SOA-based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Research Articles

Numerical simulation of Tb/s all-optical reconfigurable frequency encoded OR and AND gate using quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer

Frequency encoded reconfigurable logic gates OR and AND are designed using interferometric switch based on quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier (QDSOA) and simulated using MATLAB for the first time as far as our knowledge goes. The amplitude modulation (AM) and quality factor ([Formula: see text] are calculated using numerical simulations confirming practical feasibility of the logic gates. This paper also investigates the effect of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise on AM, [Formula: see text] and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values. AM below 0.005 dB and [Formula: see text] more than 30[Formula: see text]dB ensure error free operation of the logic gates.

Ultra-fast and compact all-optical encoder based on photonic crystal nano-resonator without using nonlinear materials

In this paper an ultra-compact all-optical encoder is presented by using a two-dimensional photonic crystal. The designed logic gate is based on the interference effect. The proposed structure consists of several photonic crystal waveguides connected by 2 nano-resonators. The nano-resonators are designed to reduce the size of the radius of the dielectric rods. The contrast ratios and delay time for the proposed all-optical encoder are respectively 6 dB and 125 fs. The size of the structure is equal to 132 µm2. Equality of the output power in the logic states “one”, the small dimensions, the low delay time, compact and simple structure have shown that the logic gate is suitable for the using in optical integrated circuits. Full Text: PDF ReferencesA. Salmanpour, Sh. Mohammadnejad, A. Bahrami, "Photonic crystal logic gates: an overview", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 2249 (2015). CrossRef S. C. Xavier, B. E. Carolin, A. p. Kabilan, W. Johnson, "Compact photonic crystal integrated circuit for all-optical logic operation", IET Optoelectronics. 10, 142 (2016). CrossRef Y. Miyoshi, K. Ikeda, H. Tobioka, T. Inoue, S. Namiki, K. Kitayama, "Ultrafast all-optical logic gate using a nonlinear optical loop mirror based multi-periodic transfer function", Optics Express. 16, 2570 (2008). CrossRef D. K. Gayen, A. Bhattachryya, T. Chattopadhyay, J. N. Roy, "Ultrafast All-Optical Half Adder Using Quantum-Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifier-Based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer", Journal of Lightwave Technology. 30, 3387 (2012). CrossRef A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, S. Olyaee, "All-optical NOT and XOR logic gates using photonic crystal nano-resonator and based on an interference effect", IET Optoelectronics. 12, 191 (2018). CrossRef Z. Mohebbi, N. Nozhat, F. Emami, "High contrast all-optical logic gates based on 2D nonlinear photonic crystal", Optics Communications. 355, 130 (2015). CrossRef M. Mansouri-Birjandi, M. Ghadrdan, "Full-optical tunable add/drop filter based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators", Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications. 21, 44 (2016). CrossRef H. Alipour-Banaei, S. Serajmohammadi, F. Mehdizadeh, "Effect of scattering rods in the frequency response of photonic crystal demultiplexers", Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials. 17, 259 (2015). DirectLink A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, S. Olyaee, H. Arman, "Optical Biochemical Sensor Using Photonic Crystal Nano-ring Resonators for the Detection of Protein Concentration", Current Nanoscience. 13, 421 (2017). CrossRef S. Olyaee, A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, "Designing a novel photonic crystal nano-ring resonator for biosensor application", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 1881 (2015). CrossRef F. Parandin, R. Malmir, M. Naseri, A. Zahedi, "Reconfigurable all-optical NOT, XOR, and NOR logic gates based on two dimensional photonic crystals", Superlattices and Microstructures. 113, 737 (2018). CrossRef F. Mehdizadeh, M. Soroosh, H. Alipour-Banaei, "Proposal for 4-to-2 optical encoder based on photonic crystals", IET Optoelectronics. 11, 29 (2017). CrossRef M. Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban, R. Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, H. Alipour-Banaei, "A novel all optical reversible 4 × 2 encoder based on photonic crystals", Optik. 126, 2368 (2015). CrossRef T. A. Moniem, "All-optical digital 4 × 2 encoder based on 2D photonic crystal ring resonators", Journal of Modern Optics. 63, 735 (2016). CrossRef S. Gholamnejad, M. Zavvari, "Design and analysis of all-optical 4–2 binary encoder based on photonic crystal", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 49, 302 (2017). CrossRef H. Seif-Dargahi, "Ultra-fast all-optical encoder using photonic crystal-based ring resonators", Photonic Network Communications. 36, 272 (2018). CrossRef S. Olyaee, M. Seifouri, A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, and M. Sardari, "Realization of all-optical NOT and XOR logic gates based on interference effect with high contrast ratio and ultra-compacted size", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 50, 12 (2018). CrossRef C. J. Wu, C. P. Liu, Z. Ouyang, "Compact and low-power optical logic NOT gate based on photonic crystal waveguides without optical amplifiers and nonlinear materials", Applied Optics.51, 680 (2012). CrossRef Y. C. Jiang, S. B. Liu, H. F. Zhang, X. K. Kong. "Realization of all optical half-adder based on self-collimated beams by two-dimensional photonic crystals", Optics Communications. 348, 90 (2015). CrossRef A. Salmanpour, S. Mohammadnejad, P. T. Omran, "All-optical photonic crystal NOT and OR logic gates using nonlinear Kerr effect and ring resonators", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 3689 (2015). CrossRef E. H. Shaik, N. Rangaswamy, "Single photonic crystal structure for realization of NAND and NOR logic functions by cascading basic gates", Journal of Computational Electronics. 17, 337 (2018). CrossRef

