Semantic Markers Research Articles

HYPNOINDUCTORS OF THE EFFECTIVE FORMULA OF POSITIVATION IN SOCIAL ADVERTISING DISCOURSE

The article is devoted to influential elements of social advertising discourse, where Milton-model inductions are arranged, which is proposed to be nominated as hypnoinducers. The purpose of the study was to identify actual hypnoinducers of the influential formula of positivity in social advertising discourse. The object of intelligence research is Ukrainian advertising megadiscourse, the subject is suggestive markers of Ukrainian social advertising discourse. General scientific methods contributed to the delineation of specific features of social advertising discourse, various types of hypnoinducers (descriptive method); identification of the components of a communicative suggestion and combining them into a whole (methods of analysis and synthesis); concretization of general conclusions (method of induction); construction of formula models of advertising influence (modeling method). Special linguistic — the study of the semantic load and functional features of linguistic components of social advertising discourse (contextualinterpretive and component analysis) and the communicative nature of advertising suggestogens (elements of discursive analysis). The methodological base of the latest scientific directions (suggestive linguistics and neurolinguistic programming) made it possible to differentiate and systematize relevant markers (hypnoinducers) of advertising suggestion (methods of meta- and Milton-model identification and suggestive qualification, which are distinguished by R. Bandler, J. Grinder, M. Erikson, T. Yu. Kovalevska. The formulas of vectors of emotional orientation of influence are presented: positivity, negation and change of vector (in commercial, political and social advertising discourses), where special attention is paid to the formula of positivity realized in social advertising discourse. Relevant hypnoinducers, which are fixed in the above formula. In particular, hypnoinducers of complex syntactic structure + lexical-semantic hypnoinductors ("point" markers) and actually lexical-semantic hypnoinducers are singled out. Truisms can act as hypnoinducers of complex syntactic structure; pattern break; "reading thoughts" complicated by other hypnoinducers, and quotations, or "quotes" of an established and transformed structure, which, in turn, often act as separate hypnoinducers without the support of lexical and semantic markers. Elements of the inverse metamodel of the processes of omission (nominalization, nonspecific vocabulary) and generalization (universal quantifiers, modal operators of necessity) act as lexical-semantic hypnoinducers. The characteristic feature is the presence of affectives as super (powerful) hypnoinducers, the presence of ergonomics varies, and predicates are not clearly represented. Prospects for research development: in-depth analysis and systematization of current hypnoinducers in various genres of advertising discourse, which will expand the spectrum of the most effective influential dominants.

SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC MANIFESTATION OF MODALEM AND SPECIFICS OF DIALOGIC DISCOURSE TRANSLATION (based on the parallel corpus)

The article centers on the description of the category of subjective modality of dialogic discourse in terms of its semantic and pragmatic nature, exemplify the concept of modalem as a semantic marker of a verbal message, a means of expressing the subjective modality and a semantic quantum of the speaker’s remarks in a literary discourse. It alsо provides a semantic typology of modalems and illustrates the role of modalems with equivalent verbal content. The structure of dialogic discourse includes: producer – reference situation – remark – recipient. These are the components of communicative situation. The semantic load of such a communication conveys an obligatory modal aspect which is formed by the superposition of semantic and pragmatic coordinates. The process of subjectification (modalization) of the speaker’s remark in fictional discourse begins with the subjective view and perspective one of objective reality, described through a selected subjective mode of comprehension which represents the subjective modality of discourse. In other words, the subjective modal marking of discourse implies the speaker’s intention. Modalization is a complex process of including additional meanings onto the verbal information of a remark, determined by the author-producer’s intentions and their attitude towards the referential meaning. It serves as a pragmatic and axiological quantum of information that the producer embeds in their verbal message. The deciphering of modalem in the context of direct communicative interaction, as exemplified by the dialogic discourse of fictional prose, represents the semantic link that binds together “what the speaker said” and “what they meant to say” into a single semantic whole. For beginner translators, working with corpora for identifying the ways to convey modalems in different languages serves both a reliable basis for successful translation activities and an essential source for practicing interpreting and simultaneous translating.

