Semi Products Research Articles

Effective Coloring in Intuitionistic Fuzzy Graph

The coloring is one of the most famous research topic in graph theory. Nowadays, researchers develop the area of coloring in fuzzy graph. In this paper, we will develop the concept of effective coloring in IFG. In an Intuitionistic Fuzzy Graph (IFG), an effective coloring function is a mapping such that it is an effective edge in. In this research, the notion of effective coloring is introduced. Further investigate an effective coloring in operation of IFG, like join, strong product, semi product, composition, etc.

Effective Coloring in Fuzzy Graphs

Coloring is the one of the important research topic in graph theory. An effective coloring is an ideal research topic in graph theory. In this paper, the coloring in fuzzy graph are investigated. In a fuzzy graph (FG), an effective coloring function is a mapping such that it is an effective edge in. In this research, the idea of an effective coloring is presented. Further investigate on effective coloring in operation of FG, like join, strong product, semi product, composition, etc.

Role of the Hydroxyl Groups Coordinated toTiO2 Surface on the Photocatalytic Decomposition of Ethylene at Different Ambient Conditions

The titania pulp—a semi product received from the industrial production of titania white—was submitted for the thermal heating at 400–600 °C under Ar and H2 to obtain TiO2 with different structure and oxygen surface defects. Heating of titania in H2 atmosphere accelerated dehydration and crystallisation of TiO2 compared to heating in Ar. TiO2 prepared at 500 and 600 °C under H2 had some oxygen vacancies and Ti3+ centres (electron traps), whereas TiO2 obtained at 450 °C under H2 exhibited some hole traps centres. The presence of oxygen vacancies induced adsorption of atmospheric CO2. It was evidenced, that ethylene reacted with TiO2 after UV irradiation. Formic acid was identified on TiO2 surface as the reaction product of ethylene oxidation. Hydroxyl radicals were involved in complete mineralisation of ethylene. TiO2 prepared at 500 °C under H2 was poorly active because some active sites for coordination of ethylene molecules were occupied by CO2. The most active samples were TiO2 with high quantity of OH terminal groups. At 50 °C, the physically adsorbed water molecules on titania surface were desorbed, and then photocatalytic decomposition of ethylene was more efficient. TiO2 with high quantity of chemisorbed OH groups was very active for ethylene decomposition. The acidic surface of TiO2 enhances its hydroxylation. Therefore, it is stated that TiO2 having acidic active sites can be an excellent photocatalyst for ethylene decomposition under UV light.

Contactless Measuring Device for Checking the Qualitative Parameters of Bead

IThis article deals with development of contactless measuring device for measurement of geometric and qualitative parameters of semi product for tire - bead. Due to the current measurement and evaluation methods in series production, this equipment represents a technical and technological improvement in the tire manufacturing process. This solution excludes potential influence of process or operator during measurement or evaluation parameters. The device uses the latest knowledge and components used in industry, automation and electrical engineering as well. The designed device is immediately applicable globally as an autonomous device. Its modification also enables integration into a fully automatic process of production of tire semi-product - bead by manipulation devices. The measured parameters allow iteration and necessary set up between production process and measuring device in the future.

Embodied carbon emissions of aluminum-containing commodities in international trade: China’s perspective

In recent years, global climate change has become an increasingly serious problem. Developing countries have assumed excessive responsibilities for carbon emissions under the principle of producer responsibility. A system that considers material flows to establish the responsibility for carbon emissions more accurately and fairly was proposed. In this study, the embodied carbon emissions (ECEs) of aluminum-containing commodities (ACC) in China’s international trade from 2008 to 2017 were analyzed via material flow analysis. The carbon emission coefficients of China’s imported and exported ACC were calculated and discussed. The main conclusions were as follows: (1)The annual imported and exported aluminum in ACC showed a fluctuating growth from 2008 to 2017. Overall, China imported a large amount of alumina and exports a large amount of aluminum-containing end products (ACEP) and semi-products (SP). (2) The imported and exported ECEs of ACC were mainly due to ACEP, which account for 57% and 68% of the imported and exported ECEs of ACC, respectively. (3) The ECEs of ACEP in international trade were mainly associated with vehicles, manufacturing equipment, and aircraft. (4) The share of exported and net exported ACC’s ECEs in domestic carbon emissions (calculated using the principle of producer responsibility) also increased from 1.3 and 0.9% to 2.8 and 1.7%. In addition, a more accurate share of international carbon emission responsibility was discussed, and policy recommendations to reduce carbon emissions and actively respond to global climate change were provided.

