Semantic Adaptation Research Articles

Phraseological Quotations: Two Shavian Case Studies

Abstract Phraseological Units (PUs) in a language often include quotations and the so-called authorial “winged words” (“geflügelte Worte” in Gläser 1986), which have a single known author. These units, by gaining popularity among the members of a community of speakers, take on a life of their own as PUs. This study illustrates how these quotations acquire meanings and uses that do not match those of the original formulation they derive from, which, in turn, sheds light on how linguistic expressions at large reach conventionalization through language change. Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) ranks high among the authors who have contributed most to the English Phrasicon. This study investigates two case studies where quotations by Shaw have made their way into the English language as PUs. These quotations, however, are often used, as we shall see, in a way that differs from the sense they had in their original context. This study analyses how some novel PUs are coined and can help us map the processes of semantic adaptation these PUs undergo as they become conventional. It also provides insights into what constitutes a PU and how their defining characteristics apply in these cases.

Интернационализмы французского происхождения в русской терминологии спорта

The aim of the study is to identify current trends in the development of interlingual contact, using sports terms – internationalisms as a case study. The article determines the role and place of French borrowings in Russian-language sports terminology. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of semantic adaptation of foreign terms. The work is novel in that it is the first one to summarize and systematize French-language units of the Russian sports terminology system. The study has found that the influence of French on Russian sports terminology is due to extralinguistic factors, namely, historical preconditions and established traditions of naming specific sports realities. Words of French origin denote concepts of different sports: fencing, equestrian sports, gymnastics, cycling, wrestling, figure skating. Denotata are sports, actions, positions, participants, events, sports organizations, prizes, material objects. The main vector of reception of the meaning of a foreign word is the narrowing of its semantic structure. From the point of view of formal-structural characteristics, borrowed lexemes are single-word terms, on the basis of which terminological combinations, as well as abbreviations, can be formed.

Negative aftereffects of face trait impressions are modulated by emotional expressions

ABSTRACT Facial trustworthiness impressions critically shape our everyday social interactions. While previous research has predominantly considered trustworthiness impressions to be stable over time, preliminary evidence has shown that they are affected by visual adaptation, such that long exposure to (un)trustworthy-looking faces biases the perception of following faces in the opposite trustworthiness direction. Here, by employing a visual adaptation task across two experiments, we sought further evidence that trustworthiness impressions are shaped by the temporal context. In Experiment 1, we investigated whether visual adaptation affect trustworthiness judgements and found evidence of robust negative face aftereffect. In Experiment 2, we focused our investigation on whether emotional expressions, key cues involved in trait impressions, influence trustworthiness and dominance impressions. We found that adaptation to anti-expressions, which were expected to bias subsequent neutral faces to resemble the original expression (happiness, anger, and fear), significantly modulated subsequent evaluations of trustworthiness and dominance. This result confirms the critical role of emotion perception in trait evaluations. Importantly, using anti-expressions minimised semantic adaptation, thus highlighting the perceptual nature of this aftereffect. Taken together, our findings confirm that temporal context shapes trustworthiness impressions, by showing that visual adaptation affects trust judgements, and that past emotional expressions influence following impressions of trustworthiness and dominance.

Advancing semantic segmentation of two-dimensional materials using a semantic-adaptive transformer model

Accurate detection and characterization of two-dimensional (2D) materials are essential for their effective utilization in various applications. Traditional techniques, such as chemical vapor deposition, often produce materials with high defect density, while mechanical exfoliation is hindered by its labor-intensive and time-consuming nature. In this Letter, we propose a semantic-adaptive transformer model, termed Semptive, designed specifically for the precise detection of monolayer MoS2. Our approach integrates a semantic adaptation module with a multi-head self-attention mechanism, incorporating deep supervision and leveraging prior knowledge to enhance model performance. The model was trained on a dataset obtained through mechanical exfoliation and validated using photoluminescence spectroscopy. The experimental results reveal that Semptive significantly enhances segmentation performance compared to conventional models, achieving higher Intersection over Union and Dice scores while reducing computational demands. This method represents a notable advancement in the efficient and precise identification of 2D materials, providing substantial improvements for material characterization and device fabrication processes.

