Cassia Angustifolia Research Articles

On review on herbal drug and drug interactions

Herbal drugs are defined as any form of a plant or plant product that contains a single herb or combinations of herbs that are believed to have complementary effects. Although they are considered to be safe, because they are natural, they may have various adverse effects, and may interact with other herbal products or conventional drugs. These interactions are especially important for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices. Concurrent use of herbs may mimic, magnify, or oppose the effect of drugs. Plausible cases of herb-drug interactions include: bleeding when warfarin is combined with ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), garlic (Allium sativum), dong quai (Angelica sinensis), or danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza); mild serotonin syndrome in patients who mix St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) with serotonin-reuptake inhibitors; decreased bioavailability of digoxin, theophylline, cyclosporin, and phenprocoumon when these drugs are combined with St John’s wort; induction of maniain depressed patients who mix antidepressants and Panax ginseng; exacerbation of extrapyramidal effects with neuroleptic drugs and betel nut (Areca catechu); increased risk of hypertension when tricyclic antidepressants are combined with yohimbine (Pausinystalia yohimbe); potentiation of oral and topical corticosteroids by liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra); decreased blood concentrations of prednisolone when taken with the Chinese herbal product xaio chai hu tang (sho-saiko-to); and decreased concentrations of phenytoin when combined with the Ayurvedic syrup shankhapushpi. Anthranoid-containing plants (including senna [Cassia senna] and cascara [Rhamnus purshiana]) and soluble fibres (including guar gum and psyllium) can decrease the absorption of drugs.

HPTLC Densitometric Analysis for Quantification of Sennocide-B and Rhein in Leaf Extracts of Senna alexandrina Mill. and Their Commercial Formulations.

The leaf extract of Senna alexandrina Mill., a plant from the Fabaceae family, contains bioactive anthraquinones sennoside-B and rhein, traditionally used in Indian medicine for various health issues. However, standardizing the quality of S. alexandrina and its commercial products is challenging. To address this, we established two high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) methods for accurate analysis of these biomarkers in S. alexandrina leaf extract and its commercial formulations. For sennoside-B, a mobile phase combination of solvent for example, butanol, water, and glacial acetic acid (6:3.5:0.5, v/v/v) was used, with detection at 254 nm, producing spots at an Rf value of 0.37 ± 0.006. The method showed linearity between 100 to 2000 ng/spot (R² = 0.9983 ± 0.0017), with a limit of detection (LoD) of 22.84 ± 0.554 ng/band and a limit of quantitation (LoQ) of 69.22 ± 0.859 ng/band. For rhein, a mobile phase combination of solvent toluene, ethyl acetate, and glacial acetic acid in the ratio (7:2.5:0.5, v/v/v) was utilized and was also detected at 254 nm. The obtained spots had Rf value of 0.67 ± 0.004. The linearity was confirmed within the same range (R² = 0.9985 ± 0.0005), with an LoD of 15.49 ± 0.645 ng/spot and an LoQ of 46.94 ± 1.172 ng/spot. Herein, the methods have followed the guidelines of ICH (Q2) R1. These developed HPTLC methods are selective, simple, sensitive, accurate, and economical, making them suitable for everyday assessment of these bioactive markers in S. alexandrina and its commercial products. This study supports the quality control of S. alexandrina, ensuring product consistency, efficacy, and safety.

Analytical Characterization, Antioxidant, Antiviral and Antimicrobial Potential of Selected Medicinal Plants