A review of domestic and foreign experience of steel treatment in CCM tundishes

The modern steelmaking facilities melt as a rule a semi product, which is further subjected to various processes of refining in steel ladle. Recently an additional treatment of the metal in CCM tundish became widespread in the domestic and foreign practice. A tendency of transforming tundish into a multifunctional metallurgical reactor was noted, since more and more technological operations are transferred in it, including alloying, stirring, various methods of heating, modifying and removal of nonmetallic inclusions. Examples of comprehensive utilization of a bloom CCM tundish at some Japanese plants of Kobe Steel in Kakagava presnted, at which the metal is filtered when going through holes in the two partitions thus effectively removing nonmetallic inclusions. New variants of metal blowing off in the tundish by inert gas developed by domestic specialists considered, including a technology for metal blowing off by an inert gas and a facility for the inert gas supply through the stopper of the tundish. Supply of inert gas through the stopper results in efficiency increasing of degassing and nonmetallic inclusions removal as well as submerged nuzzles service time increase, which is particularly important at casting of steels with high content of aluminum. Examples of solutions of metal treatment in tundish by cored and aluminum wire given. Schemes of cored wire introduction into tundish and liquid steel treatment in a CCM mold considered. Considerable attention was given to the problem of metal temperature control in tundish, including by an electric arc, induction and plasma heating. List of domestic and foreign plants presented, implemented facilities of steel plasma heating in the CCM tundish. It was noted, that steel chemical heating in tundish can be applied at unforeseen problems arising at casting.

3D surface profile diagnosis using digital image processing for laboratory use

The measurement of the surface quality and the profile preciseness is major issues in many industrial branches such that the surface quality of semi products directly affects the subsequent production steps. Although, there are many ways to obtain required data, the hardware necessary for the measurements such as 2D or 3D scanners, depending on the problem’s complexity, is too expensive. Therefore, in this paper, what we put forward as a novelty is an algorithm which is verified on the model of simple 3D scanner on the image processing basis with the resolution of 0.1 mm. There are many ways to scan surface profile; however, the image processing currently is the most trending topic in industry automation. Most importantly, in order to obtain surface images, standard high resolution reflex camera is used and thus the post processing could be realized with MatLab as the software environment. Therefore, this solution is an alternative to the expensive scanners, and single-purpose devices could be extended by many additional functions.

Towards GHG Emissions Neutrality of Aluminium Slug Production: An Industrial Study

The aluminium industry is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases (GHG) and accounts for approximately 1 % of global GHG emissions. A large portion of emissions are indirect emissions, due to the large GHG footprint of consumed electricity, while direct energy and process-related emissions are also significant. The aluminium is widely used in packaging, transportation, the building sector and for various other purposes. This study focuses on aluminium slugs, which are semi products made from aluminium alloys and are used as tubes and containers in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Since the aluminium industry is among the largest GHG emitters, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed to evaluate the environmental impact of aluminium slug production. Environmental impact assessment was performed using OpenLCA software, the Ecoinvent 3.1 database and self-collected plant data. The study includes the environmental impact of anode production, electrolysis and slug production. The functional unit for the study is 1 t of aluminium slug at the company exit gate. Besides GHG emissions and the related GHG footprint associated with slug production, acidification potential and photochemical oxidation potential are further assessed. Various opportunities for GHG emission reduction are further investigated in accordance with the longer-term company strategy. If more aluminium scrap were used and carbon capture performed, the GHG footprint could be reduced by 65 % compared to the base case.

Influence of Reference Group, Especially Painters on Decorative Paint Buying Decision: A Case Study of Bangladesh

Paint is a semi technical product, where except for the shade selection, other factors such as category, brand and painting process selection require proper technical knowledge. The end users of Bangladesh are highly dependent on the reference groups for product knowledge, technical knowhow, and buying decision. This is why the research focused on the influence of reference groups, especially painters. An elaborated multi-step research method including expert in-depth interview, focus group discussions and a structured questionnaire survey has been conducted. FGDs and expert in-depth interviews’ findings revealed that for paints and painting activities of new architecture about 80% end-user depends on professional reference groups like architects, engineers etc., and rest of the 20% depend on other reference groups like paints dealers, contractors, and painters. But reverse scenario (20% vs. 80%) has been found in painting of old architectures. For brand selection, 80% of the buyers are influenced by dealers with the help of contractors or painters. A unique implication of Pareto’s Principle (80/20 rule) has been observed in the research findings. Questionnaire survey exposed that for category and brand selection, 74% of the end-users depended on the reference groups, 54% of whom on painters. The study will help paint marketer, entrepreneurs, researchers and others stakeholder in their strategic decision making process.

Optimasi Perencanaan Produksi Sepatu Kulit Dengan Menggunakan Linier Programming

<p><em>CV. Kotama Shoes is a trading company engaged in the production of leather shoes. The company is located on Jalan A.R. Judge No.112c / 206c. In running its business, CV. Kotama Shoes has several problems or constraints in production planning. Erratic fluctuations in demand for goods from one period to another cause a deficiency or excess production.</em><em> </em><em>Based on the results of data processing, the smallest MSE forecasting results for each product, namely for pantofel products, has the smallest MSE value 21495.23, the chosen method is the moving average with a 6-month moving average value, the smallest MSE product 18779.38 method the chosen ones are weighted moving average with a moving average value of 3 months, boot products with the smallest MSE 1175.47 the selected method is a moving average with a moving average of 6 months and semi boot products with the smallest MSE 4119.34 the method chosen namely the weighted moving average with a moving average of 3 months.</em><em> </em><em>The calculation results using linear programming with the POM for Windows software tool shows that the production costs applied by CV. Kotama Shoes is a minimum. The minimum level obtained is Rp. 37,502,700, - Production planning for pantofel products is 420 units, production planning for casual leather shoes is 309 units, demand for semi boot boot leather units is 194 units, demand for leather shoes production is 177 units boot type.</em></p>

Features of morphological changes of peridont tissues in patients with β-thalassemia major

Relevance of the research topic.Β-thalassemia major is a hereditary blood disease, the functional manifestation of which is the defciency of synthesis of the β hemoglobin chain, leading to the occurrence of severe hypochromic anemia in the frst two years of postnatal development. Treatment of the disease requires a lifelong transfusion, which leads to the iron overload disorder. The development of hemosiderosis contributes to the chronization of inflammatory processes and cellular modifcation of organs and tissues, including the oral cavity. Inevitable metabolic disorders that occur during β-thalassemia prevents the full functional participation of macro- and microelements in metabolic processes in the periodontium, which is necessary for collagen modifcation.Purpose.The aim of the study is to identify the features of morphological changes in the gingival mucous membrane in patients with β-thalassemia major with generalized gingivitis in remission stage in order to determine potential points of application of additional corrective therapy. Materials and methods. The study included 12 patients with β-thalassemia major (the average age of the subjects was 15 ± 0.1 years). Dental examination was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the WHO, 1990. Araldite-Epon blocks were formed according to the generally accepted method. The production of semi- (1-2 microns) and ultrathin (35-70 nm) sections were obtained using a Leica EM UC7 ultramicrotome (Germany). Semi-thin sections (1-2 μm) were stained by trichrome staining according to F. D'Amico (2005). Viewing of stained and unstainted ultrathin sections was performed on an JEM-1400 electron microscope (Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 80-120 kV.Results.Periodontal modifcation in the remission stage of catarrhal-sclerosing gingivitis in patients with β – thalassemia major is morphologically marked by disorganization of the connective tissue with destruction of the collagen structures and defciency of the presence of immunocompetent cells in its matrix. Elements of dense connective tissue spread from the papillary part of the lamina propria, where elements of loose connective tissue are usually located. The accumulation of immunocompetent cells in the composition of the connective tissue and in the vascular elements's lumen (both blood and lymphatic) of the lamina propria is not detected.Summary.An inflammatory periodontal disease in patients with β-thalassemia major is characterized by marked disorganization of the connective tissue, which requires therapy aimed to develop a correction of mineral metabolism, antioxidant protection and activate the mechanisms of anti-infective protection of the periodontal tissues.

