Semantic Web Service Composition Research Articles

Memetic EDA-Based Approaches to QoS-Aware Fully Automated Semantic Web Service Composition

Comprehensive quality-aware automated semantic web service composition is an NP-hard problem, where service composition workflows are unknown, and comprehensive quality, i.e., Quality of services (QoS) and Quality of semantic matchmaking (QoSM) are simultaneously optimized. The objective of this problem is to find a solution with optimized or near-optimized overall QoS and QoSM within polynomial time over a service request. In this paper, we proposed novel memetic EDA-based approaches to tackle this problem. The proposed method investigates the effectiveness of several neighborhood structures of composite services by proposing domain-dependent local search operators. Apart from that, a joint strategy of the local search procedure is proposed to integrate with a modified EDA to reduce the overall computation time of our memetic approach. To better demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of our approach, we create a more challenging, augmented version of the service composition benchmark based on WSC-08 \cite{bansal2008wsc} and WSC-09 \cite{kona2009wsc}. Experimental results on this benchmark show that one of our proposed memetic EDA-based approach (i.e., MEEDA-LOP) significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art algorithms.

Reinforcement learning infused intelligent framework for semantic web service composition

Reinforcement learning infused intelligent framework for semantic web service composition

Req-WSComposer: a novel platform for requirements-driven composition of semantic web services

Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) describes a specific paradigm of computing that utilizes Web services as reusable components in order to develop new software applications. SOC allows distributed applications to work together via the Internet without direct human intervention. In this work, we propose a new SOC-based approach to ensure application development. This approach ensures the discovery, selection, and composition of the most appropriate Web services. With this approach, various requirements (both functional and non-functional) are specified by the developer to satisfy QoS, QoE, and QoBiz parameters and Web services are selected and composed to meet these requirements. Our approach is implemented using the Req-WSComposer (Requirements-based Web Services Composer) platform, whose functionalities are tested using an extended and enriched version of the OWLS-TC dataset, which includes around 10,830 semantic Web services descriptions. The results of our experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach enables users to extract the most appropriate composition solution that satisfies the developer's pre-determined requirements.

Investigation on Blockchain Technology for Web Service Composition

The blockchain is an incorruptible digital ledger of economic transactions that can be programmed to record not just financial transactions but virtually everything of value. Blockchain technology makes breakthroughs in business intelligence in many areas such as banking sector, finance, judiciary, commerce, and information technology. Web service compositions have a revolutionary impact on business intelligence by enabling loose coupling, data consolidation from diverse sources, consolidation of information under a single roof, easing ad-hoc querying and reporting. The objective of current work is to investigate the applicability of blockchain for the semantic web service composition process. The paper focuses on design of conceptual architecture and the algorithm for QoS-aware semantic web service composition (SWSC) using blockchain.

An Efficient Bounded Model Checking Approach for Web Service Composition

With the development of service-oriented architecture, Web service composition has become more important for mitigating potential security vulnerabilities. When the scale of services increases, it will lead to the problem of state explosion. Symbolic model checking is a common method used to alleviate the problem of state-space explosion. However, for a large Web service composition system, the number of services is large, and the corresponding state space may exceed the magnitude of the symbolic model checking that can verify it. As it alleviates the state-space explosion problem, bounded model checking was utilized in the present study to verify the properties of the service composition system. Bounded model checking searches for bounded counterexamples in a limited local space and reduces the state space. This study verifies the composition of semantic Web services described by OWL-S and proposes a timed service model (TSM) to formally model the service composition system. Furthermore, the auto-mapping relationship between the OWL-S service description and the model is established. For more efficient verification, this study uses SMT-based (SMT: satisfiability modulo theory) encoding in the TSM. Finally, a public emergency service composition system was built to verify the proposed model and the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

Servicing Your Requirements: An FCA and RCA-Driven Approach for Semantic Web Services Composition

The evolution of Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) provides more efficient software development methods for building and engineering new value-added service-based applications. SOC is a computing paradigm that relies on Web services as fundamental elements. Research and technical advancements in Web services composition have been considered as an effective opportunity to develop new service-based applications satisfying complex requirements rapidly and efficiently. In this paper, we present a novel approach enhancing the composition of semantic Web services. The novelty of our approach, as compared to others reported in the literature, rests on: i) mapping user's/organization's requirements with Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) and semantic descriptions using ontologies, ii) considering functional requirements and also different types of non-functional requirements, such as quality of service (QoS), quality of experience (QoE), and quality of business (QoBiz), iii) using Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) technique to select the optimal set of Web services, iv) considering composability levels between sequential Web services using Relational Concept Analysis (RCA) technique to decrease the required adaptation efforts, and finally, v) validating the obtained service-based applications by performing an analytical technique, which is the monitoring. The approach experimented on an extended version of the OWLS-TC dataset, which includes more than 10830 Web services descriptions from various domains. The obtained results demonstrate that our approach allows to successfully and effectively compose Web services satisfying different types of user's functional and non-functional requirements.