Objectives/background: The infectious consequences of microorganisms are varied due to resistance to existing antimicrobial drugs or new types of microbes causing lethal consequences for humans. Investigation are being performed to control different viral diseases; therefore; medicinal and herbal plants which have a variety of biological properties, can be evaluated for their anti-viral potential. Methods: The antiviral potential of NADES and water extracts of Senna alexandrina ( S. alexandrina), Peganum harmala ( P. harmala) and Citrullus colocynthis ( C. colocynthis) on Nicotiana benthamiana infected with Cotton Leaf Curl Multan virus were investigated. Results: The results of the antiviral assay revealed that both water and NADES extracts of P. harmala could not exhibit antiviral activity. However, water extracts of S. alexandrina and C. colocynthis successfully inhibited the Cotton Leaf Curl Multan virus , allowing the plant to survive compared to their NADES extracts. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses showed higher phenolic and flavonoid content in the water extracts of S. alexandrina, C. colocynthis and P. harmala compared to the NADES extracts. Additionally, both water and NADES extracts of P. harmala showed greater antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against S.aureus in comparison to other extracts, while the NADES extract of C. colocynthis demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity against E.coli strains. Conclusions: Therefore, these results demonstrated that Senna Alexandrina and Citrullus Colocynthis exhibited potent antiviral activity, suggesting that these plants could be therapeutic agent for treating viral infections.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Senna alexandrina leaf extracts and their antibacterial, larvicidal, nanotoxicity and photocatalytic activity

Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles has been discovered in recent years, and they have been effectively manufactured and studied from diverse plant extracts. Recent research has shown that nanoparticles have extremely promising antibacterial, larvicidal and anticancer effects. The current study aimed to synthesize Senna alexandrina leaf extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (SA-AgNPs) as are reducing and capping agent. The produced SA-AgNPs were characterized by using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS). The result showed synthesized SA-AgNPs were confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy with 440 nm absorption. FT-IR analysis shows the presence of phosphine, primary amines, carboxylic acids, ether, and alkyl halides biomolecules in both plant extract and SA-AgNPs. XRD findings revealed the crystalline structures of produced SA-AgNPs. The spherical shape of SA-AgNPs with an average size of 20–35 nm was confirmed using FESEM. The SA-AgNPs show better antibacterial activity against E. coli (18.0 ± 0.25 mm), S. aureus (17.2 ± 0.36 mm), P. aeruginosa (16.8 ± 0.12 mm), and leaf extract of S. alexandrina showed minimal antibacterial activity. The SA-AgNPs show 100 % mortality for both Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti after 48 hrs. The brine shrimp lethal assay of the SA-AgNPs shows 100 % at 30 µg after 24 hrs of brine shrimp which indicated the presence of cytotoxicity this suggests that produced SA-AgNPs are slightly toxic. The photocatalytic activity was also tested using reactive orange 16 (RO16) and phenol red (PR) with the percentage of degradation being about 93.95 % and 92.91 % respectively. These results suggest that biosynthesized SA-AgNPs have promising properties that can be used as an effective biomedical and environmental protectant.

Prevention of Chronic Diabetic Neuropathy and Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Impairment Using Medicinal Herbs (Cassia Angustifolia and Nigella Sativa).

Nodal regions, areas of intensive contact between Schwann cells and axons, may be exceptionally vulnerable to diabetes-induced changes because they are exposed to and impacted by the metabolic implications of diabetes. Insulin receptors, glucose transporters, Na+ and K+ channels, and mitochondria are abundant in nodes, all of which have been linked to the development and progression of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)-associated cognitive impairment. Our study aimed to evaluate if the administration of Nigella sativa (NS) and Cassia angustifolia (CA) prevented diabetes-associated nervous system deficits in hyperglycemic mice. We developed T1DM mice through Streptozotocin (STZ) injections and validated the elevations in blood glucose levels. NS and CA were administered immediately upon the induction of diabetes. Behavioral analysis, histopathological evaluations, and assessment of molecular biomarkers (NR2A, MPZ, NfL) were performed to assess neuropathy and cognitive impairment. Improvements in memory, myelin loss, and the expression of synaptic proteins, even with the retention of hyperglycemia, were evident in the mice who were given a dose of herbal products upon the detection of hyperglycemia. NS was more beneficial in preventing memory impairments, demyelination, and synaptic dysfunction. The findings indicate that including these herbs in the diets of diabetic as well as pre-diabetic patients can reduce complications associated with T1DM, notably diabetic peripheral neuropathy and cognitive deficits associated with T1DM.

Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of novel Polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers containing Cassia angustifolia Vahl methanolic extract

This study involved the preparation of the Saudi Arabian Cassia angustifolia Vahl methanolic extract and the production of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibers that contained the Saudi Arabian C. angustifolia Vahl methanolic extract. The reason for using polyvinylpyrrolidone is its bioactivity and its physical and chemical properties. The structure and characterization of the newly synthesized nanofiber were confirmed using the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image, N2 adsorption–desorption curve, hydrophilicity, compressive strength, and flexural strength. The biological activity, including anticancer properties against skin cancer cells and bone cancer cells and antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, was assessed. The average diameter and the specific surface area of the synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers containing the Saudi Arabian Cassia angustifolia Vahl methanolic extract were 87 nm and 1,108 m2/g, respectively. High hydrophilicity compared to polyvinylpyrrolidone (contact angle of synthetic nanofibers was 21° and for polyvinylpyrrolidone was 52°), high compressive strength compared to polyvinylpyrrolidone (61.23 N/mm2 and 34.52 N/mm2, respectively), and high flexural strength compared to polyvinylpyrrolidone (16.1 N/mm2 and 11.4 N/mm2, respectively) were other characteristics of the synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers containing the Saudi Arabian Cassia angustifolia Vahl methanolic extract. In the biological activities of the synthesized nanofiber, unique properties were observed. Regarding the anticancer activity, the IC50 values against skin cancer cells and bone cancer cells were observed to be 19.59 μg/mL and 29.57 μg/mL, respectively. For the antimicrobial activity, the MIC value between 4 and 128 mg/mL was observed. The biological activities of the synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers containing the Saudi Arabian Cassia angustifolia Vahl methanolic extract were higher than those of the Saudi Arabian Cassia angustifolia Vahl methanolic extract. The biological properties can be enhanced by various factors, including the high specific surface area of the synthesized nanofiber.

Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticle from Aqueous Extracts of Hedera helix L., Senna alexandrina Mill., Thymus vulgaris L. and Tribulus terrestris L. and Evaluation of Their In-Vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects

Until now, the therapeutic potential of metal nanoparticles (NPs) has received much attention thanks to their unique properties. In addition, natural extracts of plants have shown significant therapeutic ability in various diseases. Therefore, the present study aimed to synthesize AuNPs using aqueous extracts of Hedra helix (Hh-AuNPs), Senna alexandrina (Sa-AuNPs), Thyme vulgaris (Tv-AuNPs) and Tribulus terrestris (Tt-AuNPs) and then investigate their antioxidant and cytotoxic effects on cancerous and normal breast cell lines. For this purpose, the prepared Phyto-NPs were analyzed employing the TEM technique and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The antioxidant activities of all aqueous extracts and the Phyto-NPs were analyzed by FRAP and DPPH assays. Their cytotoxic effects against the MCF-7, MCF-10 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were also determined using an MTT assay. UV–Vis spectrum of Hh-AuNPs, Sa-AuNPs, Tv-AuNPs and Tt-AuNPs disclosed absorption peaks at wavelengths of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm and [Formula: see text], respectively. TEM image illustrated a spherical shape of Phyto-AuNPs with particle sizes of under 100[Formula: see text]nm. Phyto-AuNPs demonstrated more antioxidant activities than the plant extracts alone. Moreover, Phyto-AuNPs indicated higher cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines compared to plant extracts. This report provides new possibilities for using the above-mentioned aqueous extracts for the green synthesis of AuNPs, which may be applied to future animal breast cancer models or one step higher clinically for breast cancer patients.

Network pharmacology and molecular docking: combined computational approaches to explore the antihypertensive potential of Fabaceae species