Impact éloquent des mots empruntés et arabisés dans la traduction: Analyse des emprunts lexicaux dans les œuvres d’Al-Ghazāli «Al-munqid Min Addalâl (Erreur et Délivrance)» et «Le livre des Bons Usages en Matière de Mariage»

Eloquent Impact of Borrowed and Arabicized Words in Translation: Analysis of loanwords in Al- Ghazāli’s work «'Al-munqid min addalâl (Erreur et Délivrance)» and «Le livre des Bons Usages en Matière de Mariage» The Arabisation of words is a common practice in Arabic translation. It involves borrowing words from other languages and adjusting their phonetics to fit Arabic phonology. Sometimes, these words undergo semantic adaptations to fit into specific contexts, enriching the Arabic lexicon with essential terms. Such linguistic borrowings have seamlessly integrated into Arabic over time, serving both specialised and everyday functions. In the French translation of two works by Al-Ghazāli, "Al-munqid Min Addalâl (The Deliverance from Error)" and "Le livre des Bons Usages en Matière de Mariage (The Book of Good Practices in Marriage)," it is noteworthy that several Arabised words have been retained without translation. Instead, they are presented alongside their equivalents or with explanatory notes. The translator’decision to preserve these Arabised words by the translator reflects a desire to convey the original author's specific messages. It underlines a commitment to maintain the semantic depth of the original texts while honoring the cultural and linguistic richness of Arabic. These words imbue the analysed texts with profound meaning, adding a semantic dimension that enhances the works in both Arabic and French. This approach caters to a French readership interested in exploring the nuances of Al-Ghazāli's works, ensuring the integrity of his writings is preserved. It guarantees an authentic and comprehensive reading experience that captures the richness and subtleties of the original texts.

A Unified Framework for Jointly Compressing Visual and Semantic Data

The rapid advancement of multimedia and imaging technologies has resulted in increasingly diverse visual and semantic data. A large range of applications such as remote-assisted driving requires the amalgamated storage and transmission of various visual and semantic data. However, existing works suffer from the limitation of insufficiently exploiting the redundancy between different types of data. In this article, we propose a unified framework to jointly compress a diverse spectrum of visual and semantic data, including images, point clouds, segmentation maps, object attributes, and relations. We develop a unifying process that embeds the representations of these data into a joint embedding graph according to their categories, which enables flexible handling of joint compression tasks for various visual and semantic data. To fully leverage the redundancy between different data types, we further introduce an embedding-based adaptive joint encoding process and a Semantic Adaptation Module to efficiently encode diverse data based on the learned embeddings in the joint embedding graph. Experiments on the Cityscapes, MSCOCO, and KITTI datasets demonstrate the superiority of our framework, highlighting promising steps toward scalable multimedia processing.

Consecutive knowledge meta-adaptation learning for unsupervised medical diagnosis

Deep learning-based computer-aided diagnosis has garnered significant attention in both academic research and clinical applications. Due to the challenges in collecting well-labeled clinical data, unsupervised domain adaptation methods have become widely used in medical image analysis. However, existing unsupervised domain adaptation methods in the clinic field fail to adapt to scenarios where new, unlabeled target data continually arrive in an online manner. To tackle this real-world clinical challenge, a meta-adaptation framework is innovatively developed, termed consecutive lesion knowledge meta-adaptation, primarily comprising semantic adaptation and representation adaptation phases. Specifically, the semantic knowledge learned from the source lesion domain will be transferred to the consecutive target lesion in the semantic adaptation phase. To further align the transferable representation knowledge across the source and multiple target lesion domains, the feature-extractor is optimized in the representation adaptation phase. Furthermore, to mitigate catastrophic forgetting during continuous unsupervised domain adaptation, a domain-quantizer is designed to preserve utility knowledge from previously learned target lesion domains. Moreover, as semantic knowledge is continuously evolving and artificially designed kernels struggle to model such complex distributions, a self-adaptive kernel is designed to flexibly measure the shift between the source and consecutive target lesion domains during the semantic adaptation phase. Experimental results on medical image classification tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Deep Joint Semantic Adaptation Network for Multi-source Unsupervised Domain Adaptation

