Selling Price Research Articles

Application of Lignin as Partial Binder Replacement in Magnesium Phosphate Bonded Paper Sludge Composite Products; Board Properties and Economic Analysis

AbstractThe study investigated the feasibility for partial phosphate binder replacement with lignin in phosphate bonded paper sludge composites. A central composite experimental design (CCD) was used to optimise the board manufacturing process, wherein the effect of process temperature, as well as lignin content were investigated with respect to board properties based on the ASTM D1037 standard. Moduli of rupture and elasticity of up to 7.2 MPa and 2.8 GPa respectively in the boards with lignin content of 36–43 wt% and formulation temperatures of 118–133 °C were observed. The phosphate binder input, which bears a huge cost in the process was reduced by up to 49% with lignin incorporation. The effect of pine veneer lamination on the strength properties of the composite boards was investigated. Pine veneer lamination improved mechanical properties, with the moduli of rupture and elasticity increasing from 7.2 to 22.1 MPa (67% increase) and 2.8 to 3.6 GPa (22% increase) respectively. The economic viability of the boards produced was also assessed and the results showed that the required selling price for the composite boards is competitive in the local market for inexpensive construction materials, sold at wholesale prices for between R 158/m2 and R 295/m2, depending on product finishing. Graphical Abstract

Analisis Biaya Produksi dalam Peningkatan Penjualan

This study aims to analyze production costs in increasing sales in the Sultan Bakery small industry in Bandarjo Dusun II, Kec.Pasaman, Kab.Pasaman Barat. The main focus of the research includes the relationship between production costs and selling prices, the effectiveness of production cost management on profit margins and increased sales, and factors that influence production costs in the context of market competitiveness. This research used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, where data were obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. The results showed that efficiency in managing production costs has a significant influence on the ability of businesses to set competitive selling prices. The main factors that support this efficiency include raw material management, labor optimization, and overhead cost control. In addition, the selection of quality raw materials and effective labor management help maintain cost stability without compromising product quality. This strategy not only maintains customer loyalty but also increases the competitiveness of the business in the local market. The increase in sales achieved by Sultan Bakery is consistently supported by planned cost management, production scale efficiency, and the application of modern technology. This study concludes that production cost efficiency plays an important role in supporting profit margins, increasing sales, and strengthening the competitiveness of small businesses in the local market.

Analisis Perhitungan Biaya Produksi Dengan Metode Variable Costing Pada PT. Gudang Garam Tbk. