Semantic Base Research Articles

Serious Games for Vocational Training

The research project ‘SG4BB’ (Serious Games for Vocational Education and Training; abbr.: VET) has developed an integrated platform for the description, search, retrieval, integration, and utilization of educational games. This paper summarizes project outcomes, including platform concepts, software components, and – as focus – practical insights derived from a case study involving the educational game ‘Corrugated’ as simulation and training environment for service technicians. SG4BB has followed a user-centered design in an interdisciplinary project team: Two learning providers specified their requirements for VET in their specific application domains. Based on those requirements, game developers, learning solution providers and researchers for VET have conceptualized and prototypically implemented both an integrated learning platform (SG4BB platform) and two case studies of Serious Games for VET: ‘Corrugated’ for service technicians and an IT security game. The platform follows a process pipeline: For search and retrieval of educational games for VET, an application profile for VET based on the standardized ‘Serious Games Metadata Format’ (DIN/SPEC 91380) has been elaborated. This format builds the semantic basis for the metadata-based catalog system ‘Serious Games Information Center’ (SG-IC) with filter functionality for VET. Learning providers and developers can use the SG-IC portal to describe and promote their educational games, enabling users to identify suitable games for their learning needs and integrate them via learning infrastructure. Educational games can interact with the backend (Learning Management System and Learning Record Store) through a middleware based on the xAPI standard, allowing for personalized gameplay and data collection for game-based learning analytics. The final evaluation of the SG4BB project focused on the utilization of the educational game ‘Corrugated’, targeting problem-solving skills for service technicians in the corrugated cardboard industry. Data from 26 participants playing the game for 60 minutes, along with problem-solving tests and user experience feedback, were analyzed to validate game-based assessment and to assess learning impact. Initial results reveal insights into specific game missions, playtimes, and success rates, indicating that participant behavior during gameplay influenced perceived learning progress, leading to varied learning paths. This paper provides valuable insights and technical information for VET practitioners on using educational games for training. Game interactions and learning outcomes can be monitored via a dashboard within the learning infrastructure, offering visualizations for user behavior (during play) and (learning) progress. Keywords: serious games, vocational education and training, metadata, middleware, case study and evaluation.

К ассоциативной типологии в контексте изучения языка как достояния человека

The article discusses a number of fundamental for the development of associative typology propositions connected with systemogenesis of language as a human species- specific phenomenon. Using the example of the psychological meanings of lexical units that make up the ethnopolitically marked paradigm of the “national”, the author reflects on the patterns in the functioning of a living language, which are revealed on associative- verbal models of the Russian Language Personality (RLP) and can serve as the basis for the development of an associative typology of language. The article considers the problem of ontology and functional motivation of associative (active) grammar (as an inherent property of a linguistic personality) on a semantic basis. The hypothesis of associative grammar as a factor contributing to the integrative formation of meaningful units in the course of their being recruited for the inclusion into the speech flow through elimination of redundancy is proposed for consideration. It is stated that different functionally specific types of techniques aimed at elimination of redundancy and discovered via experiment can be considered as a subject for analysis in associative typology in the light of whole-systemic comparative analyses of network models of an average (national) linguistic personality. They can be described in terms of associative dominants (accentuations of a linguistic personality) and statistically formalized using vector models represented as psychoglosses and /or chronoglosses (in current diachrony).

On The “Figurative” Use of the Pronoun “I”

It is generally accepted that the pronoun “I” can only refer to the speaker, and cannot be used in any other way. However, as demonstrated in the article, the “figurative” use of the pronoun “I” is also possible, when a discrepancy between the use of this pronoun and the designation of the speaker may occur. The prgma semantic basis for the possibility of such use is the dual, or two-component reference of the pronoun “I”, which simultaneously indicates the speaker in the hypostasis of the subject of speech (utterance) and as the subject of the sentence. In the most general form, this distinction can be represented as a distinction between performative and descriptive aspects of usage; and this makes it possible to simultaneously carry out semiotically different operations of self- and other- reference. At the same time, in special modal contexts, it is possible to separate these aspects, which may cause polysemy and the figurative (metaphorical) use of the pronoun “I”.

METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF METHODOLOGICAL COMPETENCE OF IT TEACHERS

The article presents the results and analysis of an experimental study on the development of methodological competence of teachers of IT disciplines in the framework of their advanced training on the online. The purpose of the article is to disseminate certain results of the study from the point of view of theoretical and methodological aspects. The task of the experiment stage was to diagnose the level of formation of methodological competence of teachers of IT disciplines of the control and experimental groups according to four key criteria of methodological competence: didactic, design, monitoring and personal. The determination of the level of formation of methodological competence skills was made using five levels: advanced, high, medium, acceptable and low, for each key criterion of the teacher's methodological competence. The experimental part of the study was conducted with teachers of IT disciplines of universities in Kazakhstan during the 2023-2024 academic year. As a result of the experimental work, a diagnosis of the development of methodological competence of teachers of IT disciplines was developed, which is of a complex nature: substantive - in the form of tests, tests of various nature on the content of course training; activity - in the form of assessment for each type of practical work of a methodological orientation (drawing up work programs for the subject, technological map of the lesson, problem tasks, etc.) ; communicative – on the basis of questionnaires, tests, analysis and self-analysis (on the development of speech culture, behavior in society, skills to organize attention, students' activities, work in pairs and groups, etc.). In the formation of a set of diagnostic methods, the emphasis was placed on methods based on self-diagnosis, which contributes to the process of self-knowledge and self-analysis of a particular person. The authors also note that despite the variety of definitions, all studies have a common semantic basis - correlation with the labor market and social policy of society. These two parameters play an important role in determining the content of competencies, based on the psychological and biological characteristics of the individual. In the course of the study, the validity of the methods used was checked, and the results were presented, which indicate the need to develop recommendations aimed at improving the level of methodological competence of teachers of IT disciplines.

A correspondence theorem for interpretability logic with respect to Verbrugge semantics

Abstract Interpretability logic is a modal logic that can be used to describe relative interpretability between extensions of a given first-order arithmetical theory. Verbrugge semantics is a generalization of the basic semantics for interpretability logic. Bisimulation is the basic equivalence between models for modal logic. The Van Benthem Correspondence Theorem establishes modal logic as the bisimulation invariant fragment of first-order logic. In this paper we show that a special type of bisimulations, the so-called w-bisimulations, enable an analogue of the Van Benthem Theorem for interpretability logic w.r.t. Verbrugge semantics.

FRAGMENTS OF SLAVONIC-IRANIAN MYTHOPOETIC TEXT: SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS WITH *svęt- : *śṷanta-

The paper aims to reconstruct the common elements of the Slavonic and Iranian mythopoetic text, referring to the idea of the sanctity and sacred. The need to reconstruct the elements of this phenomenon of the communicative culture history makes out topicality of the proposed study. The objects of the investigation are: 1) set phrases, which in Iranian and Slavonic consist of the genetically identical lexemes; 2) Slavonic and Iranian set phrases, in which the only term is genetically common for both languages (*svętъ : *śṷanta-), while the second part here is represented by the synonyms with the different etymons; 3) two-termed (dithematic, bibasic) compound words with *svęt- : *śṷanta-, which are often the result of contraction of primary set phrases. Etymological, morphological and lexical-semantic features of analyzed units as well as reconstructed prototypes constitute the subject of the study. As the result of the proposed research, a set of ancient common to Iranians and Slavs formulaic expressions (and anthroponyms derived from them) are revealed; it is determined, that all the analyzed syntactic constructions were formed in the process of cultural contacts between speakers of both languages; their formal and semantic reconstruction is justified. Conclusions. Comparative-historical analysis of the ancient Slavonic and Iranian cliched phrases with the core component *svętъ : *śṷanta- and related to them dithematic personal names reveals the traces of the common Slavonic-Iranian text, formed within the poetic speech. Etymological composition of such «mycrotexts» along side with reflected therein complex of religious and ethic ideas, which is common to both cultural-linguistic traditions, leaves no doubt that we deal with the heritage of Slavonc-Iranian contacts. Especially indicative are the examples of full genetical identity in composition of formulaic constructions among the Slavs and Iranians. The semantic basis of formulaic expressions, common to both languages, is formed with the complex of discrete meanings, referring to the notions of abundance, life force and its increase. The material demonstrates the significant specific weight of Proto-Slavonic units with the exponent *svęt- alongside with the rudimentary and clearly areally and also chronologically limited data of Iranian languages. Permanent renewability of the tradition to use the syntactic cliches with *svęt- was facilitated by their involvement into the field of the derivation of Slavonic anthroponymic composites and later their demand in the texts of Christian religious topic. The perspectives for further work in the outlined vector are seen in comparison of the collected material with data of Baltic languages.