Religious Motifs in Soviet Prose by M. Sholokhov (Story “Family Man”)

A new interpretation of Mikhail Sholokhov’s story “Family Man” from the collection of stories “Lazorevaya Step” (“Don Stories”) is proposed. Traditionally, the image of the central character — the Cossack ferryman Mikishara — has been interpreted as a portrayal of a sinful hero, a criminal, a patricide. However, the author of the article considers the leading character’s image in light of biblical motifs and parallels. It is demonstrated that the old ferryman’s night confession is permeated with allusions to sacred biblical texts, specifically to the image of God the Father who sent his own Son to death. The image of the Cossack father is constructed by the writer in projection to the sacred image of the Father-Spirit, and in this comparison, new semantic markers of the character’s nature are explicitly revealed. The temporal constant of the confessional narrative — Easter — is supplemented by Sholokhov with motifs such as dove, soul, willow, river, fish, and others. Thus, an unexplored layer of meaning in the work emerges in which new components of the motif system begin to appear: not sin and guilt, but misfortune and sacrificialness, torment and suffering that the Cossack-father faced in the conditions of a terrible fratricidal civil war. The analysis demonstrates how the poethological components of the story (title, change of title, composition “story within a story”, plot dynamics and narrative pauses, symbolized landscape, portraiture techniques, etc.) are oriented by the writer towards authorial evaluative meanings.

Structural and semantic analysis of the concept union in political media discourse (comparative study of the English, German and Russian languages)

The article analyzes the semantic structure of the concept union by comparing its semantic markers for different European languages within the media discourse. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of individual meanings expressed through semantic markers in the media discourse of these languages and reflecting the uniqueness of the implementation of the concept union in semantic terms. When considering the features of meaning, semantic markers associated with the central concept are established; patterns of their frequency of use in the languages under study and factors influencing the transformation of semantics are determined. The interrelation of situations of communicative interaction and its influence on the realization of the specific meaning of the concept union indicate the high relevance of the study.The choice of linguistic means of implementing the concept and the role of the communicative situation in this process has a significant impact on the negative or positive assessment of the phenomenon itself. The research methodology includes elements of system analysis, linguistic description method, discourse analysis, semantic and component analysis. The study uses statistical data extracted from the corpus corresponding to the declared languages by automatic sampling according to the specified parameters.The authors conclude that the semantic structure of the concept is realized depending on the communicative situation by various semantic markers, which, with the similarity of structures in the course of historical development and various social experiences, have a divergence of meaning, which may later serve as a space for various kinds of semantic manipulations in modern media discourse. The peculiarities of the use of the concept union in politically oriented texts of the studied languages are also of interest.

PROVOCATIVE QUESTIONS AND REACTIONS TO THEM IN A POLITICAL INTERVIEW

Provocative questions are one of the most effective techniques in a political interview. The article considers the communication strategies and tactics of politicians as a reaction to provocative questions, as well as the means of creating a provocation by journalists. The purpose of the study is to analyze provocative questions and responding replica of politicians. The article is a contribution to the study of political interviews as a special genre of political discourse, as well as to the development of a methodology for analyzing communication strategies and tactics. The main methods were the method of contextual analysis and pragmalinguistic analysis in combination with the method of component analysis. The analysis found that the journalist has a limited set of ways to construct provocations in questions of a political interview, in contrast to a set of strategies in the answers of politicians. The provocation of journalists was created with the help of such lexical and syntactic means as metaphors, irony, repetition, parallel constructions. To increase emotional pressure, enumerations with negatively colored pragmes, semantic markers of confidence were used. Politicians' responses included selfdefense, counter-attack, and avoidance strategies. The choice of a strategy and the way of its implementation is the reflection of such factor as the image of the politician. The value of the study and its practical significance lies in the use of its main results for research in the field of political communication, as well as in the practice of disciplines related to political linguistics.

Implicit Grammatical Gender Representation in Italian Children with Autism without Intellectual/Language Disorder.

