Selling Contracts Research Articles

Simbol Dalam Relasi Sosial Antara Pedagang dan Pengunjung Pasar Terapung Lok Baintan

The symbols used by floating market traders are different from those used by market traders in general, such as the use of pantun, tanggui, and kakamban. This research aims to examine the meaning behind the symbols used by Lok Baintan floating market traders and their function in building social relations with visitors. This research uses social relations theory and symbolic interactionism theory. This research uses a qualitative approach with semiotic analysis. The research informants were traders and visitors of Lok Baintan floating market. Data were collected through observation, interviews and documentation, and analysed using two-stage meaning of signs, namely denotation and connotation (Roland Barthes' semiotic theory). The results showed that traders in Lok Baintan village are divided into two, namely home-based traders and floating market traders. There are symbols used by floating market traders to build social relations with visitors, namely using cold pupur, tanggui, colourful jukung, kakamban, negligee and brightly coloured clothes, tapih, baturai pantun and contracts in buying and selling. The denotation or original meaning of the use of cold pupur, tanggui, colourful jukung, kakamban, negligee and brightly coloured clothes, tapih, baturai pantun and buying and selling contracts was found. The connotation meaning is the use of cold pupur, tanggui, colourful jukung, kakamban, negligee and brightly coloured clothes, tapih, baturai pantun and buying and selling contracts. The myth is that the use of cold pupur is considered an attention-getter in order to quickly find a mate. Mutual interaction at the Lok Baintan Floating Market is a form of Social Relation that runs well. This research is able to analyse the meaning of two stages of signs regarding the interactions that occur in the Floating Market.

Examining Online Buying and Selling Contracts: A Qualitative Analysis of Marketplace Transactions and Contractual Practices

Abstract This research will discuss how the contract is carried out by sellers and buyers in online buying and selling activities in a marketplace. Nowadays, there are many marketplaces that serve as a place for sellers to sell their goods which are also equipped with various features in it. Considering that the contract is one of the pillars of buying and selling and is a condition for the validity of buying and selling, it is necessary to conduct this research to find out how the contract used in buying and selling carried out in a marketplace. The method used in this research is a qualitative method, with interviews with informants to find out how the practice is and their opinions related to this matter. From the results of this study, it was found that if the goods and prices are clearly known, and there is willingness between the seller and the buyer, then it can be said that the contract and sale are valid because the terms and conditions have been fulfilled and the contract process is complete when the buyer clicks on the order completed/order received. Keywords: Akad, online buying and selling, marketplace. Abstrak Penelitian ini mengulas bagaimana kontrak dilaksanakan oleh penjual dan pembeli dalam kegiatan jual beli online di sebuah marketplace. Saat ini, terdapat banyak marketplace yang berfungsi sebagai tempat bagi penjual untuk menjual barang dagangannya, dilengkapi dengan berbagai fitur di dalamnya. Mengingat bahwa kontrak merupakan salah satu pilar dalam jual beli dan merupakan syarat keabsahan transaksi jual beli, penelitian ini diperlukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kontrak digunakan dalam kegiatan jual beli di marketplace. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif, dengan wawancara bersama informan untuk mengetahui praktik yang dilakukan serta pendapat mereka terkait masalah ini. Dari hasil penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa apabila barang dan harga jelas diketahui, serta terdapat kesepakatan antara penjual dan pembeli, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa kontrak dan transaksi penjualan tersebut sah karena syarat dan ketentuan telah terpenuhi, dan proses kontrak dianggap selesai ketika pembeli melakukan klik pada "order completed/order received". Kata Kunci: Akad, jual beli online, marketplace.

Platform information sharing and selling contract strategies with blockchain adoption

The recent rapid development of blockchain technology has drawn considerable attention. To examine the impact of blockchain on platform supply chains, we construct a supply chain consisting of two suppliers and an e-commerce platform. Each supplier may use either a reselling or an agency selling contract; therefore, three scenarios are possible: pure agency selling, pure reselling, or hybrid contracts. Considering blockchain’s role in eliminating transaction costs and achieving demand information transparency, we apply a game theory model to study each player’s pricing strategy and profits when blockchain and selling contract strategies vary. We find that the platform’s optimal selling contract and blockchain strategies strongly depend on commission rates, competition intensity, and transaction costs. Suppliers are willing to join the blockchain to gain demand information and reduce transaction costs. With low transaction costs and high competition intensity, the platform may ally itself with the agency supplier and authorize him to join the blockchain to maximize profits, which may ruin social welfare. From a social welfare perspective, we find that a pure agency contract is optimal, whereas the optimal blockchain strategy varies. Specifically, blockchain adoption may not benefit social welfare even when its operations costs are negligible. We further explore a scenario in which two suppliers can choose their selling contracts to derive insights into suppliers’ contract choices and government subsidy policies. Moreover, we explore the impact of marginal production costs on the optimal strategy for platforms.

Food Purchase by Islamic Youth: When Buying and Selling Contracts and Halal Awareness Ignore by Taste

This study conveys an overview of the purchasing decisions made by the younger generation of Muslims in buying trending food and its relation to ignoring sales, purchase contracts, and halal product information. The type of research used in this research is quantitative research. They are collecting research data using a questionnaire or questionnaire. The respondents of this study were 130 Muslim students at Medan State Polytechnic. The Data analysis techniques use descriptive statistics with quantitative descriptive methods. The questionnaire method operates as a source for data collection. The style used is the distribution of frequency tables by displaying the frequency and percentage of the results of the respondents, which are processed using the Microsoft Excel program. The results showed that the younger generation of Muslims, represented by Muslim students at the Medan State Polytechnic, tended to purchase trending foods, in this case, Mie Gacoan, based on their taste for the product and the various variations of Mie Gacoan products offered in restaurants. Sales and purchase contracts and information on the halal food products restaurants offer are sufficient as a reference. However, they are not the primary determinant in purchasing food products. This condition takes a clear picture that in the era of openness and digital like today, buying and selling contracts in service at restaurants are still things that need to be displayed by restaurants so that they can be a reference for consumers in deciding to purchase products, even though the form of the contract is not signed between the consumer and the restaurant owner. Such as a sale and purchase contract, but special conditions or small agreements that are displayed, such as refund conditions or meal replacement policies submitted by the restaurant in writing, become a form of restaurant service initiative to consumers so that these conditions can provide a framework for relationships between customers and restaurants. In the Islamic view, the contract for food in a restaurant can refer to the principles of Islamic law or sharia. These principles include Halal Compliance, Food Quality, Fairness in Transactions, Obligation of Information, Service, and Ethics. In Islamic law, adherence to the above principles is essential to maintaining fairness, integrity, and consumer welfare. But in the end, it is still the consumer who determines the decision to buy or not a product according to this contract, that currently the priority is the basis for consumer thinking to decide to buy more because of the urge of taste. The illustrated in the buying decision of Mie Gacoan by the younger generation of Islam at Medan State Polytechnic

Should competing suppliers with dual-channel supply chains adopt agency selling in an e-commerce platform?

In this paper, we examine which of an agency selling or a wholesale contract offered by an e-commerce platform competing suppliers with typical dual-channel supply chains should adopt, where the products are not differentiated between a direct channel and an indirect platform channel, as in the case of digital goods. Specifically, we consider the situation in which each of two competing suppliers chooses its distribution strategy regarding whether it sells via a direct channel and/or an indirect channel via the platform. In addition, a supplier also chooses an agency selling contract or a wholesale contract if selling via the platform. Constructing and solving a game-theoretic model, we derive the primary result that, in equilibrium, one supplier sells products only via the direct channel, while the other supplier sells via both the direct channel and the platform channel through adopting a wholesale contract, even given the assumption of symmetric suppliers. This finding yields the managerial implication that a supplier selling products of the same quality between direct and platform channels in a competitive environment should not adopt agency selling but instead a regular wholesale contract when selling via a platform. Moreover, this finding reverses the conventional insight from existing models in previous studies that at least one competing supplier always adopts an agency contract when the suppliers are without their own direct sales channels.