Hypertension is a major global public health issue, affecting quarter of adults worldwide. Numerous synthetic drugs are available for treating hypertension; however, they often come with a higher risk of side effects and long-term therapy. Modern formulations with active phytoconstituents are gaining popularity, addressing some of these issues. This study aims to discover novel antihypertensive compounds in Cassia fistula, Senna alexandrina, and Cassia occidentalis from family Fabaceae and understand their interaction mechanism with hypertension targeted genes, using network pharmacology and molecular docking. Total 414 compounds were identified; initial screening was conducted based on their pharmacokinetic and ADMET properties, with a particular emphasis on adherence to Lipinski's rules. 6 compounds, namely Germichrysone, Benzeneacetic acid, Flavan-3-ol, 5,7,3',4'-Tetrahydroxy-6, 8-dimethoxyflavon, Dihydrokaempferol, and Epiafzelechin, were identified as effective agents. Most of the compounds found non-toxic against various indicators with greater bioactivity score. 161 common targets were obtained against these compounds and hypertension followed by compound-target network construction and protein–protein interaction, which showed their role in diverse biological system. Top hub genes identified were TLR4, MMP9, MAPK14, AKT1, VEGFA and HSP90AA1 with their respective associates. Higher binding affinities was found with three compounds Dihydrokaempferol, Flavan-3-ol and Germichrysone, −7.1, −9.0 and −8.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The MD simulation results validate the structural flexibility of two complexes Flavan-MMP9 and Germich-TLR4 based on no. of hydrogen bonds, root mean square deviations and interaction energies. This study concluded that C. fistula (Dihydrokaempferol, Flavan-3-ol) and C. occidentalis (Germichrysone) have potential therapeutic active constituents to treat hypertension and in future novel drug formulation.Graphical

Scientific Opinion on additional scientific data related to the safety of preparations of Rheum palmatum L., Rheum officinale Baill. and their hybrids, Rhamnus purshianaDC., Rhamnus frangula L. and Cassia senna L., submitted pursuant to Article 8(4) of Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006.

The Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of plant preparations from the root or rhizome of Rheum palmatum L., Rheum officinale Baill. and their hybrids, from the bark of Rhamnus frangula L. and Rhamnus purshiana DC. and from the leaf or fruit of Cassia senna L., which have been placed under Union scrutiny in Part C of Annex III in accordance with Article 8(4) of Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006. The NDA Panel reviewed the additional scientific data submitted during the period of scrutiny and the public consultation by interested parties. The pertinent scientific data were invitro and invivo genotoxicity studies on the plant preparations under consideration. All the results of the genotoxicity studies on plant preparations were negative. However, the plant preparations that were tested in the submitted studies were not sufficiently characterised with respect to the content of total and individual hydroxyanthracene derivatives (HADs) and components other than HADs. The studies confirmed the presence of ■■■■■, known to be genotoxic invivo, and ■■■■■, shown to be genotoxic invitro. In line with the EFSA Scientific Committee statement on genotoxicity assessment of chemical mixtures, considering the presence of an invivo genotoxic compound, the plant preparations used in these studies have to be considered of concern for genotoxicity. Thus, the safety of preparations containing HADs from the root or rhizome of Rheum palmatum L., Rheum officinale Baill. and their hybrids, from the leaf or fruit of Cassia senna L. and from the bark of Rhamnus frangula L. and Rhamnus purshiana DC. cannot be established based on the submitted studies.

Chemical fingerprinting, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer potential of greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles from pistachio (Pistacia vera) nuts and senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) leaves.

There is a growing interest in standardizing the biocompatible, cost-effective, and eco-friendly manufacturing techniques for metallic nanostructures due to their widespread applications in the industrial and medical sectors. In recent decades, green synthesis has been proven as the most suitable technique for synthesizing metal nanoparticles. The present research study investigates the use of Cassia angustifolia (senna) leaves and Pistacia vera (Pistachio) nuts to prepare crude aqueous extracts, ethanolic extracts, and biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The prepared aqueous extracts were used as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents for the production of silver nanoparticles. These AgNPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The outcomes validated the formation of stable AgNPs with bioactive functional components. Invitro antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potentials were assessed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, MIC test, MBC test, MTT assay, BSA denaturation inhibition assay, and DPPH antioxidant assay, respectively. Results confirmed that the tested plant extract possesses a variety of bioactive compounds with various biological activities and is therapeutically effective. These findings verified that C. angustifolia and P. vera are promising bioresources for the synthesis of therapeutic extracts and nanostructures with commendable therapeutic potency.

Antibacterial Screening of Medicinal Plant Extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Herbal remedies are crucial for treating bacterial infections due to antibiotic resistance, with numerous studies demonstrating their antibacterial properties against various harmful species. This study investigates the antibacterial properties of an aqueous extract from 40 medicinal plants in vitro, assessing their effectiveness against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The well diffusion method was employed to assess the antibacterial activity. Six plants exhibit antibacterial properties against the two bacterial strains among these extracts. Guava (Psidium guajava) and Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)cold water extracts were the most effective plant extracts against Escherichia coli, with inhibition zones of 6.2 mm and 5.2 mm, respectively. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) leaves and Sana makki (Cassia angustifolia) leaves cold water extracts were the most effective plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus with an inhibitory effect with inhibition zones of 6.9 mm and 5.9 mm respectively. The plant extracts differ in antibacterial activities against S. aureus and E. coli. However, Extracts of Senna alata, Tamarindus indica, Psidium guajava, Syzygium aromaticum, and Cassia angustifolia showed inhibitory activity against both of the microorganisms tested. These potentially useful plant extracts can be utilized as natural alternatives to preventive measures for food poisoning and preservation, thereby avoiding the health risks associated with chemically antibacterial agents. These antibacterial properties encourage future research into new chemical compositions that can help treat or cure some diseases.

Estimation of genetic diversity utilizing gene-targeted SCoT markers and morpho-chemotypic analyses in Senna alexandrina Mill. (Senna)

Senna, an industrial crop that generates foreign exchange, is planted predominantly in southern India. Senna leaves and pods grown in India are valued in international trade and the global market because they contain a high concentration of the chemical component sennosides. The current investigation was conducted in the CSIR-CIMAP experimental farm in Hyderabad, India. The experiment was designed in an RCBD and replicated three times using twenty-five senna accessions in the years 2020–21 and 2021–22. The combined ANOVA found that all fourteen of the traits studied were highly significant. The D2 analysis and λ1-λ2 values classified the 25 accessions into five clusters with 91.05 % diversity. The molecular diversity was also examined using SCoT markers. As SCoT markers target expressed portions of the genome, the variation among accessions reflects some of the morphological changes among them. For pharmaceutical applications, various lines Gen-1 and 2 (high in Sennosides A and B content) and Gen-4 can be hybridized with Gen-5 and 25 to produce generations high in pharmaceutically relevant Sennosides A and B. Considering genotypes Gen 1 and 2 rank first and second in terms of sennoside A and B contents in leaves (%) and pods, these two genotypes can be employed for large-scale cultivation and to transfer favorable traits in future breeding programs.

Recent advances in the genetic parameters and prospects of cultivation of the climate-smart herb senna (Senna alexandrina Mill.): A significant industrial medicinal crop

The bulk of senna plant components are used to make herbal medications to treat infections and other ailments. Except for grading, more than 80% of dried leaves are exported from India. The current study examined the genetic variability, correlations, and character contributions of 25 senna accessions. The amplitude of the GCV was larger than that of the PCV, showing that the selected factors interact genetically. X1 had substantial and positive connections with X4, X5, X6, X8, X11, and X13, while X2 had significant and positive links with X7, X10, X11, X12, X13, and X14. The characteristic X11 made the largest direct contribution to the X14 attribute. In X1 and X13, the indirect effect was greater. Fresh and dry leaf weight had high heritability and medium GA over the mean, respectively, whereas pod weight had high heritability and GA over the mean, at 93.62 and 94.93%. The mean, heritability, and GA over the mean of genotypes Gen 1, 2, 3, 4, and 25 were selected for high yield in the most economically significant traits. As a result, the senna genotypes mentioned above may be effectively exploited.

Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of bioactive compounds of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. leaf extract

Cassia angustifolia Vahl. is a medicinal plant known for its efficacy in treating various, including respiratory conditions and skin inflammation. It possesses antibacterial and anticancer properties. This work investigated the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of C. angustifolia. The ethanol leaf extract of C. angustifolia was utilized to examine gene expression related to angiogenesis cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the viability of treated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, accompanied by an improvement in angiogenesis cytokines expression and a dose-dependent inhibition of nitric oxide production. GC-MS analysis identified 11 active components within the extract, each exhibiting distinct biological activities such as antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects. Notable compounds include hexadecanoic acid, 2-pentadecanone, phthalic acid, oxalic acid, carbonic acid, tricosane, undecanal and many others. In conclusion, ethanol leaf extract of C. angustifolia exhibits immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nitric oxide production and enhancing the expression of angiogenesis cytokines.

Reliable and consistent genotype selection for leaf biomass and natural sennosides yield across multi-environments in Senna (Senna alexandrina Mill)

The relationship between genotype and season significantly hinders the development of stable genotype selection and improved genotypes for senna breeding programs. This study aimed to assess stable, high-yielding senna genotypes under South Indian conditions. Twenty-five different senna genotypes were tested for yield stability using a randomized, completely-block design. The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model was used to investigate the relationships between genotype (G), environment (E), and genotype × environment. Based on the findings, the three genotypes—GEN 1, GEN 9, and GEN 18—might be recommended for large-scale production. Stable and high-yielding genotypes should be the main genetic resources used in senna-based cropping season breeding programs.

Identification of Antiviral Phytocompounds as Potential Anti‐Dengue Agents against DENV NS2B/NS3 Protease: An Integrated Molecular Modelling and Dynamics Approach

AbstractDengue fever is one of the most dreaded viral diseases caused by the bite of female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes infected with the Dengue virus (DENV). No DENV antiviral drugs have been approved, yet they are desperately needed. The current study focuses on finding potential therapeutics from 8 medicinal plants reported to have activity against the DENV NS2B/NS3 protease in vitro. Eighty‐two phytocompounds were selected from eight different medicinal plants like Vernonia cinerea, Tridax procumbens, Cassia angustifolia, Lawsonia inermis, Dryobalanops aromatic, Punica granatum, Zingiber zerumbet and Zizyphus‐jujuba. The top five phytocompounds (Epicatechin (EPI), Chrysoeriol (CHR), Apigenin (API), Quercetin‐3,4′‐Dimethylether (QUE), and Caffeic acid (CAF)) identified from toxicity evaluation and docking studies were further subjected to 100 ns long Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to study their structural stability and binding affinity through MM‐PBSA based free‐energy calculations. MD results revealed overall conformational stability with all the five phytocompounds. Furthermore, MM‐PBSA results suggest binding free energy values of −154.415 kJ/mol, −151.154 kJ/mol, −139.048 kJ/mol, −122.827 kJ/mol), and −120.622 kJ/mol for compound EPI, QUE, API, CAF, and CHR respectively by interacting with essential binding site residues. These compounds could thus be studied extensively to develop nature‐based therapeutic compounds as anti‐dengue agents for DENV2.

Productivity Improvement Based on Lean and Green Productivity in Herbal Tea Production Line CV. DM

Herbal tea is a functional beverage with significant health benefits, produced from processed plants, namely Chinese teak (Cassia angustifolia Vahl) and soursop leaves (Annona muricata L). However, herbal industry faces a productivity problem due to the production process time caused by human factors, machines, and raw materials. Productivity can also be affected by non-value-adding activities in the production processes, such as unnecessary inventory and overproduction. Fossil energy used by industry to generate electricity contributes to the production of solid waste, posing a long-term environmental risk. To address this problem, Objective Matrix (OMAX) is needed to measure the industry production rate, where all non-value-adding activities are reduced in lean and green productivity. The concept of lean and green productivity facilitates the identification of all activities to determine the locus of the highest waste, material, or energy usage. Therefore, this research aimed to propose alternative improvements for enhanced productivity by assessing production rates and identifying generated waste, energy consumption, and emissions. The results show that herbal industry had low productivity, 0.4, on a scale of 1. To improve efficiency, recommendations for lean aspect were based on forecast demand and workload. This improvement was projected to raise Process Cycle Efficiency (PCE) ore from 7.97% to 9.05% and reduce solid waste by maintaining and repairing filling machines. Green aspect could be improved by turning off idle facilities and machines, thereby minimizing electricity energy usage to 43.37%.

Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Leaves: Determination of Total Phenolic and Sennoside Contents of Different Fractions in Comparison with Their α- Glucosidase and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Effects.