Semantic web service composition using semantic similarity measures and formal concept analysis

One of the main assets of the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is composition, which consists in developing higher-level services by re-using well-known functionality provided by other services in a low-cost and rapid development process. In this paper, we present IDECSE a new integrated approach for composite services engineering. By considering semantic Web services, IDECSE addresses the challenge of fully automating the classification, discovery and composition while reducing development time and cost. The classification and the discovery processes rely on adequate semantic similarity measures. Both semantic and syntactic descriptions are integrated through specific techniques for computing similarity measures between services. Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) is used then to classify Web services into concept lattices in order to facilitate relevant services identification. A graph based semantic Web service composition process was proposed within the IDECSE framework. Using semantic similarities in grouping classes of services and in composing services shows a significant improvement compared to other approaches.

An Optimized Semantic Web Service Composition Method Based on Clustering and Ant Colony Algorithm

An Optimized Semantic Web Service Composition Method Based on Clustering and Ant Colony Algorithm

Formal Specification of Adaptable Semantic Web Services Composition

This article proposes a formal specification method for Web services composition based on context-aware semantic planning graph technique. The authors first use a graph planning technique to conceive an adaptable semantic Web services composition. They use an ontology based context model for extending Web services descriptions with information about the most suitable context for its use. Then, the composition problem is transformed into a semantic context aware graph planning problem to build a set of best-composed Web services based on the user's context. Because of the error-prone nature of the Web services composition process, and with the integration of context information in this process, the complexity of Web services-based systems is increasing, hence the need for formal specification and verification approaches of such systems. The authors seek to use CCA calculus, to formalize Web services composition expressed in terms of adaptable OWL-S, and transform the description of workflow patterns into the description patterns in terms of CCA, a calculus for context-aware ambients.

Semantic Web Services Composition in the astrophysics domain: Issues and solutions

Semantic Web services (SWS) have been hailed for their role in realizing the potential of composing services in the context of service-oriented computing. However, many application domains, such as astrophysics, require a major rethinking of how service composition should take place despite his potential. In this paper, we describe an approach for automatic, user-friendly SWS composition for the astrophysics domain that features certain particularities like correlated or optional inputs, aggregates, and inclusion of non-Web services. The approach selects the best SWSs using non-functional requirements along with users’ previous experience feedback and is demonstrated using some real astrophysics services.

Semantic Web Service Composition based on Graph Search

In Web Service Composition, services or APIs from multiple and independent providers are combined to create new functionality. Web Service Challenges have formalized the problem at a series of events where the community competed with various solutions. The composition problem has been incrementally extended adding more expressiveness and since 2006 the semantic aspect was addressed by the use of ontologies for service parameter description. In this paper, we propose a polynomial-time algorithm based on graph search, that solves the 2008 challenge. The algorithm uses a heuristic to address the NP-Hard problem of optimizing the number of services selected. Experimental results show that our solution is several times faster and generates shorter compositions on all evaluation tests compared with all winning solutions of the competition. Also, it is up to 50 times faster and very close to generate shortest compositions on the tests, compared with the solution published in 2011, that generates optimal compositions.

Уніфікований процес композиції адаптивного сервісу в семантичному Веб-середовищі

Уніфікований процес композиції адаптивного сервісу в семантичному Веб-середовищі

CASAS: A tool for composing automatically and semantically astrophysical services

Multiple astronomical datasets are available through internet and the astrophysical Distributed Computing Infrastructure (DCI) called Virtual Observatory (VO). Some scientific workflow technologies exist for retrieving and combining data from those sources. However selection of relevant services, automation of the workflows composition and the lack of user-friendly platforms remain a concern. This paper presents CASAS, a tool for semantic web services composition in astrophysics. This tool proposes automatic composition of astrophysical web services and brings a semantics-based, automatic composition of workflows. It widens the services choice and eases the use of heterogeneous services. Semantic web services composition relies on ontologies for elaborating the services composition; this work is based on Astrophysical Services ONtology (ASON). ASON had its structure mostly inherited from the VO services capacities. Nevertheless, our approach is not limited to the VO and brings VO plus non-VO services together without the need for premade recipes. CASAS is available for use through a simple web interface.