Design and performance analysis of all-optical cascaded adder using SOA-based MZI

With the performance enhancements in all-optical signal processing and switching schemes in terms of data rate and processing speed, various devices enabled with all-optical operation are becoming primary requirements for current and future telecommunications and data networks. All-optical logic gates represent the best solution to realize both combinational as well as sequential devices in the optical domain, representing the basic building blocks for optical computing circuits. We propose herein an all-optical cascaded adder whose elementary blocks are a half-adder and full-adder, designed using semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) gate configurations. They have high thermal stability and require low power. The nonlinear effects in the SOA device are used to implement different logic operations. The proposed cascaded adder was simulated in OptiSystem. The optical signal-to-noise ratio, bit error rate (BER), and Q-factor values were evaluated for different data rates. The design showed good performance up to 60 Gbps. The proposed design could find application in implementation of multistage arithmetic logic units.

Dispersion Compensation for 40-Gb/s Phase-Detected CPFSK Signal Using All-Optical Format Converter for Access Networks

We propose and simulate a dispersion compensator for a 40-Gb/s optical phase-detected signal, which is suitable for access networks. The compensator uses a chirp technique and consists of an asymmetric semiconductor optical amplifier-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer structure and a 40-GHz bandpass filter. A delay-line interferometer demodulator (DLI) is utilized for detection. The compensator converts non-return-to-zero ON–OFF-keying format to continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) so that the produced converted CPFSK format can offer more tolerance against positive and negative residual dispersion compared with the directly generated CPFSK. The chirp with a novel strategy, which is the creation of the out-of-place frequencies, instead of causing signal compression, compensates dispersion. This method can be defined for a CPFSK format composed of the upper sideband (USB) and lower sideband (LSB) signals. Contrary to an optical frequency discriminator receiver, there is no dispersion compensating part in a DLI receiver, but the out-of-place frequencies caused due to the chirp reduce the delay between the USB and LSB signals. We show that the positively chirped converted CPFSK tolerates 120 ps/nm of positive residual dispersion, at a 2-dB power penalty, which is $\sim 40$ / ps/nm more compared with the positive dispersion tolerance of directly generated CPFSK applying a 40-GHz optical bandpass filter.

Improving the Performance of 40-Gbit/s CPFSK by Using XPM-Based Format Converter

We propose and simulate a novel all-optical modulation format converter to produce continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) at 40 Gb/s. The conversion is performed by an asymmetric semiconductor optical amplifier-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The converted CPFSK format is detected using an optical frequency discriminator demodulator. We show that as a result of the chirp imposed on the converted CPFSK format during the conversion, it offers more tolerance against positive and negative residual dispersion relative to the directly generated CPFSK. By considering a 2-dB power penalty, more than twice the positive dispersion tolerance of the directly generated CPFSK can be attained.

Realization of High Speed All-Optical Half Adder and Half Subtractor Using SOA Based Logic Gates

In this paper, the scheme of a single module for simultaneous operation of all-optical computing circuits, namely half adder and half subtractor, are realized using semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based logic gates. Optical XOR gate by employing a SOA based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) configuration is used to get the sum and difference outputs. A carry signal is generated using a SOA-four wave mixing (FWM) based AND gate, whereas, the borrow is generated by employing the SOA-cross gain modulation (XGM) effect. The obtained results confirm the feasibility of our configuration by proving the good level of quality factor i.e. ~5.5, 9.95 and 12.51 for sum/difference, carry and borrow, respectively at 0 dBm of input power.

All-optical multifunctional logic operations using simultaneously both interferometric output ports in a symmetric SOA-MZI

Abstract In this paper, all-optical logic functions, implemented with a single SOA-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI), are demonstrated experimentally and through numerical simulations. The proposed optical configuration is capable to carry out four logic operations, using simultaneously both output ports of the SOA-MZI. This may reduce the power cost and make possible to obtain simultaneously multi logic functions. The performance of such an architecture is assessed measuring the obtained extinction ratio (ER) for each Boolean function. The potential of integration makes the proposed scheme attractive to perform optical signal processing operations in next generation photonic transmission systems.

Experimental analysis of an all-optical packet router

In this paper, we address the experimental implementation of an all-optical packet routing scheme, with contention resolution capability, using interconnected semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based Mach- Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) structures. Cross talk stemming from the blocked packets, due to the nonideal switching performed by the SOA-MZIs, is analyzed in every stage of the routing configuration. The routing functions and states performance are evaluated through bit-error ratio measurements and extinction ratio analysis.

Experimental Analysis of an All-Optical Packet Router

In this paper, we address the experimental implementation of an all-optical packet routing scheme, with contention resolution capability, using interconnected semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based Mach- Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) structures. Cross talk stemming from the blocked packets, due to the nonideal switching performed by the SOA-MZIs, is analyzed in every stage of the routing configuration. The routing functions and states performance are evaluated through bit-error ratio measurements and extinction ratio analysis.

Design and analysis of all-optical inverter using SOA-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer

In this paper an optical Boolean inverter gate has been simulated first time, with SOA-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI). The control and continuous clock pulse are properly selected so that SOA is heavily saturated and at the same time the switched out continuous clock pulse are compressed by the control pulse present there. To optimize the gate performance, the output contrast ratio (CR) and extinction ratio (ER) have been taken for the optimization criteria and the result is investigated at different Gb/s. However, the operation is limited by SOAs recovery time.

Demonstration of ultrafast phase recovery in semiconductor optical amplifiers

Presented is an experimental investigation on phase recovery time in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). The experiment is carried out using an integrated SOA-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer switch, under the injection of 2 ps optical pump pulses at 10 GHz. The phase recovery is derived from the measured output of the interferometer. An ultrafast component in the phase recovery is observed, and a delay between phase and gain recovery is also found.

All-optical modulation format conversion from NRZ-OOK to PSK-Manchester using SOA-MZI

Proposed and demonstrated is an all-optical modulation format conversion from a non-return-to-zero on-off keying (NRZ-OOK) signal to a phase-shift keying (PSK)-Manchester format signal using a semiconductor optical amplifier based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI). In the experiment, a 2.5 Gbit/s PSK-Manchester format signal was obtained from a NRZ-OOK signal and a 50 km error-free transmission of the converted PSK-Manchester format signal was achieved. In addition, the feasibility of the conversion at a higher data rate using SOAs with fast phase recovery was investigaged.

Cognitive Routing in Converged Access-Metro Environment via $\lambda$-Selective SOA-MZI Switch

A ring+tree architecture for optical intranetwork data transmission between different users is presented. The nodes at the ring contain a packet envelope detection to extract a wavelength-dependent control signal for a semiconductor optical amplifier-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) switch. The scalability of the architecture and the feasibility for field deployment are discussed. A tree split of 1:1000 has been found to be compatible with data transmission over 50 hops.