Grammatical language development in individuals with autism (without intellectual/language impairment) is mostly qualitatively comparable to language development in typically developing children of the same age. The majority of tasks used to study grammatical development require explicit performance (use of verbal language). Here, we administered an implicit categorization task (by biological sex) to understand which markers children use to implicitly infer grammatical gender representation in Italian (a gendered language where grammatical gender can be inferred via a determiner and/or word ending). Participants were asked to categorize photos of animals, relying on the names that differed in regard to the grammatical markers involved (i.e., lexical semantic, phonological, syntactic or phonological + syntactic). Children with autism displayed the same patterns observed in typically developing children: the lexical-semantic marker was categorized more accurately, followed in decreasing order by the phonological-syntactic marker and the phonological marker. The syntactic marker was the most difficult to categorize for both groups. In addition, children with autism showed an advantage in grammatical gender representation when using formal/grammatical markers than when using lexical/semantic markers. Such an implicit assessment allows for the investigation of more nuanced linguistic representations other than those expressed by traditional assessments.

Exploring the Multifaceted Nature of Complex Syntactic Units in Linguistic Texts

This research delves into the intricate realm of complex syntactic units, emphasizing their role as pivotal linguistic and methodological entities. By intertwining the planes of expression and content, the study underscores the structural and semantic markers that define these units. A comprehensive review of existing literature on the subject reveals the depth and breadth of understanding surrounding complex syntactic units. The paper further highlights the primary characteristics of these units, emphasizing their role in bridging individual sentences and facilitating coherent communication. Special focus is given to the concluding sentences within these units, which play a crucial role in connecting and contextualizing disparate sentences.

Семантический аспект деконструкции морали (на материале немецкого языка)

The study aims to determine the semantic features of the transforming morality and its discourse. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the author’s approach to identifying and describing the semantics of morality and moral discourse, taking into account the most typical collocations of the keyword ‘Moral’ acting as a subject. As a result of the study, it was found that metaphors, metaphtonymies and intertextuality serve as the semantic markers of the transforming morality as a subject in the type of discourse under consideration. The analysis of examples of moral discourse, in which ‘Moral’ acts as a subject, has shown that intertextuality is manifested in the use of precedent phenomena in moral discourse referring to moral issues. Aphorisms can undergo formal transformations and receive occasional components without changing the negative axiological vector of moral discourse. It is determined that the sports metaphor ‘auf der Strecke bleiben’, which is based on the metaphorical model LIFE is A SPORTS COMPETITION, is actualised in moral discourse. The conceptual vector of rivalry reflects the real worldview and the place that morality occupies in it: morality appears as a loser, a player who has lost the race, who has conceded victory to politics, art, profit and economic progress. The metaphtonymies ‘Moral verlangt’, ‘Moral herrscht’ have negative evaluativeness. Metaphors and metaphtonymies in moral discourse emphasise the secondary nature of morality at the present stage of societal development.

INTERCATEGORIAL INTERSECTION OF THE INTERACTING CATEGORIES OF TAXIS, TEMPORALITY AND TEMPORAL LOCALIZATION

The purpose of this article is to consider the issue of the intercategorial intersection of the interacting categories of taxis, temporality and temporal localization. The category of taxis is considered to be the center or focus of intercategorial connections leading to the categories of temporality and temporal localization. The category of taxis acts as a semantic marker, while the categories of temporality and temporal localization act as a semantic background. As a result of the study, it was found that the intersection of the categories of taxis, temporality and temporal localization is based on the semantic function of taxis and determines the actualization of primary-taxis situations of simultaneity, precedence and posteriority in German statements with temporal prepositions, temporal, local, iterative quantifiers and distributive verbs.

Componential Analysis of Ana/Mat'/Mother Words: Mother Prototype Extension

The research is aimed at identifying the specifics of ana (mother -Kazakh)/mat’ (mother-Russian)/mother semantic broadening in the Kazakh, Russian and English languages. The componential analysis method of lexicalized word definitions is used to do this. It has been revealed that they present a prototype of mother semantic markers, as well as “woman”, “giving birth”, “raising”, and “single-generation” distinguishers, which produce the intention meaning. It is important to emphasize that a “mother” prototype semantic broadening is associated with the changes in the world around us, the development of health reproduction technologies, as well as the change of social values. Implicational meanings arise due to variation of “giving birth”, “raising”, “having”, “kinship” intentional functional and relational semes, e.g. a surrogate mother, a birthmother, a genetic mother, etc. This leads to a mother’s ideal prototypical image “blurring” in the minds of native speakers.