QoS-aware optimal and automated semantic web service composition with user’s constraints

Automated semantic web service composition is one of the critical research challenges of service-oriented computing, since it allows users to create an application simply by specifying the inputs that the application requires, the outputs it should produce, and any constraints it should respect. The composition problem has been handled using a variety of techniques, from artificial intelligence planning to optimization algorithms. However no approach so far has focused on handling three composition dimensions simultaneously, producing solutions that are: (1) fully functional (i.e., fully executable) by using a mechanism of semantic matching between the services involved in the solutions, (2) are optimized according to non-functional quality-of-service (QoS) measurements, and (3) respect global QoS constraints. This paper presents a novel approach based on a Harmony Search algorithm that addresses these three dimensions simultaneously through a fitness function, to select the optimal or near-optimal solution in semantic web service composition. In our approach, the search space is modeled as a planning-graph structure which encodes all the possible composition solutions for a given user request. To improve the selection process we have compared the original Harmony Search algorithm with its recently developed variants Improved Harmony Search (IHS) algorithm and Global Best Harmony Search (GHS) algorithm. An experimentation of the approach conducted with an extended version of the Web Service Challenge 2009 dataset showed that: (1) our approach is efficient and effective to extract the optimal or near-optimal composition in diverse scenarios; and (2) both variants IHS and GHS algorithms have brought improvements in terms of fitness and execution time.

SemanticSCo: A platform to support the semantic composition of services for gene expression analysis

Gene expression studies often require the combined use of a number of analysis tools. However, manual integration of analysis tools can be cumbersome and error prone. To support a higher level of automation in the integration process, efforts have been made in the biomedical domain towards the development of semantic web services and supporting composition environments. Yet, most environments consider only the execution of simple service behaviours and requires users to focus on technical details of the composition process.We propose a novel approach to the semantic composition of gene expression analysis services that addresses the shortcomings of the existing solutions. Our approach includes an architecture designed to support the service composition process for gene expression analysis, and a flexible strategy for the (semi) automatic composition of semantic web services. Finally, we implement a supporting platform called SemanticSCo to realize the proposed composition approach and demonstrate its functionality by successfully reproducing a microarray study documented in the literature.The SemanticSCo platform provides support for the composition of RESTful web services semantically annotated using SAWSDL. Our platform also supports the definition of constraints/conditions regarding the order in which service operations should be invoked, thus enabling the definition of complex service behaviours. Our proposed solution for semantic web service composition takes into account the requirements of different stakeholders and addresses all phases of the service composition process. It also provides support for the definition of analysis workflows at a high-level of abstraction, thus enabling users to focus on biological research issues rather than on the technical details of the composition process. The SemanticSCo source code is available at https://github.com/usplssb/SemanticSCo.

Graph-Based Semantic Web Service Composition for Healthcare Data Integration.

Within the numerous and heterogeneous web services offered through different sources, automatic web services composition is the most convenient method for building complex business processes that permit invocation of multiple existing atomic services. The current solutions in functional web services composition lack autonomous queries of semantic matches within the parameters of web services, which are necessary in the composition of large-scale related services. In this paper, we propose a graph-based Semantic Web Services composition system consisting of two subsystems: management time and run time. The management-time subsystem is responsible for dependency graph preparation in which a dependency graph of related services is generated automatically according to the proposed semantic matchmaking rules. The run-time subsystem is responsible for discovering the potential web services and nonredundant web services composition of a user's query using a graph-based searching algorithm. The proposed approach was applied to healthcare data integration in different health organizations and was evaluated according to two aspects: execution time measurement and correctness measurement.