Energetic and Environmental Sustainability of the food agriculture system

Il sistema agricolo-alimentare nazionale nella sua accezione piu ampia di agricoltura e industria alimentare, ha assunto nell’ultimo decennio, una configurazione fortemente sistemica, che gli ha consentito di raggiungere posizioni ragguardevoli, se consideriamo che complessivamente risulta caratterizzato da volumi economici di circa 270 miliardi di Euro. Significativi sono anche i valori occupazionali che, secondo indagini recenti, fanno registrare oltre 900.000 occupati nel settore agricoltura e circa 500.000 posti di lavoro nell’industria alimentare. Questo lavoro e focalizzato principalmente sulle conseguenze che, nell’ultimo ventennio hanno prodotto la globalizzazione dei mercati e le trasformazioni commerciali sul sistema agricolo-alimentare nazionale, con particolare attenzione alle interazioni del mondo agricolo con l’industria alimentare a livello della produzione, della trasformazione e della commercializzazione dei beni alimentari. Sono brevemente analizzate le iniziative e le strategie messe in atto dalle aziende agricole, dalle imprese, dalle associazioni e dagli stessi consumatori per contrastare gli eccessi degli impatti della globalizzazione nei confronti della sostenibilita energetica ed ambientale del mercato dei prodotti agroalimentari. A questo riguardo si riportano i dati di mercato e di diffusione delle cosiddette Reti Alternative Alimentari e si discutono le implicazioni socio-culturali ed economiche di questi nuovi modelli di produzione e consumo anche ai fini dello sviluppo economico sostenibile della societa. Vengono riportati, inoltre, i risultati dei Progetti Tesla e SCOoPE che l’ENEA ha sviluppato per sostenere la tematica dell’efficienza energetica come strumento prioritario per l’introduzione di innovazione per ammodernamento tecnologico delle imprese sia per diminuire gli elevati consumi di energia finale, attualmente stimati in circa 15 Mtep, sia per sostenere lo sviluppo socio-economico sostenibile del sistema agricolo-alimentare del nostro Paese.

Mechanisms of technical ceramic density adjusting

In this paper authors overviewed the most important stages of ceramics production process which give significant influence on final properties of product. Often density and porosity on the all producing stages determines exploitation ceramics properties. A calculation method for fractions ratio selection which provides optimal density is suggested here. Also, density changes during operations of grinding, forming, thermal treatment and sintering a row of specimens are researched and analysed. The data received allow to predict semi products size behaviour while producing and get definite final part with dimension required.

Sensory Quality and Calcium and Iron contents of the Products Incorporated with a Less Familiar Pseudo Cereal-Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Buckwheat is a gluten-free valuable raw material to be used for the production of functional foods. Taking into consideration its nutritive value and potential benefits to human health, an attempt was made to explore the potentialities of buckwheat by incorporating into 9 products which are categorized according to their susceptibility of spoilage. Under perishable category, Fruit Custard (FC) was more accepted than Vegetable Upma (VU) and Laddu (L), under semi perishable category, Sweet Mathri (SM) was more accepted than Methi Thepla (MT) and Vegetable Paratha (VP) (P≤0.05) and under non perishable category, Crunchy Masala Puri (CMP) was more accepted than Moong Dal Crispies (MDC) and Khakhra (K) which are (P≤0.05) on par with basic. Shelf-life studies of sensory qualities of non perishable products (CMP, K and MDC) revealed that there was no significant difference in the sensory attributes and the products was stable for 3 weeks (21 days) indicating the presence of polyphenols which also has anti-microbial properties responsible for its long shelf life. Nutrient analysis indicated that iron was more in variations of semi perishable (SM-8.0mg) followed by perishable (L-4.3mg) and non perishable products (K-4.0mg)/100 grams, Calcium was analyzed to be more in variations of non perishable (MDC-206.6mg) followed by perishable (L-200.4mg) and semi perishable products (SM-181.6mg)/100 grams. The study thus revealed that the consumption of 50-60 grams of these developed products can meet 1/5th to 1/8th of the days recommended allowance of iron and calcium (19mg and 600mg respectively) for an adolescence Indian girl (10-12 years).

TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES IN THE LAMINATION OF BANDS

This paper presents an experimental and practical study of the lamination of aluminium bands, determining the widening and the influence of various factors upon the widening. Two samples were laminated from two aluminium alloys, in the shape of bands. The points of the widening graph were drawn depending on the relative reduction for the two samples. For practical purposes, special importance is given to the preliminary determination of the value for the widening. Various factors influence the widening in lamination: the increase in the absolute reduction, the distribution of the reduction on passings, the shape of the deformation area, the ratio between the width and the length of the deformation area, the diameter of cylinders, the width of the semi products, the coefficient of friction, the lack of uniformity in the deformation. The widening is an important technological feature in the lamination process which needs to be monitored taking into consideration the factors that influence it in order to obtain finished products with high dimensional precision and reduced execution tolerance.