Multi-source Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (MUDA) transfers knowledge learned from multiple labeled source domains to an unlabeled target domain by minimizing the domain shift between multiple source domains and the target domain. Recent studies on MUDA have focused on aligning the distribution of each pair of source and target domains in separate feature spaces to reduce their domain shift. However, these approaches suffer from two main shortcomings. First, they usually focus on the global domain shift which lacks consideration of the joint distribution of category-corresponded subdomains. Second, out-of-distribution samples far from the sample center are hard to align by the global domain alignment. Therefore, we propose a novel Deep Joint Semantic Adaptive Network (DJSAN) for MUDA. Specifically, a new maximum mean discrepancy-based metric, Joint Semantic Maximum Mean Discrepancy (JSMMD), is proposed, which can uniformly optimize the cross-domain joint distribution of category-corresponded subdomains on multiple task-specific layers. Moreover, to deal with the out-of-distribution hard samples, we propose an across-domain data augmentation method called Source-Target Domain Mixing (STDMix) to enhance the robustness of the model, which synthesizes the source domain and target domain into a new domain at a fixed ratio and utilizes information entropy to provide reliable pseudo-labels for samples in the target domain. Experimental results on three public datasets, i.e., Office-31, Digits-five, and Office-Home, show that our proposed method achieves improvements of 0.3%, 1.8%, and 2.7% in average accuracy, respectively.

On the question of levels of adaptation of polonism in Russian language

The problem of loanword is one of the traditional ones in linguistic science. In the process of loanword, Polonisms were subject to adaptation at all levels of the language system. Phonetic adaptation of Polonisms involves their adaptation to the norms and laws of phonetics of the Russian language. Becoming the property of the Russian language, Polonisms acquire a Russian graphic appearance. Polonisms have undergone such semantic adaptation as narrowing, expanding and changing meanings. With grammatical adaptation, Polonisms adapt to the rules of Russian grammar and take on the grammatical meaning and grammatical features of the Russian language. As for stylistic adaptation, changes in emotional and expressive coloring and the functional consolidation of words, they are also determined by a number of extralinguistic factors: the status of the source language, established relations in the history of peoples, the perception of cultural values and their hierarchy in the system of others. The work uses a descriptive method in interpreting the material with the involvement of lexicographic sources of different genres.

ТУРЦИЗМИ И ГЕРМАНИЗМИ У ЛЕКСИКОГРАФСКОМ РАДУ ЈАКШЕ ДИНИЋА: СЕМАНТИЧКА АДАПТАЦИЈА

The subject of the paper is the semantic adaptation of Turkish and German loanwords in the lexicographic work of Jakša Dinić, which is related to the area of the Timoč-Lužnica dialect. The material is taken from the following dictionaries: Dictionary of the Timok Dialect (DINIĆ 2008), Additions of Dictionary of the Timok Dialect (DINIĆ 2019) and Words and expressions of the traditional diet of the population of the Knjaževac area (DINIĆ 2020). Due to limited space, only nouns denoting something inanimate (object, space, food, clothing, footwear, means of transport, measure, musical instrument, etc.) were taken into consideration. The analyzed corpus includes 127 loanwords. For the purposes of this paper, 49 were selected. The meanings they have in the giving language are determined using the following dictionaries: Türkҫe-Sirpҫa Sӧzlük (ĐINĐIĆ, TEODOSIJEVIĆ i dr. 1997), Illustrated German-Serbian dictionary (JOVANOVIĆ, CIKORA 2003) and German-Serbian and Serbian-German Dictionary: (with German Grammar) (POPOVIĆ 2005). The paper has the following aims: 1) to compare the dialectal meanings with the meanings in the giving language based on the analysis of vocabulary material and 2) to determine whether there has been a change in meaning in the dialect. Based on the analysis of vocabulary, we came to the following results: 1) replica and model are semantically matched in all contexts, 2) replica has a narrower meaning than model, 3) the replica narrows the meaning in relation to the model, and then expands the meaning, 4) replica has a broader meaning than model and 5) replica and model do not match in meaning.