Quality differentiation and e‐tailer's choice between reselling and agency selling

AbstractMany manufacturers sell products through both the e‐retail and direct channels, which may lead to channel conflicts. To alleviate this, quality differentiation becomes an important marketing strategy for the manufacturer. However, few studies investigate how the form of the e‐tailer's selling contract affects the manufacturer's distribution strategy. Here, we investigate this by establishing a game model in which a manufacturer sells two products with similar functions, but different quality levels, through the direct channel and an e‐tailer. The manufacturer may distribute high‐ and low‐quality products through the direct and e‐tailer channels, respectively, or vice versa. The e‐tailer can choose either the reselling or agency selling contracts. We find that the impact of quality differentiation on equilibria depends on the distribution strategy, contract form, and level of product competition. Under the reselling contract, the manufacturer (he) should distribute high‐quality products directly if the relative efficiency of low‐ to high‐quality products is low. Under the agency selling contract, he should distribute low‐quality products directly if the relative efficiency is moderate. Finally, the e‐tailer (she) should choose the agency selling contract if the production cost is moderate, regardless of the manufacturer's distribution strategy.

Online retailer bundling strategy in a dual-channel supply chain

Bundling is typically used by online retailers and is receiving increasing attention. We investigate bundling in a dual-channel supply chain whose members use an agency selling contract, where a manufacturer distributes its product with a constant price in the dual-channel and pays a commission fee for each product sold through the online retailer's channel. The online retailer can sell the product separately or, if the contract allows, package it as a bundle and decide the price of the bundle. A Stackelberg game model is developed to obtain insights for optimizing bundling decisions. First, we find that the manufacturer and online retailer cannot always benefit simultaneously from bundling. Bundling could often benefit the retailer but hurt the manufacturer because bundling transfers consumer demand from the manufacturer's channel to the retailer's channel, making the manufacturer pay more in commission fees. Second, we show that bundling can achieve a win-win outcome only when the online retailer sets a low price for the bundle and the commission rate is moderate. Our findings emphasize that the commission rate significantly impacts the optimality of bundling, and neither a low nor a high commission rate can make the two sides agree about adopting bundling.

Presence of piracy and legal protection: Decisions in the digital goods market under different contracts

Digital piracy remains a challenge for digital content developers and platforms. This study explores the impacts of digital piracy on content developers, platforms, and consumers when platforms make efforts to reduce piracy. The reselling and agency selling contracts between content developers and platforms are investigated. According to the equilibria, we show that there are three different cases: no piracy, the threat of piracy, and the presence of piracy. Under different business contracts, the equilibria and impacts of piracy on the supply chain differ considerably. Surprisingly, we find that although the presence of piracy always negatively affects chain members’ profits under the agency selling contract, it can positively affect such profits in certain situations under the reselling contract. In addition, we show isolated Pareto improvement regions under the reselling and agency selling contracts. We also find that if there is a large gap between the high and low protection levels, then the platform prefers the high level over the low level, regardless of the business contract. Furthermore, compared with the adoption of the reselling contract, we observe that in most cases, the adoption of the agency selling contract results in a lower piracy rate and a higher consumer surplus.

The interactions between upstream quality disclosure and downstream entry

Currently, an increasing number of online platforms are entering retail markets, sharing a common manufacturer with traditional retailers. This study focuses on the platform entry strategy in a supply chain, where a manufacturer that could voluntarily disclose quality information sells its product via a retailer. Two common distribution contracts (reselling and agency selling) between the manufacturer and the online platform are considered. We find that downstream entry induces the manufacturer to reveal more quality information to the consumer than in the monopoly setting and that the agency contract results in a higher (lower) transparency level of the supply chain than the reselling contract when the commission fee is small (large). Moreover, contrary to the conventional wisdom that downstream entry likely harms incumbent retailers, we show that entry is not necessarily a problem that harms existing traditional retailers due to the increased quality transparency caused by entry. It is generally believed that a higher commission fee may encourage the platform to adopt the agency contract. In contrast, we demonstrate that the platform does not always benefit from a higher commission fee when an agency selling contract is adopted; the platform still chooses a reselling contract to enter the market in a context with asymmetric quality information, despite the higher commission fee. That is, the manufacturer’s quality disclosure can create a new win-win outcome for the platform and manufacturer in the choice of distribution contract.

