Goods Market Research Articles

Current Regulations of Herbal Medicines in the US and EU

Background: If a herbal pharmaceutical is intended to impact the function of the human organism, it is categorized as a medication or a nutritional supplement. According to the FDA, the medicine must be offered under a New Drug Application (NDA). The European Medicine Agency (EMA) has established two methods for registering herbal medicals: Under Directive 2001/83/EC, a full marketing authorization (MA) is obtained by submitting a dossier containing data about the quality, safeness, and effectiveness of pharmaceuticals, which include physical and chemical, biological, or microbiological tests, as well as pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical trial documentation; There is a simplest technique under Directive 2004/24/EC for classical herbals that do not needs professional monitoring and where the indication of long history use of pharmaceuticals exists and appropriate relevant journals to illustrate a very well medicinal usage is not provided. Aim: A study about the regulatory status of herbal drugs/products was conducted in America and Europe to understand the various classes under which the sale of herbal goods is authorized and their premarketing criteria. Materials and Methods: This study has been performed by gathering information from the official websites of the USFDA and EMA. Results: A thorough evaluation was carried out in order to identify the impediments to the harmonization of herbal goods. Conclusion: Aside from the challenges of herb supply and conservation, it has been shown that there is a lack of uniformity in the regulatory standards of herbal supplements globally. These are impeding international commerce and the expansion of the herbal goods market. USFDA classifies botanical items as pharmaceutical, nutrition, or dietary supplement based on the indications or ultimate use.

Growth and Decomposition Analysis of Major Fruits Grown in Punjab

Background: Punjab has been gifted with the suitable agro climatic conditions and topography for the cultivation of horticultural crops, particularly fruits and vegetables. Due to its easy cultivation on sandy loam soils, increased profitability and good market value in comparison to several other crops in the state, Punjab has gained popularity among fruit growers. Methods: The study was based on secondary data obtained on the basis of the largest area sown over the period of 13 years i.e., from 2010-11 to 2022-23. Statistical tools like Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), instability index and decomposition analysis were used to analyze the trends in area, production and productivity of major fruits in Punjab. Result: Results revealed that growth rates of area, production and productivity had shown positive and significant in all the major fruits during the study period. The growth rate of area and production under kinnow was found to be lowest due to decline in area and production during the last three years. Cuddy-Della Valle Index indicates that fluctuations in area and production was found to be tremendously high under lemon and litchi. Decomposition analysis revealed that area under kinnow was the major contributing factor causing the change in production but it was the yield that played a major role in other fruits.

Factors influencing luxury consumption and the moderating role of debt attitude amongst Generation Z in China

In recent years, China’s economy has undergone rapid development. Increased disposable income and the rapid expansion of Internet-based financial services have positioned China as the largest market for luxury goods. Gen Z, the youngest demographic within emerging markets, is expected to play a pivotal role as the primary driver of the luxury market. However, while China’s luxury market continues to exhibit a high growth rate, this growth has gradually decelerated in comparison to the previous two years according to researchers. This presents a significant challenge for the luxury industry, as maintaining and enhancing the global growth trend has become a pressing concern where consumer behavior is concerned. The second key issue addressed in this study revolves around the concepts of compulsive buying and brand addiction, which can lead individuals, particularly Gen Z, to develop an addiction to luxury consumption. This study is based on an integrated model of conspicuous consumption, social comparison, and impression management theory. The key variables are materialism, brand consciousness, status-seeking, peer pressure, and collectivism to predict the luxury consumption model with debt attitude introduced as a moderating variable to study consumer behaviour in this age group. A non-probability sampling method and 480 people were selected as research samples. Quantitative analysis was used in this study, and SPSS and Smart PLS were used as data analysis tools. Structural equation model (SEM) using partial least squares method was used to determine the relationship of the variables and the moderating effect of debt attitude. The results showed that brand consciousness, status seeking, debt attitude and materialism had the strongest relationship with luxury consumption. Debt attitude as a moderating factor has a significant impact on the hypothesized relationship of the model. This paper provides empirical evidence for research on Gen Z’s luxury consumption, which has practical implications to marketers, luxury companies, local luxury brands and credit institutions.