A novel method of developing all-optical frequency encoded memory unit exploiting nonlinear switching character of semiconductor optical amplifier

The very fast running optical memory and optical logic gates are the basic building blocks for any optical computing data processing system. Realization of a very fast memory-cell in the optical domain is very challenging. In the last two decades many methods of implementing all-optical flip-flops have been proposed. Most of these suffer from speed limitation because of low switching response of the active devices. In our present communication the authors propose a method of developing a frequency encoded memory unit based on the switching action of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). Nonlinear polarization rotation characters of SOA and ‘SOA based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer’ switch, i.e. ‘SOA-MZI’ switch, are exploited for the purpose of some switching action with least switching power (<−3 dB m) and high switching contrast ratio (20 dB). Here two logic states (‘0’ state and ‘1’ state) of the memory is encoded by two different frequencies, which will remain unchanged throughout the data communication irrespective of loss of light energy due to reflection, refraction, attenuation, etc. Though the SOA based switch runs with the operational speed 100 Gb/s, still due to the presence of the other optical components in the memory unit, the overall speed of the proposed system will come down to 10 Gb/s.

Thermal and Optical Characterization of Photonic Integrated Circuits by Thermoreflectance Microscopy

We report high resolution, non-invasive, thermal and optical characterization of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and SOA-based photonic integrated circuits (PICs) using thermoreflectance microscopy. Chip-scale temperature imaging of SOAs and PICs, along with an energy balance model, are used to calculate the optical power distribution within and between SOAs to determine optical gain, fiber coupling loss, and passive component loss under normal device operating conditions. This technique is demonstrated to map optical power in SOA-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) PICs, with close agreement with photocurrent and fiber-coupled measurements. The use of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) for fiber-free characterization of the PICs is also shown, enabling non-invasive, wafer-scale testing prior to packaging.

All-optical decrementing of a packet’s time-to-live (TTL) field using logic XOR gates

A novel optical time-to-live (TTL) method based on the use of logic XOR gates is proposed. All-optical decrementing of a packet's TTL field is demonstrated employing a cascade of two SOA-based Mach-Zehnder interferometers. The principle of operation is validated by means of simulations, showing a good extinction ratio (higher than 10 dB) at the output of the 1-bit subtractor.

A New Loopback Method of All-Optical Label Processing for Label Bit Scalability

We propose and demonstrate a new method to expand the label bit in an all-optical label processor with a multistage switching fabric. It utilizes a loopback configuration, where a probe pulse is fed back to the same switching fabric with wavelength conversion and the output probe pulse is discriminated by arrayed waveguide gratings. The feasibility of the loopback scheme was demonstrated for the two-bit pattern in the two-bit label using a single semiconductor optical amplifier-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer 1x2 all-optical switch. It is effective to reduce the number of switching elements and will expand the number of label bits.

Mach–Zehnder Interferometer-Based High-Speed OTDM Add–Drop Multiplexing

We propose a modified semiconductor-optical-amplifier-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) setup for high-speed optical time division multiplexing add/drop multiplexing (ADM) operation. It has the property of enabling an independent phase optimization for clear and drop ports simultaneously. It provides, therefore, an improvement of standard SOA-MZI configurations where only one output port can be optimized at each time. A detailed analysis of the ADM performance for operation from 320-Gb/s aggregate bit rates to 10- and 40-Gb/s base data rates is carried out. Theoretical results show an excellent performance for a wide range of operation conditions

A versatile modular computational tool for complex optoelectronic integrated circuits simulation

A novel graphical computational tool to simulate a wide variety of complex optoelectronic integrated circuits is presented. Based upon a modular approach, this tool reduces the optical circuit into a sequence of interconnected building blocks, each one performing a specific data-flow oriented function onto an input optical stream. The modularity and the flow-based interconnectivity makes this simulator flexible and powerful, yet intuitive. Its execution speed is evaluated using a sophisticated amplifier simulation module that is compared against its replica written in a text-based programming language. More than four times outperformance is reported. The simulator capabilities are further demonstrated through an application example in the field of optical data processing: the analysis of a semiconductor optical amplifier-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer operated as wavelength converter for signals modulated at 40 Gb/s. This simulator represents an attractive alternative to more traditional approaches.

40 Gb/s 2R Burst Mode Receiver with a single integrated SOA-MZI switch

We demonstrate a novel scheme for 2R burst mode reception capable of operating error-free with 40 Gb/s variable length, asynchronous optical data packets that exhibit up to 9 dB packet-to-packet power variation. It consists of a single, hybrid integrated, SOA-based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (SOA-MZI) with unequal splitting ratio couplers, configured to operate as a self-switch. We analyze theoretically the power equalization properties of unequal splitting ratio SOA-MZI switches and show good agreement between theory and experiment.