Exchange Rate Risk Premium in Vietnam

This study characterises the exchange rate risk premium in the context of a small open economy with a controlled floating exchange rate regime. The empirical analysis applies the time-varying coefficients Bayesian structural vector autoregressive (TVC-BSVAR) model on data from the Vietnamese economy over a sample period from February 2012 to February 2019. The evidence shows that the risk premium varies over time, and increases with inflation and foreign direct investment capital inflows, but decreases with output growth and credit growth. The TVC-BSVAR model displayed highly accurate forecasting performance, accounting for nearly 94% of risk premium in a case study using the US dollar forward selling contract.

Ринки сільгосппродукції: стан та перспективи виробництва курячих яєць в Україні та світі

Abstract. Introduction. The ever-growing world population and low price of chicken eggs have provided reasons for the increased popularity and growing market of this product in Ukraine and worldwide. Nevertheless, the ability to generate profit mainly depends on minimizing feed expenses together with having long-term selling contracts with a stable price level in hard currency. Purpose. Main goal of the article is to analyze the situation with chicken egg production in Ukraine and worldwide, outline the main problems effecting this sphere, structural characteristics of the market and develop proposals for improvement. Results. Despite multiple challenges in the sphere (necessity to change supplier of hatching-eggs, being highly dependent on the price of feed and electric power) Ukrainian producers managed to increase production almost two times bigger in the last 20 years and became one of world’s largest exporters. The production structure has not changed much with 44% being still produced by subsistence farmers. As for the legal henneries – almost 41% of them are micro size with less than 1 mln hryvnia sales a year. Another 22% are small with 1-10 mln hryvnia sales a year, 26% - middle-size and 11% in number make large companies with more than 100 mln hryvnia sales in one year. However, they sell 89% of the value of all egg products, which is more than 12 bln hryvna in total. That is how 19 biggest henneries actually control all market. Profitability of the egg production has been rather unstable lately with reported cost-benefit ratio of -23.5% in 2019. The price has also been unstable with fluctuations between -36% to +53% of the mean value during the year which makes business very unpredictable. Conclusions. The conducted research revealed positive trends in chicken egg production resulting from high demand for cheap food. However unreliable Ukrainian market stimulates exportation which protects producers from price fluctuations and growth of production cost. This made Ukrainian producers 4th largest world exporter. Production in Ukraine is mainly concentrated by the 19 largest henneries. Small-scale producers strongly suffer from all negative effects and are unable to support themselves without external financial assistance.

PRACTICAL NOTIONS REGARDING THE CONTRACTUAL PROVISION ON THE WARANTY AGAINST THE EVICTION OF SELLING CONTRACTS

The contractual provision on the warranty against eviction is a matter in which the parties involved in the making of a selling contract often have tight negotiations. Many times the seller is looking for the exemption of provision of warranty, but is such a clause legally available? In the following we will present you the procedure in which the parties can limit or extend the provision aginst eviction.

도시정비사업의 효율적 추진을 위한 갈등조정 방안 연구

This study was performed in order to contributing the conflict factors which largely affects the efficient promotion of Urban Rehabilitation Project. then, it aims to induce conflict factors which affect the business period and business expense through PLS Regression Analysis. The data was build up from union members, tenants and merchants who are living in the completed urban rehabilitation area. In the case of `Business period`, it shows the priority on conflict factors in this order such as the `Approval and Authorization for union establishment`, `Approval and Plan for business enforcement` and `Interruption of interest group related to service business such as business delay`. In addition, In the case of `Business expenses`, it shows the priority on conflict factors in this order such as the `Approval and Authorization for union establishment`, `Selling contract`, `Report of Demolition and Loss` and `Plan and Authorization of Management disposition`.