The metaphorical representation of the concept of “mother” in the epic works by Borys Antonenko-Davydovych, Rou Shi and Vsevolod Ivanov

The research paper highlights the metaphorical representation of the concept of "mother" in the works of fiction by Ukrainian, Chinese and Russian writers. The authors of this paper analyzed the novel "Behind the curtain" by Borys Antonenko-Davydovych, the story "A Slave Mother" ("为奴隶的母亲") by Rou Shi and the story "Polaia Arapiia" by Vsevolod Ivanov. In Borys Antonenko-Davydovych’s novel "Behind the curtain" the metaphor of "Motherland" is represented by the concept of "mother". In the novel this metaphor is defined by the research paper’s authors from the subtext of the work of fiction. The concept of "mother" in the story of Chinese writer is realized through the metaphor of "female slave", that is presented in the title of the work. The metaphor of "hope" represents the concept of "mother" in the story of Russian writer, this metaphor is represented in the name of the main character. This paper proves that the concept of "mother" in the epic works of Ukrainian, Chinese and Russian writers is also represented through the metaphor of "berehynia", which indicates the similarity of these three works. The concept of "mother" in the novel "Behind the curtain" by Borys Antonenko-Davydovych, the story "A Slave Mother" ("为奴隶的母亲") by Rou Shi and the story "Polaia Arapiia" by Vsevolod Ivanov is represented through similar semantic markers: motherly love, humility, self-sacrifice, mental strength over a man, unselfishness, protection, humanity, kindness.

Overlapping Sociolinguistic Underpinnings with Semantic Aspects of Cross-cultural Communication in African Drama Texts Translation

Analyzing semantic aspects of cross-cultural communication in drama texts translation within the African socio-cultural perspective constitutes a major challenge in the field of sociolinguistics, especially in this era of globalization influenced by aided technology, linguistic diffusion, and socio-cultural identity adulteration. Within this perspective, it is obliging for translation problems to constitute the core of communication across cultures, especially African cultures that are still considered rudimentary. The fact that many African languages do not exist in written forms constitutes a limitation to the effective transference of mother tongue socio-cultural linguistic nuances to learned official languages entangled with sociocultural context meanings of actions, thoughts and feelings as lived and experienced within the immediate or larger linguistic community. Present trends on effective drama text translation – (delocalization, polarization between performability and readability) are in favor of reviewing social structures as meaning oriented, while observed behavior is now equally being recognized as a manifestation of a deeper set of codes and rules. From this, the task of the translator is seen more as that of unraveling contextually appropriate communication within cultural frames than just a lexicosemantic restitution of texts. This study sets out to examine the convergent stances in sociology and linguistics and to postulate that the language used in a social context raises serious questions about language and communication in heterogeneous speech communities. The paper further argues that analyzing semantic aspects of cross-cultural communication in drama texts translation within the African socio-cultural perspective constitutes a major challenge in communicating across cultures since translators must sort to establish the highest possible degree of semantic agreement and intelligibility. The paper rabes up with the justification as to why sociolinguistic analysis should have precedence over semantics, for not only what is said is central to translation but how, to whom, in what manner and under what particular social circumstances must be seen as semantic markers.

Утверждение онтологии “международного” на основе радикального конструктивизма

The “International Relations” (“IR”) discipline is going through a double-disciplinary crisis. Once again, there is a general feeling of increasingly fragmenting common ground within the discipline (the first crisis) and the acknowledgment that the “IR” only imports concepts and methods from other disciplines but does not export any (the second crisis). Both crises share the same origin. The subject matter – “international” – has not been rooted in any social ontology. The discipline is now searching for the social ontology of “international.” The most discussed candidate for such a role is “societal multiplicity”, a product of “uneven and combined development”. The article offers an alternative variant of the social ontology for “international,” which is based on Niklas Luhmann’s system theory and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s social theory. It argues that “international” is rooted in the segmentary systemic differentiation between inside and outside and in the struggle for recognition of these segments. The semantic marker for this ontology is “sovereignty.” In this way, “sovereignty” turns into a systemic program (in Luhmann’s terms) of international politics (as a subsystem of the world society political system), designating the common ground for the discipline and marking social processes and phenomena, which can be studied within the “IR”. This will allow the “International Relations” to export some of its concepts and methods to other social science disciplines. The article critically engages with the Theory of World Politics by Mathias Albert, reconstructing it to meet the challenge of the double-disciplinary crisis. The “balance of power” is criticized with the help of Michel Foucault, who showed: that among European powers in 19th-century Europe, the balance of power, responsible for producing international order, was linked with the police inside states, responsible for producing domestic order. Nevertheless, to keep the balance of power and to secure the domestic order, states and police used the same technique of observation – statistics, making the “balance of power” a non-autopoietic system program incapable of producing an autopoietic system of international relations. “Sovereignty” also spans both realms of the inside/outside divide but is observed mainly through external recognition and is rooted in the social ontology of “international.” The article argues that “sovereignty” is better suited for the system program of international politics than the “balance of power”.

The image of Sesto from the opera «Julius Caesar» by G. F. Handel: performing dramaturgy

Formulation of the problem. The article is devoted to the characteristics of the image of Sesto from the opera «Julius Caesar» by G. F. Handel, namely, to the specifics of performing dramaturgy. Analysis of recent research and publications. The main studies are those of the aesthetics of the era and the principles of performance in the Baroque period (Harnoncourt, Ivanova, Kukol, Cherkashyna-Gubarenko), the creative work of G. F. Handel (Deshoulières, Hogwood, Knapp & Dean, Sadie, Seidel), the embodiment of his operas on modern stages (Giudici, Jones), and specifics of vocal performance (Kozak). The purpose of the article is to reveal the specifics of the performing dramaturgy of the image of Sesto from the opera «Julius Caesar in Egypt» by G. F. Handel and to follow individual examples of its embodiment in the interpretations of modern performers. The scientific novelty is the first attempt in Ukrainian musicology to research and carry out an analysis of the performing dramaturgy of the image of Sesto from the opera «Julius Caesar in Egypt» by G. F. Handel. The research methodology is based on the achievements of the department of interpretology and analysis of music of the I. P. Kotlyarevsky KhNUA in the perspective of the study of performing poetics, in particular, performing dramaturgy. Thus, the basic definition is the one given in the doctoral monograph by Y. Nikolaievska, who connects this phenomenon with the internal form and points to the very processuality in sonorous time. The results of the study are a detailed analysis of 5 arias and a duet that make up the basis of Sesto’s part, translations of the texts are provided, which allows one to understand the nuances of the role, examples of ranges of musical pieces are given, performing difficulties are analysed. Conclusions. «Performing dramaturgy» is defined as the gradual actualization of the content potentially laid down by the composer in the process of performance (in the development of Y. Nikolaievska’s ideas). The potential semantic markers of the role of Sesto are marked as follows: the emphasized youth of the hero, his connection with almost all the heroes of the opera, the multifacetedness of emotional expression; the presence in his role of arias with affects such as lamento and revenge, bravura arias; the dynamics of the role is built from the first aria, where the suffering young man is presented, to the last aria (act III) – heroic in form and essence. Important means of expression in Sesto’s arias include interval jumps, passages for small technique, long phrases that require mastery of breathing, contrasting dynamic nuances, tessitura, various rhythmic patterns, etc.; convenient keys (c-moll, Es-dur, e-moll, g-moll) and range (from hм to g2 ). The actualization of dramaturgical markers was followed on the examples of interpretations of Sesto’s image by three modern performers (mezzo-soprano Lorraine Gant Lieberson, Isabelle Leonard, countertenor F. Zharusky). It is noted that all performers in general embody the wealth of feelings, emotions, and affects laid down by the composer, demonstrate high technicality, a combination of drama and lyricism, emotionality, determination, and courage.