Cloud computing as a facilitator for web service composition in factory automation

Cloud computing is an information technology paradigm enabling companies to sell computing resources more dynamically. Software and hardware are now commodities leased on demand. Because computer systems leased from a cloud service provider, virtual machines, are typically connected to internet, they can host web services, which are frequently components of service oriented architectures (SOAs). Such architectures have recently been adopted in factory automation, as they allow systems to reach high levels of decentralization and loose-coupling. SOA-based Factory automation systems combine physical production equipment with web services that belong to the information processing (cyber) domain, and they are therefore highly cyber-physical. When some of the services are deployed on cloud resources, SOA-based factory automation systems can be classified cloud-based cyber-physical systems. Each service in such a system is typically able to perform rather simple, atomic operations, whereas achievement of complex goals requires that the services be composed to collaboratively carry out workflows. This article investigates the use of cloud resources in automatic service workflow composition. To facilitate the acquisition and utilization of cloud resources, a system of two specialized web services is proposed. The system includes a web service that dynamically deploys virtual machines to carry out planning processes, thereby exhibiting artificial intelligence. Finally, this paper demonstrates the integration of the system with a previously proposed semantic web service composition framework.

SWEFT: Semantic Web Service Engine for Telecommunication – An Automatic Discovery and Composition through Genetic Approach

The web service developed by telecommunication domain is ineffective since they are demonstrated by syntactic description rather than semantic. The motivation of the research is to have semantic description with existing web services, and provides discovery, composition and invocation of web services automatically. The objective is to identify the discovery and composition concerns and devise a compositional approach that covers all concerns. So a new prototype named Semantic Web Service Engine for Telecommunication which automatically discover and composite a web service was proposed, enables semantic through upper ontology and maps Web Service Description Language to Ontology Web Language-Semantic. For composition, a genetic algorithm was proposed which can solve problems with great distinctiveness. This approach automatically discovers and generates the required composite semantic web services and considers all identified concerns concurrently, improves the accuracy for the service discovery and unifies the semantic representation of telecommunications without human intervention.

A QoS-aware approach for runtime discovery, selection and composition of semantic web services

Purpose Web services play vital role in the development of emerging technologies such as Cloud computing and Internet of Things. Although, there is a close relationship among the discovery, selection and composition tasks of Web services, research community has treated these challenges at individual level rather to focus on them collectively for developing efficient solution, which is the purpose of this work. This paper aims to propose an approach to integrate the service discovery, selection and composition of Semantic Web services on runtime basis. Design/methodology/approach The proposed approach defined as a quality of service (QoS)-aware approach is based on QoS model to perform discovery, selection and composition tasks at runtime to enhance the user satisfaction and quality guarantee by incorporating non-functional parameters such as response time and throughput with the Web services and user request. In this paper, the proposed approach is based on ontology for semantic description of Web services, which provides interoperability and automation in the Web services tasks. Findings This work proposed an integrated framework of Web service discovery, selection and composition which supports end user to search, select and compose the Web services at runtime using semantic description and non-functional requirements. The proposed approach is evaluated by various data sets from the Web Service Challenge 2009 (WSC-2009) to show the efficiency of this work. A use case scenario of Healthcare Information System is implemented using proposed work to demonstrate the usability and requirement the proposed approach. Originality/value The main contribution of this paper is to develop an integrated approach of Semantic Web services discovery, selection and composition by using the non-functional requirements.

A Novel Rubric and Feature-based Appraisaland Comparison Framework for the Evaluationof Semantic Web Services Composition Approaches

Background/Objectives: This article proposes a novel methodology based on rubrics and feature-based schemes for the appraisal and comparison of approaches to semantic Web services composition and discovery. Methods/Statistical analysis: In order to evaluate the Semantic Web services composition and discovery approaches we created a new framework called RFSWS. This framework is the combination of traditional feature-based evaluation schemes and newly developed analytic rubrics tables. Five recently introduced prominent Semantic Web services composition approaches were identified, explained, and then evaluated/compared using RFSWS. Findings: In this work we determined aspects of Semantic Web services composition and discovery processes that can be evaluated as performance criteria in rubric tables. This is a novel application of rubrics, which have traditionally been used for grading student performance by teachers. We created a novel framework called RFSWS consisting of rubric tables and a feature-based evaluation scheme for the evaluation and comparison of Semantic Web service discovery and composition approaches, and applied it in the evaluation of five recently introduced prominent Semantic Web services composition approaches. Considering the shortcomings of existing Semantic Web services composition approaches that were discovered through this evaluation, we proposed an idealized dynamic Semantic Web service discovery and composition method, a yardstick by which all future Semantic Web services composition approaches can be evaluated. Application/ Improvements: Our novel RFSWS framework can be applied in the comprehensive and systematic evaluation/comparison of Semantic Web services discovery and composition approaches.