How Language Implementation Neurally and Basis of Semantics?

It deals with the implementation of language neurally and how infants to growing children learn the language and how human evolve the ability to communicate in the language.

Translation Principles in Modern Cognitive Paradigm

The article discusses the cognitive-communicative principles of modern translation studies based on the cognitive paradigm, which focuses on the cognitive activities of translators and the information, knowledge, and meanings contained in texts and discourses. The aim of the research is to develop principles of translation studies from the perspective of this paradigm. The research methodology is based on the author’s concept of translation space, which operates with the concepts of cognition, synergy, and harmony; the concept of “epistemic situation,” which reveals the extralinguistic semantic basis of scientific texts as a triad of ontology, methodology, and axiology; and cognitive studies of language and translation. The methodological approach to the practical analysis of translation implemented in the article is based on the principles of synergy, which reveal the regularities of complex linguo-cognitive systems. The axiological orientation of translation is based on the idea of harmony as a semantic proportionality, which serves as a criterion for translation quality. Fragments of texts from the scientificphilosophical discourse of Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault in Russian and French served as empirical material for analyzing how the principles of translation studies work. As a result of the research, anthropocentric, epistemological, and reflexive-conceptual principles of translation studies are characterized.

Functional and semantic basis of the organisation of the process of foreign language communicative competence development of students

Relevance. By focusing on lexicalised grammatical material as a means of forming English-language communicative competence in non-linguistic specialisations educators can better prepare students to excel in their chosen professions by equipping them with the language knowledge for effective communication in their respective fields. Purpose. This study aims to demonstrate how functionally described grammatical units effectively shape speech and communicative competence in teaching "Professionally oriented foreign language" within "Tourism" and "Socio-Cultural Service" specialisations. The objective of the study is to check the mechanism of activation of frequency semantic units in the professional speech of future specialists in the field of tourism. Methodology. The paper uses such research methods as semantic analysis, statistical method, modelling, approbation, analysis of research subject based on the processing of educational texts. 15 2nd-year students of the specialisation "Tourism" and "Socio-cultural service" took part in the study. Results. The conducted research proves the necessity of organising a system of preliminary preparation of material with the selection of lexicalised material for developing English-language communicative competence. An algorithm and corresponding practices have been devised to expedite students' foreign language communicative competence development, ensuring proficient utilisation of acquired knowledge in their professional endeavors. The study delineates the constituent elements of foreign language communicative competency and aligns them with the overarching objectives of teaching within non-linguistic specialisations, encompassing linguistic, sociolinguistic, sociocultural, social, reflexive, pragmatic, and discursive components. Conclusions. Lexicalised grammatical material significantly influences the development of foreign language communicative competence in non-linguistic students specializing in "Tourism" and "Socio-cultural Service". Integrating intercultural competency into language acquisition is crucial, enhancing students' ability to navigate diverse cultural contexts effectively. The results of the study can be used in conducting English language classes of the discipline "Professionally oriented foreign language" in the specialisations "Tourism" and "Socio-cultural service". Keywords: semantic types of elementary utterances; speech act; lexical compatibility; lexical variation; syntactic field; syntactic synonymy

Особенности ретроспекции в новелле Д.Г. Лоуренса «Солнце»

The prime aim of the investigation is to identify the specifics of the retrospective composition in D.H. Lawrence’s novella “Sun”. The methodology of the study is the contextual, compositional and linguistic analyses of the literary work. A detailed investigation of various artistic means, representing retrospect in the novella under question has been carried out. Attention is paid to the imagery plan of the writing (characters, symbols), psychologism of the novella (inner monologue, reminiscence, etc.), allusions to cultural and historical facts, contributing to chronological time convergence. The authors of the article reveal the essential means of constructing retrospective composition, as well as those that convey the “present — past” relationship that forms the semantic basis of the novella. Research implications lie primarily in the perspective of using the obtained data in further theoretical and applied research in the field of linguistics of the text and cultural studies.

Информационное образование как комплексная проблема современной педагогики

Abstract. We consider the complex issue of reforming the national system of information education in the context of current risks, challenges and threats in science and education in Russia. It is necessary to form a new content of information education, integrating fundamental scientific training with the development of motivational and semantic basis of human morality of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values, enshrined in the normative legal documents of the Russian Federation. Attention is emphasized on the educational potential of disciplines of the information cycle, in particular the subject “Informatics”, which is currently practically not involved in the educational process of higher education. Promising realization forms of interdisciplinary links of informatics with the humanitarian subjects contribute to the revival of deep traditions of national education, aimed at the education of a spiritually healthy member of society. It is concluded that the goals of modernization of Russian education in general and information education in particular should be fundamentally reconsidered. If the goal-setting of reforming the cognitive structures of society will continue to be limited solely by the issues of pragmatism and technologism, if further reforms will be carried out without reliance on centuries-old traditions of national education and without broad involvement of the scientific and educational community of Russia, the result will be a further increase in threats to intellectual, information-psychological and spiritual-moral security of the country.

Conceptual Principles of Creativity by Valentin Sylvestrov

The purpose of the article is to analyse the conceptual principles of V. Sylvestrovʼs work in the context of the philosophical concepts of G. Hegel, E. Husserl and the theory of intentionalism of culture and art. The research methodology is based on philosophical-analytical, cultural, musicological, and comparative analysis. This made it possible to objectify and determine the semantic content of the conceptual principles of V. Sylvestrovʼs work in the context of the fundamental foundations of these theories and the procedural existence of European culture in the intentional period of its formation. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that, for the first time, the conceptual principles of V. Sylvestrovʼs work are defined and characterised at the transdisciplinary level. Conclusions. Phenomenology not only determines the semantic bases of the intentionalism of V. Sylvestrovʼs music, but also the conceptual principles of his work. The composer’s desire to express the essential level of the music itself is reflected in G. Hegel’s theses "to turn against the content that alone has held significance until now" and with the help of this "get the content in itself". And also in harmony with E. Husserlʼs slogan "Back to objects", which implies "returning to the things themselves", i.e. their phenomenological content. At the same time, the philosophical concepts of G. Hegel, E. Husserl and the conceptual principles of V. Sylvestrovʼs work are determined by the intentional reflection of culture, which in the final period of formation models the appropriate form of its existence and the existence of cultural and artistic phenomena. If phenomenology is a peculiar principle and form of expression of images in the music of V. Sylvestrov, then the pan-melodic principle appears as a way of such being. Therefore, phenomenology and the pan-melodic principle determine the semantic content of peripheral aspects, intro-retro-spections and compilations, and actually are the conceptual principles of Sylvestrovʼs work. Keywords: conceptual principles, phenomenology, pan-melodic beginning, V. Sylvestrov, philosophical concepts of G. Hegel and E. Husserl, the theory of intentionalism of culture and art.

