Semi-fragile Watermarking Technique Research Articles

FaceSigns: Semi-Fragile Watermarks for Media Authentication

Manipulated media is becoming a prominent threat due to the recent advances in realistic image and video synthesis techniques. There have been several attempts at detecting synthetically tampered media using machine learning classifiers. However, such classifiers do not generalize well to black-box image synthesis techniques and have been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial examples. To address these challenges, we introduce FaceSigns — a deep learning based semi-fragile watermarking technique that allows media authentication by verifying an invisible secret message embedded in the image pixels. Instead of identifying and detecting manipulated media using visual artifacts, we propose to proactively embed a semi-fragile watermark into a real image or video so that we can prove its authenticity when needed. FaceSigns is designed to be fragile to malicious manipulations or tampering while being robust to benign operations such as image/video compression, scaling, saturation, contrast adjustments etc. This allows images and videos shared over the internet to retain the verifiable watermark as long as a malicious modification technique is not applied. We demonstrate that our framework can embed a 128 bit secret as an imperceptible image watermark that can be recovered with a high bit recovery accuracy at several compression levels, while being non-recoverable when unseen malicious manipulations are applied. For a set of unseen benign and malicious manipulations studied in our work, our framework can reliably detect manipulated content with an AUC score of 0.996 which is significantly higher than prior image watermarking and steganography techniques.

Cryptanalysis and improvement of a semi-fragile watermarking technique for tamper detection and recovery

Cryptanalysis and improvement of a semi-fragile watermarking technique for tamper detection and recovery

A discrete wavelet transform-based audio watermarking technique for digital security

This work proposes a model using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to eliminate the attacks on digital security. Semi-fragile watermarking techniques strive towards establishing the confidentiality of data content. Minutiae algorithm finds its application in various fields to safeguard and protect the data content ensuring integrity of data security, authenticity, copyright proofs and data ownership. This work is based on the usage of the combined technique of employing the minutiae algorithm along with DWT for the secured retrieval of audio data to protect network security. Experimental results are shown for the proposed technique based on minutiae algorithm and DWT by considering the four parameters - signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), computation time, entropy and IQI. DWT ensures high secured digital network in areas like defense, satellite and related fields.

A Semi-Fragile Watermarking Scheme for Integrity Checking of Relational Databases

Extensive use of the Internet coupled with tremendous growth in database applications have created a huge demand for database security. The concepts of e-governance, e-commerce, e-business, e-learning, and digital libraries are already in place and evolving across poles. This raises various concomitant threats such as illegal copying, illegal redistribution, tampering, forgery and authentication of copyrighted digital assets. Digital Watermarking is an effective technique which can be introduced for solving the above mentioned threats. Based on the detection of the Watermark, the ownership and the integrity of the data can be asserted. Database Watermarking techniques are generally classified into two: i.e., Robust or Fragile. Robust watermarking techniques are designed for copyright protection and fragile watermarking techniques are for authentication or integrity checking of data. Watermarking schemes for relational databases authentication are almost fragile in nature. These algorithms do not allow any legitimate modification of the data. In most of the cases, innocent distortions such as tuple and/or attribute sorting may be considered as tampering. In this paper, the research work proposes a novel semi-fragile watermarking technique for tamper detection of relational databases. The new semi-fragile scheme can detect and localize malicious modifications, while allowing authorized updates. Theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that common database attacks can be detected with high rate of success.

A novel semi fragile watermarking technique for tamper detection and recovery using IWT and DCT

A novel semi fragile watermarking technique using integer wavelet transform (IWT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) for tamper detection and recovery to enhance enterprise multimedia security is proposed. In this paper, two types of watermark are generated which are namely the authentication watermark and recovery Watermark. The Watermarked Image is formed by embedding the authentication watermark which is generated using the proposed IWT based authentication watermark generating Technique. Next, the watermarked image is divided into 2 × 2 blocks and a 10 bit recovery watermark is generated from each of the 2 × 2 blocks using the proposed DCT based recovery watermark generation technique. The generated recovery watermark is used to form the recovery tag which is sent along with the watermarked image to the receiver. At the receiver side, the proposed tamper detection technique is used for verifying the authenticity and identifying the attacks in the watermarked image. If the manipulations are identified as malicious, then the tampered parts in the received image are recovered using the proposed tamper recovery technique. The performance of the proposed tamper detection and recovery technique was tested for different types of incidental/content preserving manipulations and various types of malicious attacks. When compared to the existing semi fragile watermarking techniques, the proposed embedding technique produced a better PSNR (Peak Signal to noise ratio) for various watermarked images. Also, the proposed tamper detection and recovery technique were able to localize the malicious attacks and subsequently recover the tampered parts when compared to the existing techniques. The increased performance of the proposed tamper detection and recovery technique was due to the usage of both Normalized Hamming Similarity (NHS) and tamper detection map in the proposed tamper detection technique to identify manipulations and due to the generation of both the authentication and recovery watermark.