Problems of Development of East-West International Transport Corridors in the Caspian Region

The article is dedicated to the problems of development of international transport corridors in Caspian region as a part of transcontinental logistic routes between east and west of Eurasia (primarily, between China and European market for Chinese goods). During last thirty years there has been a wide discussion of such corridors as an alternative for the routes via Russia. Since 2022, one can witness the activization of such process. The aim of the research in this context is to specify the current situation in development of such transport corridors in Caspian region as well as the influence of Silk Road Economic Belt realization. It can be concluded that, despite of all discussions, constructing the cross-Caspian logistic infrastructure proves to be very expensive, so that the coastal nations reckon on participation of external players such as EU, US and primarily China. However, infrastructure development still remains to be their ‘inside job’ while the biggest results one can witness is the case of Kazakhstan. Notwithstanding Kazakhstan’s efforts the busiest routes still lay to the north of Caspian region and go via Russia. Thus, connecting logistics systems of eastern and western coasts of the Caspian Sea remains a difficult task that cannot be completed without participation of Russia.

Nutrition Marketing and Nutrient Profiling Models with Regard to Packaged Snack Foods: A Literature Review

Background: Snacking habits are changing towards healthier options as a result of growing consumer awareness, which is making nutrition and health important components of modern food culture. Nutrition-related claims may help consumers and desk job doers to make healthier choices. The food labels carrying nutritional information and health benefit of the product is very much revealing from a health point of view. Methods: This review is an attempt to document nutrition marketing with regard to packaged snack foods, nutrient profiling models for categorization of packaged snack foods and complacency of packaged snack foods with respect to nutrient claim and health claim. Results: Nutritional information available on products is helping consumers in making healthier choices along with products having any health or nutrition-related claims are fascinating consumers and are considered as a good marketing strategy for snack food manufactures. But, researchers pertaining to health and nutrition-related claims have documented an insignificant impact of these claims on consumer’s decision--making about purchasing packaged snack foods.

The potency of the OHADA law in the African digital economy

Abstract There are various technological developments or innovations that have (or will in the future) radically transform business transactions and the way in which people work, enter into contracts, and fulfil their contractual obligations. The principal focus of this article is to analyse the shortfall of the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Laws in Africa’s (OHADA) law, through its Uniform Act on General Commercial Law, in failing to embrace new technologies in a trending digital era when applying traditional contract laws rules to the buying and selling of goods. This is significant because the Uniform Act, as a tool for the regulation of cross-border sale of goods contracts, has been put to the test. Although the scope of the OHADA Uniform Act on General Commercial Law is not extensive to new technologies, this article probes the question as to whether the pulse of technology poses a challenge for the traditional 20th-century rules under OHADA. In other words, is the statute robust enough to reflect the modern digital world, or will it become outdated if it is not revamped or supplemented by other conventions to accommodate new technologies and ways of conducting business? This study uses an in-depth critical analysis of the provisions of the Uniform Act in order to ascertain its potency as it concludes that it is imperative in this modern digital age for such a statute to embody technological innovations for the efficient conduct of transnational businesses.

Influence of Sustainability Concern in the Purchase Decisions of Customers: A Study on Electronic Goods

Understanding how sustainability issues influence customer choices has become critical for sectors like electronics that have a significant environmental impact. This study looks at how customer choices in the electronic goods market are impacted by sustainability condition such energy efficiency, recyclability, product lifespan, and corporate social responsibility (CSR). This study investigates which sustainability features customers value most and how they react to sustainable product offerings utilizing a questionnaire. The results emphasise how critical environmentally friendly practices are in consumer electronics and provide producers data on how to match their goods to the growing demand from consumers for viable solutions

Influences on Consumer Behaviour Regarding the Purchase Intention of Poultry Products

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify factors influencing effective purchasing behaviours in the context of poultry products. Theoretical Framework: The investigation into agricultural product purchases remains a relatively under-researched area within academic literature, particularly concerning detailed analyses of consumer behaviour. This study responds to the theoretical need raised by Pang et al. (2021) to apply their research methodology to different contexts. Method: The methodology adopted for this research was an online survey with a sample of 358 individuals in Colombia. The data analysis was carried out using Structural Equations Modelling with structures in variance. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that aspects such as Trust, Corporate ability, Brand positioning, Consumer cognition and Health consciousness are crucial for consumers of these products. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed indicate that aspects such as Trust, Corporate ability, Brand positioning, Consumer cognition and Health consciousness are crucial for consumers of these products. These factors are considered critical for consumers engaged in purchasing these types of products and provide substantive insights for the broader market of primary consumer goods. Originality/Value: The findings contribute to the scarce literature on consumer behaviour in agricultural product purchasing, offering a nuanced understanding of the determinants that drive consumer choices in this sector.