Linguistic and cultural foundations of verbal aggression in the Russian language

The relevance of the research is determined by the insufficient study of the forms of aggression in the context of culture, as well as insufficient description of the extralinguistic prerequisites of aggression correlated with the subject area of culture, and intra-linguistic means and methods of cultural reference of aggression. The aim of the study is to identify the linguistic and cultural foundations of expressing aggression in the Russian language and to describe the means of its verbalization through the prism of the binary category “Own/ Other”, which is the basis of ethnic conflicts. To achieve this aim, the method of definitional, semantic, linguistic-cultural analysis, descriptive method was used. A sociolinguistic experiment was conducted. Methods of continuous sampling from lexicographic sources and of quantitative calculations of the responses received by the participants of the experiment were applied. The research material included: 1) a corpus of more than 50 lexical and phraseological units of the Russian language taken from dictionaries, which verbalize aggressive attitude towards “foreign” culture and “foreign” ethnos; 2) a range of ethnopholisms obtained in the sociolinguistic experiment among high school students in Astrakhan. It was determined that aggression in the Russian language has a culturological explanation: it is conditioned by identifying the ethnos according to the principle of “own - other”. The linguistic and cultural basis of aggressive semantics is the semantics of “alienness”, which is expressed by demonstrating an obviously negative attitude to “alien”, which is the object of an aggressive action. A special group of lexical means - linguistic and cultural markers of aggression - includes units, negatively characterizing representatives/artifacts of a “foreign” culture. Linguistic and cultural markers of aggression are ethnopholisms. Aggressive nominations of ethnic groups historically residing both far abroad and in the Russian multicultural region are equally relevant in the linguistic consciousness of young people. From extralinguistic positions, the consolidation and activation of hostile lexico-phraseological means in the language are conditioned by the intercultural historical contacts of nations which are currently being reflected in the journalistic discourse, in Internet communication. The perspective of the research is seen in the use of its results for developing the concept of overcoming speech aggression in the educational space, where the factor of hostility has hindered the education of a tolerant personality.

IIM: an information interaction mechanism for aspect-based sentiment analysis

ABSTRACT Term polarity co-extraction is an aspect-based sentiment analysis task, which has been widely used in the fields of user opinions extraction. It consists of two subtasks: aspect term extraction and aspect sentiment classification. Most existing studies solve aforesaid subtasks as independent tasks or simply unify the two subtasks without making full use of the relationship between tasks to mine the interaction of text information, which leads to low performance for practical applications. Meanwhile, the learning framework for these studies has a label drift phenomenon (LDP) in the process of predictive learning, increasing the learning error rate. To address the above problems, this study unifies subtasks and proposes a Unified framework based on the information interaction mechanism framework, called IIM. Specifically, we design an Information Interaction Channel (IIC) to construct closer semantic features to extract preliminary term-polarity unified labels from the perspective of basic semantics. For label inconsistency between aspect terms, a Position-aware Module (SAM) is proposed to alleviate the Label Drift Phenomenon (LDP). Moreover, we introduce a syntax-attention graph neural network (Syn-AttGCN) to model the syntactic structure of text and strengthen the emotional connection between aspect terms. The experimental results show that IIM outperforms most baselines. Meanwhile, the SAM module has a certain slowing effect on LDP.

Cross-gender Analysis of Iraqi EFL Learners Recurrent Grammatical Errors in English

The study attempts to investigate recurrent grammatical errors that hinder Iraqi undergraduate EFL learners` mastery of English grammar. If male-female learners of English are not competent in the structural and semantic bases of tense, they can hardly produce acceptable sentences in the L2/FL. For this purpose, an elicitation test is used to sort out the typical errors of Iraqi male-female undergraduate students (1st, 3rd and 4th stage) of the Department of English Language and Literature in Mustansiriyah University / Iraq, with respect to specific recurrent tense errors reflecting the structure of their transitional competence or what S. Pit Corder (1976, p.15) labels idiosyncratic dialect. The justification behind this study is those adopted following Corder (1976, p1), who mentions that two justifications are essentially relevant for the study of learners' errors, one of which is the pedagogical justification, which implies that eliminating any error requires a good understanding of the nature of that error. The research follows a comprehensive analysis methodology. It combines quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyze samples from Iraqi male-female EFL learners. The study found that there are several cross-gender differences concerning the recurrent errors, which might be attributed to several factors, i.e. linguistic and sociolinguistic. The study takes these factors as the building blocks for suggesting pedagogical solutions. The study was originally an attempt to help EFL learners eliminate such recurrent L1\L2 conflicting errors.