A watermarking scheme based on rotating vector for image content authentication

Semi-fragile watermarking technique for digital image, as a technology for content authentication, aims at telling malicious tampering from content-preserving operators. However, with the resolution of imaging sensors increasing and the explosive growth of digital images on the internet, before authorization, watermarked images tend to undergo such double-compression environments as: first compression (JPEG/JPEG2000) for release, decoding, application processing (conventional signal processing such as nosing, filtering, cropping, and scaling/security attack/malicious tampering), and second compression (JPEG2000/JPEG) for release again. In this paper, based on rotating vector, we propose a novel watermarking expression method that can describe carrier semantics to a certain extent and its modulation algorithm for digital image, and analyze the stability of the watermarked data theoretically. Then, a semi-fragile watermarking scheme is proposed for image content authentication to effectively distinguish malicious content manipulation from content-preserving operations in the double-compression application environment, which expands the application scope of content authentication based on watermarking technology.

Review on Semi-Fragile Watermarking Algorithms for Content Authentication of Digital Images

With the popularity of network and the continuous development of multimedia technology, saving of network bandwidth and copyright protection of multimedia content have gradually attracted people’s attention. The fragile watermark for integrity authentication of image data and protection of copyright has become a hotspot. In the storage and transmission process, image data must be compressed to save network bandwidth. As a result, semi-fragile watermarking techniques, which can be used to distinguish common image processing operations from malicious tampering, are emerging. In this paper, semi-fragile watermarking algorithms for image authentication are surveyed. The basic principles and characteristics about semi-fragile watermarking algorithms are introduced, and several kinds of attack behaviors are also included. Aiming at several typical image-authentication algorithms, advantages and disadvantages are analyzed, and evaluation indexes of various algorithms are compared. Finally, we analyze the key points and difficulties in the study on semi-fragile watermarking algorithms, and the direction about future development is prospected.

Reversible Watermarking for Enhancing the Security and Storage of ECG Signal and EPR in DICOM Images

Hospital information system and picture archiving and communication system allow transfer of medical images via internet for sharing studies, getting second opinion from radiologist and physician etc. Storage and transmission of Medical Images is crucial as huge volumes are generated every day. Security of medical images is of greater concern for its role in clinical diagnostics. Digital image watermarking is a proven technique that addresses the security and storage issues concerned. The objective is to improve the storage of medical data by applying a reversible watermarking technique. This work presents a semi fragile watermarking technique which hides Electronic patient record and Electrocardiogram Signal (ECG) in the medical image. Embedding is done in discrete wavelet domain followed by singular value decomposition. Recursive dither modulation is used to embed the watermark consisting of EPR, ECG signal, Hash of Region of interest (ROI), vertices of ROI and Doctor Identification code (DIC). Security is provided by encrypting the watermark using Advanced Encryption Standard before embedding. Performance of the scheme is evaluated on DICOM images in different modalities using Peak Signal to noise ratio (PSNR), Mean Structural Similarity Index (MSSIM) and Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC). PSNR and MSSIM values obtained are above 57dB and 0.98 for the proposed technique. NCC value of 0.98 is obtained showing the robustness of the watermark. Thus the proposed work presents a technique for storing EPR and ECG signal in medical image offering better visual quality and security when compared to other techniques of this type.

Intelligent Watermarking Scheme for image Authentication and Recovery

Recently, researchers have proposed semi-fragile watermarking techniques with the additional capability of image recovery. However, these approaches have certain limitations with respect to capacity, imperceptibility, and robustness. In this paper, we are proposing two independent watermarks, one for image recovery and the other for authentication. The first watermark (image digest), a highly compressed version of the original image itself, is used to recover the distorted image. Unlike the traditional quantisation matrix, genetic programming based matrices are used for compression purposes. These matrices are based on the local characteristics of the original image. Furthermore, a second watermark, which is a pseudo-random binary matrix, is generated to authenticate the host image precisely. Experimental results show that the semi-fragility of the watermarks makes the proposed scheme tolerant of JPEG lossy compression and it locates the tampered regions accurately.

Color image authentication using a zone-corrected error-monitoring quantization-based watermarking technique

This article presents a semifragile color image watermarking technique for content authentication. The proposed technique can be implemented with color images and embeds a watermarking sequence into the low-frequency coefficients of the approximation, horizontal, and vertical sub-bands of a modified two-leveled discrete wavelet transform. This is obtained by inserting a predefined value, collected from two of the three R, G, and B color layers, into the third color layer. This gives an ability to monitor modifications by observing the changes occurring in the color layer where the watermark is embedded. Here, two measures were developed to check the technique copyright and authentication performances. Experimental results have shown a high accuracy in detecting and localizing intentional attacks while exhibiting a high robustness against common image processing attacks.