Targeted Adversarial Attack Against Deep Cross-Modal Hashing Retrieval

Deep cross-modal hashing has achieved excellent retrieval performance with the powerful representation capability of deep neural networks. Regrettably, current methods are inevitably vulnerable to adversarial attacks, especially well-designed subtle perturbations that can easily fool deep cross-modal hashing models into returning irrelevant or the attacker’s specified results. Although adversarial attacks have attracted increasing attention, there are few studies on specialized attacks against deep cross-modal hashing. To solve these issues, we propose a targeted adversarial attack method against deep cross-modal hashing retrieval in this paper. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in this research field. Concretely, we first build a progressive fusion module to extract fine-grained target semantics through a progressive attention mechanism. Meanwhile, we design a semantic adaptation network to generate the target prototype code and reconstruct the category label, thus realizing the semantic interaction between the target semantics and the implicit semantics of the attacked model. To bridge modality gaps and preserve local example details, a semantic translator seamlessly translates the target semantics and then embeds them into benign examples in collaboration with a U-Net framework. Moreover, we construct a discriminator for adversarial training, which enhances the visual realism and category discrimination of adversarial examples, thus improving their targeted attack performance. Extensive experiments on widely tested cross-modal retrieval datasets demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method. Also, transferable attacks show that our generated adversarial examples have well generalization capability on targeted attacks. The source codes and datasets are available at https://github.com/tswang0116/TA-DCH.

Semantic adaptation of germanisms in the conceptual field: Sports, entertainment and games

Semantic adaptation refers to the process of adjusting the meaning of a foreign word to the linguistic system of the recipient. When a word is "borrowed" from a foreign language, its original meaning may be lost or changed to better fit the new linguistic environment. This usually happens through prolonged use of the word in the target language, during which a new connotation of the word may gradually develop. In this study, the semantic adaptation of German-origin words in the Bosnian language system refers to the adjustment of the meanings of words integrated into the Bosnian language. Specifically, we examine how German-origin words related to sports and games are adapted to the Bosnian language system and what changes in their semantics are noticed after integration into the Bosnian language. This paper will also analyze the prevalence of German words in the field of sports and games and investigate how often they are used in the Bosnian language. By combining the analysis of semantic adaptation of words and research on the frequency of word usage in the Bosnian language, this paper will provide insight into the influence of the German language on the Bosnian language in the field of sports and games.

Underwater Depth Estimation via Stereo Adaptation Networks

With the fast development and wide application of stereo depth estimation, adequate high-quality stereo training data with groundtruth depth information plays an important role, but is not easily acquired in underwater environments. Therefore, satisfactory performance of depth estimation is difficult to achieve in underwater environments. In addition, the domain gap also leads to the failure of directly applying existing models of terrestrial scene to underwater scene. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel underwater depth estimation network which can infer depth maps from real underwater stereo images in an adaptation manner. The proposed learning pipeline mainly contains three different adaptation modules, i.e., style adaptation, semantic adaptation and disparity range adaptation, to progressively adapt a terrestrial depth estimation model to the underwater domain. Specifically, due to the lack of underwater training data, we first propose a depth-aware stereo image translation network to synthesize stylized underwater stereo images from terrestrial dataset, thus benefiting the effective training of depth estimation network. Then, considering the weak generalization to the real underwater data when only trained on the above synthetic data, we present a self-ensembling semantic adaptation for depth estimation network to minimize the semantic domain discrepancy between synthetic and real underwater data. Meanwhile, we design a disparity range adaptation module to address the problem of disparity range miss-match between both data, thus obtaining more accurate depth predictions for large-disparity-span underwater images. Experimental results show that by integrating the proposed adaptation modules into the off-the-shelf depth estimation backbones, our method successfully achieves superior performance of underwater depth estimation compared to other state-of-the-art methods.

Word-Formation Adaptation of Borrowings in the Modern Russian Language.

The article analyzes the word-formation adaptation of borrowings in modern Russian speech. Language reflects the dynamics of modern life and is often updated by borrowings. Besides phonological, lexical, grammatical and semantic adaptations, word-formation adaptation is also one of the most important processes in the sphere of borrowings. Nowadays, new derivative words based on borrowings are often used in modern speech, and the multiple meanings of borrowed elements are observed. In the process of this adaptation, the composition of new affixoids and word-formation nests is also expanding, which reflects the active participation of neologism elements in the word-formation structure of Russian words and the wide spread of their use. Regular replenishment of the word-formation fund with foreign-language elements shows the productivity of borrowings in the modern Russian language

Semantic Adaptation to the Interpretation of Gradable Adjectives via Active Linguistic Interaction.