A marker collaborating model for entity and relation extraction

Recognizing entities and extracting their relations are significant tasks for information extraction. Many recent works focus on leveraging entity markers for better span (pair) representations, which have achieved promising performance. Nevertheless, existing works have two shortcomings: (1) previous markers are randomly embedded into distributed representations, which ignores semantic information relevant to the targeted tokens that we want to highlight. (2) most works simply implant markers into a sentence, which is weak to encode the interrelation between multiple tokens. In this work, we propose a marker collaborating model for entity and relation extraction, which is composed of two modules. The first module is semantic marker module, where two kinds of semantic markers are proposed to leverage semantic features from the PLMs. The second module is collaborative marker attention module, where a marker-oriented directional attention is proposed to model the interaction between multiple tokens. Our model yields SOTA performance on three standard benchmarks (ACE04, ACE05 and SciERC).

The vocabulary of agriculture semi-popularization articles in English: A corpus-based study

Based on the obtained research results, this paper makes an in-depth study of English vocabulary interpretation retrieval technology, and proposes a corpus based automatic retrieval technology of English vocabulary interpretation. This paper adopts the basic idea of text formalization in the field of natural language processing, uses part of speech, grammar and semantic markers to formalize the interpretation of English vocabulary, and mainly adopts the way of using vocabulary and various markers separately or mixed to serialize the interpretation of English vocabulary. In order to analyze the user input English vocabulary, the first step is to segment the user input natural language, and then extract the key words which can express the meaning of the sentence. The construction of English vocabulary interpretation domain ontology based on corpus needs a set of perfect engineering system method. The automatic retrieval model of English vocabulary interpretation is constructed to realize the automatic retrieval of English vocabulary interpretation. The constructed automatic retrieval model of English vocabulary interpretation includes grammar analysis subsystem and grammar analysis subsystem. Through comparative experiments, it is verified that the retrieval response time of this technology is shorter, and the retrieval performance is improved.

The semantics of sea imagery in R. I. Rozhdestvensky’s poem "Czar Peter House in Zaandam" (to the 90th anniversary of the birth)

The article presents a linguo-stylistic and poetic-philosophical analysis of R. I. Rozhdestvensky’s poem "Czar Peter House in Zaandam". This piece of poetry is one of the key texts in the ideological and artistic structure of the "City’s Voice" collection of poems as it links the present with the landmarks in our national history in a single artistic continuum. The paper aims to identify the potential of the imagery in the poem for representing sociocultural and historiosophical problems of a twentieth-century person’s state and personal existence. The study also seeks to reveal the formal and semantic system of the realisation of the figures of speech and expressive means employed to represent sea imagery as a cultural and semantic marker of the poet’s world, which is seamlessly integrated into the national semiosphere. To accomplish the declared aim, the research used cognitive-semantic, systemic-holistic, structural-typological, and historical-functional methods and approaches. Additionally, elements of mythopoetic literary text analysis were employed in the unity of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. The sea imagery in the poem by R. I. Rozhdestvensky is not only a poetic leitmotif that constitutes the lyrical plot of the piece, but it also integrates the concepts associated with natural phenomena symbolising the space of freedom, irrational impulses, and creative life. The key image-symbol of the poem, i. e. the ship – has been identified. The artist envisaged that both "Czar Peter House in Zaandam" and Russia rushing to its great future were a ship.

Digitalization of Political Participation of Citizens of the European Union as an Tool to Overcome the Democratic Deficit