Development of modified starch technology (maltodextrin) from commercial tapioca on semi production scale using oil heater dextrinator

One way to improve functional starch is by modification of starch into dextrin or maltodextrin. Maltodextrin is used in the food industry as a food substitution. Development of enzymatically modified starch technology has been performed with the use of α-amylase at optimum pH of 5.5, temperature 75-85 °C, with enzyme activity of 135 KNU/g. The maltodextrin produced from commercial tapioca has the quality requirements for food according to SNI 1992. The yield of maltodextrin obtained is about 80%. The use of the optimum amount of the α-amylase enzyme is 0.07 % v/w and the substrate amount of tapioca starch is 35%. Analysis of the feasibility of modified starch with the assumption of production scale of 300 kg per day, the economic value of 10 years business, the price of starch is IDR 8,350/kg, from tapioca starch (tapioca) IDR 4,000 – IDR 4,500/kg.

Classification and Identification of Plant Fibrous Material with Different Species Using near Infrared Technique-A New Way to Approach Determining Biomass Properties Accurately within Different Species.

Plant fibrous material is a good resource in textile and other industries. Normally, several kinds of plant fibrous materials used in one process are needed to be identified and characterized in advance. It is easy to identify them when they are in raw condition. However, most of the materials are semi products which are ground, rotted or pre-hydrolyzed. To classify these samples which include different species with high accuracy is a big challenge. In this research, both qualitative and quantitative analysis methods were chosen to classify six different species of samples, including softwood, hardwood, bast, and aquatic plant. Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares (PLS) were used. The algorithm to classify different species of samples using PLS was created independently in this research. Results found that the six species can be successfully classified using SIMCA and PLS methods, and these two methods show similar results. The identification rates of kenaf, ramie and pine are 100%, and the identification rates of lotus, eucalyptus and tallow are higher than 94%. It is also found that spectra loadings can help pick up best wavenumber ranges for constructing the NIR model. Inter material distance can show how close between two species. Scores graph is helpful to choose the principal components numbers during the model construction.

Some properties of the superior and inferior semi inner product function associated to the 2-norm

Special properties that the scalar product enjoys and its close link with the norm function have raised the interest of researchers from a very long period of time. S.S. Dragomir presents concrete generalizations of the scalar product functions in a normed space and deals with the interesting properties of them. Based on S.S. Dragomirs idea in this paper we treat generalizations of superior and inferior scalar product functions in the case of semi-normed spaces and 2-normed spaces.

The field theories construction in spacetime with deformed Poincaré subgroups symmetries

The modern experiments have put strict restrictions on the possible violation of local Lorentz and CPT invariance. However there seem to exist some clues showing that the two symmetries are possibly broken. It would be remarkable to find out the possible breaking mechanism and build up a reasonable framework with Lorentz or CPT violation. As the spacetime corresponding to all possible of deformation of all the Poincare subgroups of the forms of semi product of the Lorentz subgroup with the spacetime translation are almost of Finsler type. We study here the particle dynamics in these Finsler spacetime and investigate their dispersion relations based on which we investigate the possible self-consistent field theories dynamics in the Finsler spacetime including scalar field, spinor field, vector field and gauge coupling. The modifications caused by deformation relative to field theories in Minkowski spacetime are discussed. The Finsler structures we study in this paper have strong dependence on the space-time direction. Thus, if space-time is of Finsler type, we can observe the dependence by well designed experiment.

Development of Forming Processes for MoNiCr Alloy

Nickel based super alloy MoNiCr was developed as the material with high corrosion and creep resistance against aggressive molten fluoride salt environment. This medium is used by Fluoride salt cooled High temperature Reactor (FHR) and Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) systems. The elements Mo, Cr and Fe are most important alloying elements accompanied by very low amount of Al + Ti. Necessity to prepare hot formed semi products such as sheets, bars, wires and tubes was the motivation for this new experimental program execution searching for suitable hot forming conditions. In the case of MoNiCr components forming, recrystallization is a crucial process allowing successful forming. Special attention was paid to this process after finding out, that this process is running very slowly or even not running at all, if inappropriate conditions are met. Proper temperature and strain rate range were determined and furthermore the influence of cold deformation on recrystallization progress was determined. It was found that cold deformation before hot forming as well as after hot forming can be successfully implemented into technological chain. Almost fully recrystallized microstructure can be achieved using synergy of both cold and hot deformation.