To Withdraw Or Not To Withdraw? Evaluation of the Mandatory Right of Withdrawal in Consumer Distance Selling Contracts Taking Into Account Its Behavioural Effects on Consumers

The right of withdrawal was introduced to European consumer law as an exception to the general contractual principle of pacta sunt servanda. It has recently been upheld in the Consumer Rights Directive as a mandatory right for consumers concluding distance selling contracts. Among various assessments of this measure a comprehensive evaluation thereof from the point of view of consumers’ interests is lacking. Such an assessment is conducted in this paper with consideration of the effect that the right of withdrawal is likely to have on consumers. The yardstick for the evaluation of the current rules, as well as for suggesting a new approach is the increased consumer welfare, which takes into account consumers’ happiness and their lack of regret for entering into transactions.

To Withdraw or Not to Withdraw? Evaluation of the Mandatory Right of Withdrawal in Consumer Distance Selling Contracts Taking into Account Its Behavioural Effects on Consumers

The right of withdrawal was introduced to European consumer law as an exception to the general contractual principle of pacta sunt servanda. It has recently been upheld in the Consumer Rights Directive as a mandatory right for consumers concluding distance selling contracts. Among various assessments of this measure a comprehensive evaluation thereof from the point of view of consumers’ interests is lacking. Such an assessment is conducted in this paper with consideration of the effect that the right of withdrawal is likely to have on consumers. The yardstick for the evaluation of the current rules, as well as for suggesting a new approach is the increased consumer welfare, which takes into account consumers’ happiness and their lack of regret for entering into transactions.

Assessment of the assortment potential of the growing stock – a photogrammetry based approach for an automatized grading of sample trees

The presented paper introduces a photogrammetry based value inventory method including an electronic grading routine. The grading is realized by an automatic identification of stem surface features in eCognition. ECognition is an image analysis system using a polygon-oriented segmentation and a fuzzy logic based classification. The feature-related parameterisation within eCognition is oriented on key assortment criteria originating from timber selling contracts in two test regions in Saxony (Germany). A total of eight Norway spruces (Picea abies, Karst.) and eight Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) was selected as sample material for the development of the classification process in eCognition. For two further sample trees - one Norway spruce and one Scots pine - the differences between a normal, i.e. visual sorting and a picture-interpretation supported and consequently more detailed sorting are presented. In the context of forest inventory, the presented approach can support the acquirement of detailed sample-tree-based information on the assortment distribution at the level of management planning units in forest enterprises. stocking tree / quality / forest inventory / photogrammetry / automatized grading / image analysis / grading criteria / timber selling contract / Picea abies / Pinus sylvestris

Versioning in the Information Economy: Theory and Applications

Price discrimination consists in selling the same product to different buyers at different prices. When sellers cannot relate a buyer's willingness to pay to some observable characteristics, price discrimination can be achieved by targeting a specific package (i.e., a selling contract that includes various clauses in addition to price) for each class of buyers. The seller faces then the problem of designing the menu of packages in such a way that each consumer indeed chooses the package targeted for her. This practice, known as versioning (or as second-degree price discrimination), is widespread in the information economy. In this paper, we propose a simple unified framework to study the general theory behind versioning and to consider a number of specific versioning strategies used in the information economy (namely, bundling, functional degradation and conditioning prices on purchase history)

Repair Expenses, Selling Contracts and House Prices

This article examines the impact of repair expenses on the selling price of a house. Using data that include the actual dollar amount of repairs stipulated in the settlement statement, we investigate the frequency and extent to which the performance of major repairs is part of the sales contract. We find that most homes are restored to a “normally maintained” state each time the home changes hands, and that the cost of bringing the home to this condition is included as part of the house selling price. This implies that it may be unnecessary to measure maintenance levels when using transaction data to study components of house price or to construct house price indexes.

Three instances of negotiation procedures in the Federal Republic of Germany

The report deals with three types of negotiation procedures: the product information system, the voluntary right of rescission in direct selling contracts, and the widespread phenomenon of standard form recommendations. In order to facilitate a comparison each analysis is structured in an identical way: (a) presentation of the contents in their relation to legal rules; (b) motives behind their establishment; (c) description of the procedure; (d) evaluation of the monitoring of the codes and of the sanctions for non-compliance.