APPLICATION OF AGGLOMERATIVE HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING IN GROUPING TOURISM INDUSTRY SMES IN EAST JAVA

This study addresses a significant research gap in the classification and evaluation of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) within the tourism industry in East Java, specifically focusing on their marketing performance. The primary objective is to categorize these SMEs based on their marketing effectiveness, a critical factor for their competitiveness in the tourism sector. To achieve this, the research employs cluster analysis, utilizing Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering techniques. The optimal clustering method was determined using the cophenetic correlation coefficient and cluster validation indices. Data for the analysis were collected through questionnaires, with a sample comprising 30 tourism SMEs across 11 regions in East Java, with responses from three employees per SME. The findings revealed two distinct clusters: SMEs with fairly good marketing performance and those with good marketing performance. The results suggest that while many SMEs in the tourism industry in East Java exhibit competitive marketing capabilities, there remains a subset that requires strategic improvements, particularly in spiritual marketing practices. This study's novelty lies in its approach to classifying tourism SMEs by marketing performance, providing a framework for targeted performance enhancement and industry strengthening in the region.

Polycaprolactone/polylactic acid nanofibers incorporated with butyl hydroxyanisole /HP-β-CD assemblies for improving fruit storage quality.

In this study, the inclusion complex was prepared with butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA) as the functional substance and 2-hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) as the main molecule by ultrasound mediation. The inclusion complex was mixed with polycaprolactone (PCL)/polylactic acid (PLA), and nanofiber films loaded with different concentrations of BHA/HP-β-CD inclusion complex were prepared by electrospinning for fruit preservation. The scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy characterization results showed that HP-β-CD successfully embedded BHA in the cavity. The encapsulation of BHA increases the fiber diameter and thermal stability and decreases the crystallinity and hydrophobicity. The oxidation resistance experiment showed that the nanofiber film had a strong free radical scavenging ability. The BHA release rate of the nanofiber membrane was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the release curve results showed that the inclusion complex prepared by ultrasonic self-assembly could significantly prolong the BHA release time. In addition, nanofiber films containing inclusion complex showed an effective fresh-keeping effect within 7 days of mango storage. In conclusion, a series of characterization tests show that the nanofiber film prepared in this study has a good market prospect in food preservation.

Analisis Promotion Mix Terhadap Pemasaran Layanan Kontruksi pada PT Khafi Multi Perkasa

This study aims to determine the results of the analysis of the promotion mix on the marketing of goods and services as well as the forms of construction services that exist at PT. Khafi Multi Mighty. The type of method in this research is a qualitative type with a descriptive approach that is directed to be explained in greater detail about the actual situation that occurs in the field. This study also conducted direct interviews addressed to the Director of the company PT. Khafi Multi Mighty. This study shows the results that the promotion mix has not been implemented by employees so that it does not have a significant effect on service marketing, this is evidenced by their marketing method which only uses three components contained in the promotion mix. So that the services offered have not yet reached the desired point of satisfaction because the marketing system that is being implemented is not perfect.

The Influence of Social Media Marketing, Brand Image, and Word of Mouth on Purchasing Decisions of Arak Bali Beverages in Bali Province

As a regional staple that is of considerable cultural and economic significance in the Bali region, Arak Bali is the subject of this study, which aims to investigate the influence that social media marketing, brand image, and word of mouth have on the decisions that customers make about the purchase of Arak Bali. In a preliminary study with 10 participants, it was discovered that twenty percent of respondents were more interested in purchasing Arak Bali, while eighty percent preferred alcoholic beverages that were imported from other countries. This was the finding of the survey. For the purpose of this investigation, a quantitative methodology is applied, with a specific emphasis placed on the positivist paradigm. In addition to that, a survey that is comprised of questionnaires and random sampling is utilized. This study is centered on individuals who are wine drinkers and who reside in the province of Bali. These individuals are the focus of the investigation. For the purpose of this experiment, the sampling was carried out using the method of random sampling, and samples were gathered from as many as one hundred different individuals. Subsequent to the implementation of a double linear regression analysis strategy, the data is processed with the help of SPSS software version 29, which is the method that is utilized for the purpose of data analysis. The conclusions of this study indicate that the significance value of social media marketing is 0.001 less than 0.05, the significance value of brand image is 0.007 less than 0.05, and the meaning value of word of mouth is 0.001 less than 0.05. As a result, it is possible to draw the conclusion, on the basis of the analysis of the data, that social media marketing, brand image, and word of mouth have a substantial positive influence on the decision to purchase Bali Beverages in the province of Bali. Based on the data, it can be concluded that good marketing through social media, the building of a powerful brand image, and positive word of mouth all have a significant impact on the decisions that consumers make regarding their purchases. These findings provide essential information that can be utilized by Arak Bali in the development of its marketing strategy in highly competitive sectors.

PENERAPAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN PADA UMKM MELALUI DIGITAL MARKETING, INOVASI DAN PERHITUNGAN HPP PADA PADA UMKM ARMFOOD

This study aims to determine the obstacles and problems that occur in MSMEs in the city of Cimahi, the selected MSME is ARM Food. MSME ARM Food is engaged in the food sector. The problems that occur in this study are the need for a good marketing strategy, lack of innovation and financial management reports that are still unstructured. While the purpose of this study is to determine the development process in MSMEs using digital marketing ARM food, to determine the strategies that need to be implemented by MSMEs ARM food to follow products that are popular in the market, to determine the calculation of HPP in MSMEs ARM food. The digital marketing application of MSME ARM Food faces challenges in managing social media and has not been optimal in utilizing digital marketing capabilities.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berpengaruh terhadap Brand Image ditinjau dari Komunikasi Pemasaran

This research aims to describe each influence of the marketing mix starting from public relations advertising, personal selling, public relations and direct marketing on a company's brand image. This research uses literature review techniques with a descriptive qualitative approach. Search for literature using the Google search engine and Google Scholar with the keywords "marketing communications", "brand image awareness", "factors influencing brand image awareness", "brand image and marketing communications". The literature sought is journals, books, conference proceedings, and so on to be analyzed critically and explain what is found in each piece of literature. The research results show that the factor that influences brand image is implementing marketing communication strategies. A marketing communications strategy can create marketing information that provides value according to a comprehensive company plan. The factors that influence a good marketing strategy are marketing communication, where marketing communication is not only about promotion, but there are important elements or communication mix, namely advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, public relations and direct marketing. These five elements can influence the brand image of a company so that the company can increase sales of a product.

Manajemen Keuangan Bagi Kelompok Pembatik Ecoprint Berbasis Digital Marketing – Purbalingga

This Community Service (PKM) aims to improve financial management and digital marketing skills for ecoprint batik groups in Purbalingga. This program is motivated by the needs of craftsmen to develop local economic potential by improving skills in managing finances and utilizing digital technology for product marketing. Through a participatory approach and intensive training, this PKM activity provides an in-depth understanding of good financial management and effective digital marketing strategies. The results of this program show a significant increase in the financial management skills and digital marketing skills of the participants. Thus, this PKM has succeeded in empowering ecoprint batik groups to be more financially independent and able to compete in a wider market through optimizing digital marketing.

Marketing-Driven Supply Chain Innovation: A Framework for FMCG SME Sustainability

In an increasingly competitive and sustainability-conscious market, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector face unique challenges in achieving long-term sustainability. This review explores the concept of marketing-driven supply chain innovation as a strategic framework for enhancing SME sustainability. By integrating consumer-centric marketing strategies with supply chain operations, SMEs can align their product offerings, sourcing practices, and logistics with growing consumer demand for environmentally and socially responsible products. The framework outlined in this study includes key components such as sustainable product design, green logistics, ethical sourcing, and the incorporation of circular economy principles. Additionally, technology-driven innovation, such as data analytics and digital platforms, is emphasized as a tool to improve supply chain transparency, reduce waste, and optimize resource utilization. Through these collaborative efforts, SMEs can foster stronger consumer trust, enhance brand loyalty, and build a competitive edge in the market. Despite the potential benefits, the review also discusses the challenges SMEs may face, including limited financial resources, resistance to organizational change, and balancing profitability with sustainability goals. However, by leveraging green financing options, cross-sector partnerships, and phased implementation strategies, SMEs can overcome these barriers. Ultimately, the integration of marketing-driven supply chain innovation is positioned as a critical path for FMCG SMEs to achieve long-term sustainability, profitability, and market competitiveness in an evolving global economy. Keywords: Marketing-Driven, Supply Chain, FMCG SME, Review.

Freedom of movement in Fortress Europe: campaigning for refugees and migrants in the 1990s

ABSTRACT This article argues for the importance of Europe in the 1990s for understanding the UK’s changing immigration policy and the development of campaigns of resistance. The creation of the European Union and a common market brought with it the threat of common immigration policies and ‘harmonisation’. As the borders of European states shifted, so too did bordering regimes and the policing of the (migrant) crisis. The 1990s, and particularly 1992, represented a juncture in migration and mobility across the 12 member states: who was going to be free to move across this single market of labour, capital and goods? Who would get to belong to Europe? The article explores shifting understandings of Britain’s responsibilities towards refugees, asylum seekers and migrants. The restrictions of Fortress Europe and the ‘new European racism’ were met with substantial resistance. Despite differences in politics, audiences and supporters, what campaigners—from NGO reformers to more radical activists—held in common was the mobilisation of ‘rights’ as a language and resource for claim-making in the British and European state beyond the boundaries of citizenship. The tension between rights as minimum individual standards or radical, collective futures can be traced through those fighting against Fortress Europe.