Религиозный смысл в антропологическом измерении: историческая ретроспектива и современное состояние. Часть 2

As the title implies, the second part of the research is presented in this article. It continues the logic of the previ-ous article and, together with it, addresses the subject, the essence of which is the correlation of the religious worldview and the understanding of the essence of man at different stages of historical development. The dy-namics of interdependence of religious and non-religious bases of the meaning formation process is recorded. The influence of social development factors on the role of religion in society and on the transformation of inter-pretations of fundamental human qualities is revealed. The hypothesis is justified, according to which the mu-tual agreement of religious meaning and ideas about the essence of man affects the developing system of social ties both in the past and in the present. While the first part of the study emphasizes the historical retro-spective of the interaction of semantic sources sources, the results of the second part of the study reflect their current state. It is justified that the relativity of transcendental sources of meaning, which have become wide-spread today, turns out to be a prerequisite for the rebirth of secular humanism into transhumanism, within the framework of which a negative synthesis of scientific rationalism and a mystical-religious worldview is carried out. As an ideological mainstream, the intention for arbitrary transformation of man by scientific and technolog-ical means is asserted, which is justified by appealing to the tenets and prophecies of traditional religions. It is precisely on this semantic basis that the formation of new conditions of social life takes place, which can be designated as quasi-civilization. Its peculiarity is the active use of elements of the former cultural heritage, but in a transformed and arbitrarily combined form. In the context of the transhumanist interpretation, in its mystical and secular variations, the human being is seen as part of the religious and secular culture of past epochs and from this point of view is treated as an obsolete semantic construct open to unlimited transformations in ac-cordance with an arbitrarily constructed image of the future.

SEMANTIC COMPOSITION OF HYDRONYMS (BASED ON HYDRONYMY OF EK, ALTAI DISTRICT)

Toponymic names, in addition to language and a specific historical situation, have other common features that to a certain extent reflect the social, economic, and geographical aspects of human society. We can reveal this feature inherent in geographical names in the process of semantic analysis of toponymic vocabulary. This paper is dedicated to the study of the semantics of geographical names of hydronyms of the East Kazakhstan region, the Altai territory.In this study, an attempt will be made to systematize the hydronymic identification by defining the semantic features of the names of rivers, streams, sources, and lakes flowing through the Altai region of the East Kazakhstan region, because the saturation of the hydronymic system with names is determined primarily by the requirements of the nomadic economy for natural water sources. It follows from this that the significance of water in the nomadic lifestyle of our ancestors and the hydronymic names that had a very early place in history were determined and comprehensively analyzed from a linguistic point of view. One of the main problems identified during the analysis of the semantics of geographical names of hydronyms of the East Kazakhstan region, the Altai region, is the absence of ethno-toponyms in this region characteristic of the Kazakh nation. The study discusses and analyzes its main causes. Also, as a result of a comparative analysis of the names of geographical objects of other regions facing the East Kazakhstan region, the main difference between the hydronyms of the Altai territory from the names of hydronyms of other Kazakh regions was revealed. Hydronyms were classified with systematization on a semantic basis into 14 groups, including names indicating physical and geographical features and characteristics; hydronyms containing phytonyms; hydronyms containing zoonyms; hydronyms associated with the social life and spiritual culture of the population; hydronyms containing anthroponyms, and hydronyms with an emotional connotation.