The article carried out a comprehensive study of the potential, opportunities and prospects for digitalization of the political participation of citizens of the European Union as a tool to overcome the deficit of democracy. It has been established that the semantic markers of the process of digitalization of political participation are associated with the goal of overcoming the deficit of democracy in the EU and can be defined through a set of principles: human-centrism; solidarity and inclusion; freedom of choice; political participation in the democratic process at all levels; safety; constancy. It is proved that overcoming the deficit of democracy with the help of digitalization tools of political participation has clearly shown the risks and dangers of a digital divide that deepens politically significant cleavages: economically developed regions of the EU – economically depressed regions of the EU; access to a secure digital environment – lack of access to a secure digital environment. The active development of the Internet infrastructure in the EU has not significantly affected the simplification of access for older people, citizens with a lower level of education and citizens with disabilities to e-democracy digital platforms, therefore ensuring the widest possible access to e-participation platforms is a promising direction for EU policy. At the same time, EU policy efforts to increase citizen participation in policymaking should not be based solely on Internet strategies, but should increase the credibility and legitimacy of EU institutions in the economically less developed regions of a united Europe. Using the SWOT analysis method of e-participation tools in the EU, it is substantiated that the European Citizens' Initiative, the European Parliamentary Platform and the advisory petition platform “Your Voice in Europe” have a certain “parity” in the ratio of strengths and weaknesses for each of these tools. Weaknesses and threats can be leveled due to the development of their capabilities in the medium term. In particular, the potential of e-participation tools lies in enhancing the flexibility and convenience of the respective digital platforms; development and implementation of strategies for competitive mobilization and involvement of citizens; detailing the processing of proposals after their acceptance; summarizing and analyzing the data contained in the petitions; creation of a multi-level system of petitions, allowing to correlate local, national and European interests; deployment of discursive interaction between citizens and EU institutions at all stages of using e-participation tools; formalization of the connection between the processes of participation and decision-making. It has been established that the prospects for deepening the process of digitalization of political participation as a tool to overcome the deficit of democracy are determined by the formed request for all the variability of forms of political participation in the EU policy space, which is directly related to the deployment of the public space of European politics and the functional approval of the institution of European citizenship.

Passive, Stative, and Impersonal in Ugaritic: The G-stem Internal Passive Reconsidered

In this paper, I analysed around 57 relatively clear cases of the Gpass forms through a painstaking examination of their formal and functional characteristics. The collected data point at the following characteristics of Gpass usage in Ugaritic: the Ugaritic Gpass sentences do not allow agent-phrases; the Agent is demoted from the position of the subject without any syntactic traces. In semantic view, passive sentences regularly imply a concrete Agent or the information about a definite and referential Agent is recoverable from the close context, in contrast to the active impersonal usage. The promoted Patient/Theme is commonly fronted and topicalised in passive sentences. Most Gpass usages are promotional, derived from transitive verbs. I identified approximately eight cases of the impersonal passive. The language of poetry and the language of prose demonstrate a very proportional distribution of the Gpass forms. It is claimed in this paper that Gpass forms are not derived from G stative verbs, at least not on a regular basis, and are not used in middle voice functions. The contrast between the Gpass-stem and the N-stem has syntactic and semantic marking, and has diachronic implications.

On verbal arguments in sign languages

     It is now accepted that sign languages ​​have a rich morphological structure in both flexion and derivation terms. Most foreign scholars believe that sign languages show simultaneous morphology rather than a consistent sequential one. Morphological marking of verbal arguments in the Georgian Sign Language (GESL) verbal paradigm is performed in three ways: 1. Deictive marking, such as the incorporated verb paradigm; 2. Possessive-destination marking with semantic content, such as version category, expressing respectful and disrespectful forms, as an additional semantic marking for an indirect object; and 3. Morpho-syntactic marking – adding the morphological markers for arguments conveyed by nouns. The subject of the transitive verb in the aorist is expressed with an ergative case, for the rest verbal forms the subject is in nominative (unmarked), while the indirect object is often marked with a deictive marker of dative case. Thus, here we have the combination of the abovementioned first and third types. In GESL (and in other sign languages as well) such combinations are usual.    The semantic groups of verbs in sign languages can be distinguished according to the following two principles: The first approach follows and repeats the approaches of spoken languages. Here the classification models of verbs are grouped according to the lexical semantics of verb roots. The second approach can be formulated according to the proper characteristics of sign language verbs. With such an approach, the semantic classification of verbs takes into account the kinetic characteristics of the verb and not its lexical-semantic content. In particular, it will be possible to distinguish the following two main groups of verb in sign languages:Body-related (or body anchored) verbs, and B. Free verbs.