A Survey of Transform Domain based Semifragile Watermarking Schemes for Image Authentication

Image authentication is key research area for researchers’ world over due to its important function in multimedia content authentication. Hence it’s essential to check integrity of images before it can be put to use, in some applications such as medical, military and quality control images. In order to protect authenticity of images many approaches have been proposed, semifragile watermarking scheme is found useful in most of the practical applications. The aim of this paper is to present survey and comparison of transform domain based semifragile watermarking techniques for image authentication. Different transform domain methods used for semifragile watermark embedding are compared based on peak signal to noise ratio and mean square error. Comparative study reflects that selection of methods and parameters are application specific. Furthermore important requirements for an effective image authentication algorithm are also discussed.

Semifragile Watermarking Schemes for Image Authentication- A Survey

Digital images are very easy to manipulate, store, publish and secondary creation this juggle will lead to serious consequence in some applications such as military image, medical image. So, integrity of digital image must be authenticated. Tools that help us establish the authenticity and integrity of digital media are thus essential and can prove vital whenever questions are raised about the origin of an image and its content. To project authenticity of images semi fragile watermarking is very concerned by researchers because of its important function in content authentication. Semifragile watermarking aim to monitor contents of images not its representations. In present paper various semi fragile water marking algorithm are studied using some image quality matrices, insertion methods used, verification method . Finally some observations are given based on literature survey of algorithms and techniques of semifragile watermarking techniques

Novel wavelet-based QIM data hiding technique for tamper detection and correction of digital images

This paper proposes a tamper detection and correction technique using semi-fragile data hiding that aims to achieve high perceptual quality of images at the user-end even after malicious modifications. A binary signature and an image digest are embedded by modulating integer wavelet coefficients using dither modulation based quantization index modulation. Half-toning technique is used to obtain image digest from the low-resolution version of the host image itself. Decoder extracts the binary signature from the watermarked image for tamper detection, while the extracted image digest is used to correct the tamper region. Unlike previously proposed techniques, this novel approach distinguishes malicious changes from various common image processing operations more efficiently and also correct tapered regions effectively. Experimental results show that the proposed technique provides a superior performance in terms of probability of miss and false alarm as well as in tamper correction, compared to several existing semi-fragile watermarking techniques.

FPGA Implementation of High Speed Low Area DWT Based Invisible Image Watermarking Algorithm

In recent years, the applications about multimedia have been developed rapidly. Digital media brings about conveniences to the people, because it is easy to be processed. At the same time, it enables the illegal attackers to attack the works. For the protection of data, there has been growing interest in developing effective techniques to discourage the unauthorized duplication of digital data. Digital watermarking is the process of embedding information into a digital signal in a way that is difficult to remove. The fragile and semi fragile watermarking techniques have some serious disadvantages like increased use of resources, larger area requirements, and high power consumption. In order to overcome this, robust invisible watermarking technique is used in this paper for images. A watermark is embedded in the host signal for authentication. The whole algorithm is designed and simulated using simulink block in MATLAB and then the algorithm is converted into Hardware Description Language (HDL) using Xilinx system generator tool. The algorithm is prototyped in virtex -6 (vsx315tff1156-2) FPGA. The results show that proposed design can operate at maximum frequency 344MHz in Vertex 6 FPGA by consuming only 1.1% of available device.

A Weight-based Semi-Fragile Watermarking Scheme for Integrity Verification of Relational Data

In recent years, digital watermarking has been proposed as an efficient method for protecting database integrity. However, prior authentication watermarking schemes are all totally fragile, i.e., they do not allow any legitimate data modification. Moreover, with most of these schemes, innocent distortions such as tuple and/or attribute sorting may be considered as tampering. In this paper, we propose a novel semi-fragile watermarking technique for tamper detection of relational databases. First, the proposed scheme associates a weight to each database attribute that reflects its sensitivity to benign updates. Then, the tuples are securely distributed into groups in which a watermark is embedded independently. As a result, our semi-fragile scheme can detect and localize malicious modifications at group level, while allowing authorized updates. Theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that common database attacks can be detected with high rate.