When communicating, people adapt their linguistic representations to those of their interlocutors. Previous studies have shown that this also occurs at the semantic level for vague and context-dependent terms such as quantifiers and uncertainty expressions. However, work to date has mostly focused on passive exposure to a given speaker's interpretation, without considering the possible role of active linguistic interaction. In this study, we focus on gradable adjectives big and small and develop a novel experimental paradigm that allows participants to ask clarification questions to figureout their interlocutor's interpretation. We find that, when in doubt, speakers do resort to this strategy, despite its inherent cognitive cost, and that doing so results in higher semantic alignment measured in terms of communicative success. While not all question-answer pairs are equally informative, we show that speakers become better questioners as the interaction progresses. Yet, the higher semantic alignment observed when speakers are able to ask questions does not increase over time. This suggests that conversational interaction's key advantage may be to boost coordination without committing to long-term semantic updates. Our findings shed new light on the mechanisms used by speakers to achieve semantic alignment and on how language is shaped bycommunication.

ITALIANISMI MUSICALI: DISTRIBUZIONE E (IN)ADATTAMENTO – IN SERBO E ALTRE LINGUE EUROPEE

A significant part of the music vocabulary in European and many world languages is rep- resented by loanwords from Italian. The paper analyzes the presence of Italian music terms in major European languages, the chronology of their borrowing and the degree of adaptation to the new language environment. As a part of the analysis of morphological adaptation, a tab- ular presentation of representative terms in seven languages, including Serbian, is given. The way in which Italian music terms arrive into Serbian is analyzed, as well as the process of their morphological and orthographic adaptation. The example of the Serbian language illustrates the narrowing of meaning of a loanword in relation to the source, as well as the possibility of a secondary semantic adaptation of the borrowed music term. The specificity of Italian words and expressions on musical scores, their practically non-linguistic nature and their invulnera- bility to morphological and semantic adaptation are likewise pointed out.

ANOTHER LANGUAGE BASIS OF THE TERMINOLOGY OF THE NATURE MUSEUM CASE

The article examines the place and role of borrowings in the Ukrainian term system of the natural museum case. The composition of borrowings is clarified and the specifics of the functioning of types of foreign language term units are determined. The expediency of application of borrowed term units in the modern Ukrainian language has been determined. The reasons for the appearance of a significant number of borrowings in the terminological vocabulary have been clarified. It was revealed that the terminology of the natural museum area contains a significant layer of units of Greek-Latin origin, as well as borrowings from German, French, Italian, Arabic, and Dutch languages, which makes it possible to talk about the international character of the terminology. The largest part of terms of foreign origin in the studied terminology are borrowings from classical languages - Latin and Greek. The Latin language had a special role in medieval Europe, as it almost completely dominated in science, education and other spheres of life. Even from that time, Latinisms became a source of replenishment of scientific terminologies of all European languages. Since classical Latin was filled with Greek borrowings, the Greek language also became a lexical reserve for the construction of new terms. Mixed language constructions formed by combining two bases of the type Latin + Greek, Greek + Latin, French + Latin are also considered. The solution of urgent tasks regarding the organization and further replenishment of the studied term system of the Ukrainian language in accordance with modern economic and scientific and technical development requires a deep study of the sources, ways and methods of term formation inherent in the Ukrainian literary language. The involvement of foreign loanwords enables Ukrainian terminology to organically fit into the global scientific and technical context. Entering the term system, foreign language units undergo appropriate phonetic, morphological and semantic adaptation, which contributes to the expansion and enrichment of the modern Ukrainian term system of natural museum case.

Поэма А.А. Ахматовой «Реквием» в диалоге культур: проблемы перевода на осетинский язык

The article provides a comparative analysis of the poem by A.A. Akhmatova (1889–1966) “Requiem” in the original and in the translation of the Ossetian poet A.M. Kozachi (1937–2021) to identify similarities and differences in lexico-semantic means, figurative system and symbolism. The purpose of the study is to trace the representation of the semantic space of the original in poetic translation. The author shows the main types of translation strategies in the transfer of idiostyle features, gives an assessment from the position of reflecting the emotional message of the original in translation as a whole. The search for invariant correspondences in the target language showed the translator’s desire for more emotional identity with the original and partly for stylistic one. With the help of functional equivalents A.M. Kozachi managed to reflect in the translated text the personal experiences of the lyrical female character, to convey the confessional pathos of the poem. The absence of equivalents in the target language to convey some poetic images forced the translator to resort to associative substitution. The folklore, Orthodox symbolism found in the text is sometimes translated by non-literal lexical means. Since this or that symbol could not always evoke similar associations in the recipient, the translator resorted to semantic adaptation.

