not coincide with national borders, the low sense of nationality compared to ethnicity, poverty and political instability are also conducive to the use of terrorist methods. Terrorism is almost as old as civilisation. However, unlike in the past, today’s terrorists use violence on an unprecedented scale. Terrorism in many cases shows its regional specificity, varying according to the cultural and civilisation area in which it occurs. Reasons for resorting to terrorist methods may be a need for freedom, protection of one’s heritage, sense of harm done by the occupier, a need to express dissatisfaction with the political system or changes being made, or, finally, a mere desire to draw attention to the problems of countries and societies that have not yet been noticed or have been ignored by public opinion. Religion is also a frequent reason for resorting to terrorism. Contemporary terrorism is represented mainly by extremist Islamic fundamentalism and is based on the clash of two cultures. It is a global threat, and anyone can become its potential victim today. Numerous signals of the emergence of new, hitherto unknown organisations prove that in the future, unfortunately, the escalation of the phenomenon will have to be taken into account.

The harm of medical disorder as harm in the damage sense.

Jerome Wakefield has argued that a disorder is a harmful dysfunction. This paper develops how Wakefield should construe harmful in his harmful dysfunction analysis (HDA). Recently, Neil Feit has argued that classic puzzles involved in analyzing harm render Wakefield's HDA better off without harm as a necessary condition. Whether or not one conceives of harm as comparative or non-comparative, the concern is that the HDA forces people to classify as mere dysfunction what they know to be a disorder. For instance, one can conceive of cases where simultaneous disorders prevent each other from being, in any traditional sense, actually harmful; in such cases, according to the HDA, neither would be a disorder. I argue that the sense of harm that Wakefield should employ in the HDA is dispositional, similar to the sense of harm used when describing a vile of poison: "Be careful! That's poison. It's harmful." I call this harm in the damage sense. Using this sense of harm enables the HDA to avoid Feit's arguments, and thus it should be preferred to other senses when analyzing harmful dysfunction.

Attitudes Toward Computers: A New Attitudinal Dimension

The present study examined the reliability and the construct validity of a questionnaire designed to measure the attitudes toward computers in everyday life. A total of 2,050 participants responded to the questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis suggests that attitudes toward computers are composed of three dimensions: sense of benefit, sense of dependence, and sense of harm.

Children and young people harming animals: intervention through PSHE?

The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) commissioned a project to explore issues around children harming animals. More than 1000 young people and 100 adults engaged with the research, which initially focussed on the way children and young people themselves make sense of harm towards animals, and then extended into a range of other areas. A critical evaluation of the literature informed a research design that included: questionnaires distributed to schools producing 841 returns from individual pupils; interviews with 10 young people; 28 group interviews involving a total of 270 young people; and individual interviews with many involved professionals. In addition, retrospective data was gathered from 25 adults regarding their early experiences of harming animals and on 276 children from a centre working with young children with behavioural problems, some of whom had harmed animals. Issues arising from this pilot study include the suggestion that children and young people harming animals is more widespread than generally accepted. The majority of all those contacted thought that future intervention should focus primarily on ‘education’, and the many teachers involved proposed Personal, Social and Health Education (PSHE) and Citizenship as the appropriate forum.This paper offers a brief summary of the main elements of the research process and outlines some of the emerging issues. A full account appears in the unpublished research report, (Piper et al. 2001 1 ). It is hoped this paper may stimulate further research, especially in the UK.