Cassia angustifolia Vahl. (Senna) is a medicinal plant containing anthraquinone compounds such as sennoside. Senna is primarily valued for its laxative properties. In Persian medicine, this plant has been also used to treat various disorders such as diabetes and skin hyperpigmentation. Previous studies have shown that different species of senna, such as C. articulata, C. alata, C. Siamea, C. Surattensis inhibit alpha-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. To the best of our knowledge, no previous evidence is available on tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of the extract and different fractions of C. angustifolia leaves. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of the methanol-water extract and different fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and remaining crude extract) of senna against tyrosinase and α-glucosidase and to investigate their total phenolic and sennoside B contents. Our findings depicted that the methanol-water extract and fractions had no significant anti-tyrosinase activity; however, some fractions were active toward α-glucosidase. The hexane fraction and the remaining crude extract demonstrated the highest inhibition on α-glucosidase compared to acarbose (positive control). In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction contains high phenolic and hydroxy anthraquinone derivatives based on the amount of sennoside B contents equivalent to 382.25 μg/mL of gallic acid and 1.525% of sennoside B, respectively. Moreover, no correlation was observed between the phenolic and sennoside contents of different fractions and their α-glucosidase inhibitory effect. Considering the α-glucosidase inhibition results, the hexane fraction of C. angustifolia can be a valuable fraction for in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic studies as well as further phytochemical studies. Further studies to identify the active substances and the exact mechanism of the bioactive ingredients on the inhibitory effects of α-glucosidase can provide promising results in the future.

Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical and Chromatographic Characterization of Vaividanga Choornam, A Siddha Polyherbal Formulation

Standardization of herbal formulations as determined by the concentration of their activecomponents is essential to appraise the quality of drugs. The current study intends to investigate the phytochemical and physicochemical analyses of Vaividanga Choornam, a traditional Siddha polyherbal composition. This Vaividanga choornam contains the ingredients like Vaividangam (Embelica ribesBurm.), Milagu (Piper nigrumL.), Chukku (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), Omam (Trachyspermum ammi (L) Sprague), and Nilavaagai leaves (Cassia angustifolia Vahl. - syn. Cassia senna). It treatspitha diseases, constipation, indigestion, flatulence, burning sensation, bronchial asthma, and Kapha diseases. It is also an effective medicine for treating intestinal helminths caused by heavy worm burdens in young children. This study aims to estimate the quality of Vaividanga Choornam by performing pharmacognostic studies, preliminary phytochemical analysis, physiochemical parameters like ash value, extractive value, and loss on drying as per pharmacopoeial laboratory for Indian medicine guidelines, and also with the help of tests done with High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), FTIR Spectroscopy, and UV -Vis spectrometric analyses. The results obtained fromthose analyses showed the presence of various phytochemicals. The results indicate that the drug is of adequate quality and may be used to establish pharmacopeial standards of the medicine.

Risk Characterization of Botanical Extracts Containing Hydroxyanthracenes as Determined by a Validated Micronucleus In Vitro Assay

Extracts of Rheum palmatum L., Rhamnus purshiana DC., Rhamnus frangula L., and Cassia senna L. are used in traditional medicine thanks to their beneficial properties. These species contain hydroxyanthracene derivatives, considered genotoxic and possibly related to colorectal cancer development. This research aimed to study, using a micronucleus assay in vitro, the genotoxic potential of Rheum palmatum L., Rhamnus purshiana DC., Rhamnus frangula L. (bark), and Cassia senna L. (leaves and fruits) extracts. The extracts were evaluated at different concentrations: from 0 to 2000 µg/mL for Rhamnus purshiana DC, from 0 to 2500 µg/mL for Rheum palmatum L. and Rhamnus frangula L., and from 0 to 5000 µg/mL for Cassia senna L. The cytokinesis-block proliferation index was calculated to analyse if the used concentrations showed cytotoxicity. The hydroxyanthracene content varied between 0.06% and 0.23% for aloe-emodin, and between 0.07% and 0.16% for emodin and rhein. No cytotoxic effect was detected at any of these concentrations. Micronucleus analyses showed a lack of genotoxicity for all the extracts tested. These results show that Rheum palmatum L., Rhamnus purshiana DC, Rhamnus frangula L., and Cassia senna L. extracts do not induce genotoxicity since no increase in micronuclei formation in human lymphocytes in vitro was detected.