Semi-fragile watermark for sensor data

This paper proposes a novel semi-fragile watermarking technique for sensor data. The proposed watermarking technique embeds the secret watermark in the order of the data readings rather than the data values themselves, thus, does not cause distortion to the transmitted data values. Transmitted data readings are organised in groups of fixed length. The watermarking algorithm then reorders data readings relative to each other according to the value of the secret watermark. The proposed scheme tolerates minor changes that might be caused by channel error. In case of a single attack, the proposed technique can identify the victim element with high probability. The paper provides detailed security analysis to show the robustness of the proposed techniques against various types of attacks. Extensive experiments are performed to measure the attack detection and victim identification rate. The execution time of the watermark embedding and integrity check is also shown.

Security on Fragile and Semi-fragile Watermarks Authentication

ABSTRACT Digital image manipulation software is now readily available on personal computers. It is therefore very simple to tamper with any image and make it available to others. Ensuring digital image security has therefore become a major issue. Watermarking has become a popular technique for copyright enforcement and image The aim of this paper is to present an overview of some possible attacks which may cause harm the present watermarking techniques. Here we have identified the attacks which frequently attacks some very well known fragile and semifragile watermarking techniques.. General Terms Security, Watermarking and Authentication. Keywords Attack, image authentication, watermark, fragile, semi-fragile, security, private key, public key. attack threats. We have specially fo 1. INTRODUCTION In today's world, digital images and video are gradually replacing their classical analog counterparts. This is quite understandable because digital format is easy to edit, modify, and exploit. Digital images and videos can be readily shared via computer networks and conveniently processed for queries in databases. Also, digital storage does not age or degrade with usage. On the other hand, thanks to powerful editing programs, it is very easy even for an amateur to maliciously modify digital media and create perfect forgeries. It is usually much more complicated to tamper with analog tapes and images. Tools that help us establish the authenticity and integrity of digital media are thus essential and can prove vital whenever questions are raised about the origin of an image and its content. In the past few years, many new techniques and concepts based on data hiding or steganography have been introduced as a means for tamper detection in digital images and for image Fragile watermarks are designed to detect every possible change in pixel values. In many schemes, it can be shown that without the secret key, the probability of a modification that will not be detected can be related to a cryptographic element present in the scheme, such as a hash function. Semi-fragile watermarks are moderately robust and thus provide a softer evaluation criterion (authentication with a degree). Some schemes have been specifically designed to be compatible with certain distortion, such as JPEG or wavelet compression. There is another special group of authentication techniques that can be termed authentication. In those schemes, robustly extracted image features are embedded in the image in a semi-robust manner to help identify gross changes in the image. In the security domain, an integrity service is unambiguously defined as one, which ensures that the sent and received data are identical. This binary definition is also applicable to images. In real life situations, images can be transformed, their pixel values can be modified but not the actual meaning of the image. In order to provide an authentication service for still images, it is important to distinguish between malicious manipulations, which consist of changing the content of the original image and manipulations related to the use of images. In this paper, we focus on different attacks on different watermarking techniques. So many watermarking schemes have been designed to provide authenticity to the digital images. But many of the proposed ideas are not totally secure because of the cused on the identification of the attacks to which the proposed watermarking schemes are vulnerable..

Medical Image Semi-fragile Watermarking in the Frequential Field

Abstract Medical imaging requires great integrity of content since any change in the image even in a slight amount might affect the diagnosis. Semi-fragile watermarking could be the best technique to provide an efficient image authentication tool for medical images. In this paper, we propose a semi-fragile watermarking technique for the tamper proofing of still images that can tolerate JPEG lossy compression to a predetermined lowest quality factor and rejects any replacement process. We also present comparison performance for the proposed algorithm to eight other common techniques.

Wavelet Based Image Authentication and Recovery

In this paper, we propose a secure semi-fragile watermarking technique based on integer wavelet transform with a choice of two watermarks to be embedded. A self-recovering algorithm is employed, that hides the image digest into some wavelet subbands for detecting possible illicit object manipulation undergone in the image. The semi-fragility makes the scheme tolerant against JPEG lossy compression with the quality factor as low as 70%, and locates the tampered area accurately. In addition, the system ensures more security because the embedded watermarks are protected with private keys. The computational complexity is reduced by using parameterized integer wavelet transform. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme guarantees safety of a watermark, recovery of image and localization of tampered area.

New semi-fragile image authentication watermarking techniques using random bias and nonuniform quantization

Semi-fragile watermarking techniques aim at detecting malicious manipulations on an image, while allowing acceptable manipulations such as lossy compression. Although both of these manipulations are considered to be pixel value changes, semi-fragile watermarks should be sensitive to malicious manipulations but robust to the degradation introduced by lossy compression and other defined acceptable manipulations. In this paper, after studying the characteristics of both natural images and malicious manipulations, we propose two new semi-fragile authentication techniques robust against lossy compression, using random bias and nonuniform quantization, to improve the performance of the methods proposed by Lin and Chang.