Norwegian Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Social and Communities Opportunities Profile-Mini for Persons with Concurrent Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders

Persons with concurrent mental health and substance use disorders often do not participate actively in society and remain marginalized. The promotion of social inclusion is important for the care of persons with concurrent disorders. To measure social inclusion, the Social and Communities Opportunities Profile (SCOPE) was developed, followed by its mini version for English-speaking people in Singapore. In Norway, there is no instrument available to measure social inclusion. Thus, the aim was cross-cultural adaptation of SCOPE Mini for persons with concurrent disorders. The Norwegian adaptation was performed using the systematic approach recommended by Beaton et al. After a forward–backward translation, the Norwegian SCOPE-Mini was pre-tested among 30 persons with a concurrent mental health and substance use disorder in three areas to check its psychometric properties. To evaluate comprehensibility and applicability, participants were asked five open questions. The Norwegian cross-cultural adaptation of SCOPE Mini showed acceptable psychometric properties and was considered comparable to the original version. The results of the pre-test showed no linguistic inconsistency, but some indications of the necessity of semantic adaptation regarding the cultural context and persons with concurrent disorders. The Norwegian SCOPE Mini may be a practical tool for health professionals, social workers, and researchers to measure social inclusion among a vulnerable group such as persons with a concurrent mental health and substance use disorder. However, given the relatively small sample size in our study, further research on the validity and reliability of the instrument is recommended.

LEXICO-SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEWEST ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN THE MODERN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

Introduction. Ukrainian language does not develop in isolation. It is influenced by other languages in all areas of linguistic communication, which is demonstrated by the presence of borrowings serving as one of the most powerful means of replenishing its vocabulary. Extensive use of loanwords and expansion of their structural and semantic types in the Ukrainian vocabulary in the beginning of the 21st century call for their continuous registration and a comprehensive study.Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to study the lexical and semantic adaptation of the latest English borrowings, to study the stages of their development, application and features of functioning in the modern Ukrainian language.Methods. In the process of researching the newest words of English origin, the thematic classification method has been used, which has contributed to the distribution of the newest borrowings into lexical and semantic groups. The newest English loanwords have been captured by the method of continuous sampling, that is, by selecting borrowings in the order of their detection in the texts of the source base of the study. A functional approach has been applied, which made it possible to identify the functioning of the newest loanwords.Results. It has been found out that the process of mastering the newest borrowings in the Ukrainian language is carried out step-by-step. Intensive introduction and functioning of the newest borrowings in the Ukrainian language is due to many linguistic and non-linguistic factors. Intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic factors are different in nature, impact and intensity of manifestation, but they act in any language in close interaction, rather than separately.By the type of use, the newest English borrowings form two groups in the Ukrainian language.These are lexemes with a wide scope of application and lexical units with a narrow scope of application. The widely used newest words of English origin include words with their inherent high frequency of use in Ukrainian speech. A group of English loanwords with a narrow scope of use is structured by words, the specificity of which lies in the fact that they are used by separate groups of people related by professional activities. English slangisms and occasionalisms distinguished by sentiments and stylistic markings are also part of this group.Conclusion. English loanwords prevail among neo-borrowings that have fallen into Ukrainian directly or through other languages. The dominant group in their composition is formed by direct borrowings. This is primarily due to the influence of globalization processes and increased interest of the Ukrainians in learning English. Wide introduction of newest words of English origin into the Ukrainian vocabulary has resulted in the emergence of interrelated extra-linguistic and intra-linguistic factors, though different in nature, impact and magnitude.The newest English loanwords at the present stage of development of Ukrainian society have entered almost all spheres of life. Some of them are not yet fully mastered by linguistic consciousness and are not fixed in Ukrainian dictionaries, but they are already widely used in language communication.