Overstatement in Communicative Demonstrativeness: Pragmatic and Linguistic Aspects

Overstatement plays the leading role organizing the phenomenon of communicative demonstrativeness by highlighting and translating meaningful information about the producer of the utterance. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe the properties and means of overstatement actualization. An interdisciplinary approach and the method of psycholinguistic analysis of the communicants’ speech output are used. The material for the analysis was the statements of the participants from the 2013-2022 television interviews. It is established that at present overstatement, the property of communicative demonstrativeness, is widely used as a means of the speakers’ attractive verbal behavior, caused by the need to obtain recognition of the personality identity that the speech producer presents from other people and its consolidation in the consciousness of the recipients. It is emphasized that the semantic basis of overstatement is the expression of the worldview possessed by a manipulative linguistic personality. Demonstrative overstatement, used to highlight a significant message, may have involuntary, intentional and periodic types and perform expressive, conative, aesthetic, pragmatic, denotative and contact functions. The study shows that overstatement in communicative demonstrativeness is realized in speech strategies of bragging, dramatization, false complaint, compliment, praise, condemnation, and humiliation as a way of self-promotion, over-evaluation and double over-evaluation, consisting of the adverb «absolutely» and an adjective. The linguistic means of actualization of overstatement are revealed: hyperbole, hyperbolic form of tropes (metaphors, epithets, comparisons), phraseological units, superlative adjectives, emotionally marked verbs, semantic and grammatical superlatives conveying the maximum degree of quality, intensifiers «very», «quite», exclamation sentences, shortened quotations, modified sayings and imperative suggestions. The results obtained can be used in the course of semiotics and psycholinguistics.

An approach for proteins and their encoding genes synonyms integration based on protein ontology

BackgroundBiological research is generating high volumes of data distributed across various sources. The inconsistent naming of proteins and their encoding genes brings great challenges to protein data integration: proteins and their coding genes usually have multiple related names and notations, which are difficult to match absolutely; the nomenclature of genes and proteins is complex and varies from species to species; some less studied species have no nomenclature of genes and proteins; The annotation of the same protein/gene varies greatly in different databases. In summary, a comprehensive set of protein/gene synonyms is necessary for relevant studies.ResultsIn this study, we propose an approach for protein and its encoding gene synonym integration based on protein ontology. The workflow of protein and gene synonym integration is composed of three modules: data acquisition, entity and attribute alignment, attribute integration and deduplication. Finally, the integrated synonym set of proteins and their coding genes contains over 128.59 million terminologies covering 560,275 proteins/genes and 13,781 species. As the semantic basis, the comprehensive synonym set was used to develop a data platform to provide one-stop data retrieval without considering the diversity of protein nomenclature and species.ConclusionThe synonym set constructed here can serve as an important resource for biological named entity identification, text mining and information retrieval without name ambiguity, especially synonyms associated with well-defined species categories can help to study the evolutionary relationships between species at the molecular level. More importantly, the comprehensive synonyms set is the semantic basis for our subsequent studies on Protein–protein Interaction (PPI) knowledge graph.

IoTSim: Internet of Things-Oriented Binary Code Similarity Detection with Multiple Block Relations.

Binary code similarity detection (BCSD) plays a crucial role in various computer security applications, including vulnerability detection, malware detection, and software component analysis. With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), there are many binaries from different instruction architecture sets, which require BCSD approaches robust against different architectures. In this study, we propose a novel IoT-oriented binary code similarity detection approach. Our approach leverages a customized transformer-based language model with disentangled attention to capture relative position information. To mitigate out-of-vocabulary (OOV) challenges in the language model, we introduce a base-token prediction pre-training task aimed at capturing basic semantics for unseen tokens. During function embedding generation, we integrate directed jumps, data dependency, and address adjacency to capture multiple block relations. We then assign different weights to different relations and use multi-layer Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) to generate function embeddings. We implemented the prototype of IoTSim. Our experimental results show that our proposed block relation matrix improves IoTSim with large margins. With a pool size of 103, IoTSim achieves a recall@1 of 0.903 across architectures, outperforming the state-of-the-art approaches Trex, SAFE, and PalmTree.