Envoy Trade and the End of the Tribute Relationship between Vietnam and China, 1802–1885

ABSTRACT This article analyses the commercial activities between Vietnam and China that were conducted by diplomatic envoys (ambassadors) in the 19th century, focusing on three aspects: those that envoys coordinated during tribute missions or diplomatic visits, the trade that they facilitated in the form of buying and selling goods in the other country, and the commerce that occurred when envoys escorted distressed or expelled travellers back to their home country. The analysis reveals that the trade conducted by ambassadors through most of the century was a two-way commercial exchange and driven by mutual interests. However, China’s demand for foreign goods was significantly less pronounced than that of Vietnam. Furthermore, there was a notable degree of asymmetry in benefits and an unequal level of control and influence in this form of trade. This asymmetry, along with the increasingly diverse forms of exchange between China and other countries (especially the growth of private trade) and the expanding role of Western merchants in the regional trade network, eventually ended the dominance of ambassadorial trade in commercial relations between Vietnam and China by the late 19th century. It also contributed to the end of the centuries-long tributary relationship between the two countries.

Fortifikasi Nak Nan Jelly Bog Segamur

Abstract: Abundant banana stem waste is often wasted and becomes an environmental problem. In fact, research results show that banana stems are rich in benefits, one of which is the potential as an anti-obesity agent. Seeing this potential, the community service team tried to process banana stem waste into nutritious and economically valuable food products. This community service activity focused on assisting PKK Metuk mothers in processing banana stems into innovative food products. With intensive training and assistance, it is hoped that PKK mothers can produce value-added food products from banana stem waste. In addition to providing health benefits to the community, this activity is also expected to improve the community's economy through the development of small and medium enterprises based on local resources. The results of this community service activity show that the processing of banana stem waste into food products can be successful. PKK mothers succeeded in producing food products that are not only beneficial for health, but also have good market potential. This success proves that banana stem waste can be a valuable resource if managed properly. Keywords: Musa paradisiaca, economy, health

THE LEGAL NATURE OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AGREEMENTS AND THE FEATURES OF CONTRACTING IN ELECTRONIC FORM

In the article, based on the analysis of the contractual process, with the help of analytical, formal-logical and comparative legal methods, the legal nature of the peculiarities of public procurement contracts and their difference from other civil-law and economic contracts is clarified, as well as the peculiarities of concluding contracts in electronic form. The relevance of the article is due to the significant importance of contracts on public procurement and the study of the features of concluding contracts in electronic form for the interests of state customers and the state as a whole. In the course of the study, the properties and nature of public procurement contracts and the peculiarities of concluding contracts in electronic form were clarified in the analysis of compliance with the principle of freedom of contract from the beginning of the pre-contractual process stage to the moment of concluding the procurement contract. When clarifying the legal nature of contracts on public procurement and the features of concluding contracts in electronic form, an analysis of the possibility of applying the concept of “a contract as a source of law” to these contracts is carried out. According to the results of the study, the transparency and openness of the entire contractual process, which is controlled by the public and state bodies in order to meet the needs of customers acting in the interests of the state, has been established. Important features of the legal nature of procurement contracts are their mandatory planning, consensuality and payment. The subject structure of these contracts is special, given the competitive nature of these contracts, which are mostly concluded as a result of competitive procedures or simplified procurement. The state takes a special role in these treaties as “a kind of treaty agent.” When concluding contracts on public procurement, the principle of economic profitability and compliance with the requirements of the customer in accordance with current legislation applies. According to the results and conclusions of the study, participants of the contractual process - customers and participants (service providers, contractors, sellers of goods) and specialists in the field of law are suggested to use in their work. Based on the results of the research, it is proposed to supplement Article 640 of the Civil Code of Ukraine with the fifth paragraph, in which to define the registration of procurement contracts in the state treasury bodies, which is mandatory, but is not specified in any legislative act. Also, in paragraph five of the specified article, it is proposed to determine the moment of conclusion of the purchase contract, which is different from the moment of conclusion of other contracts.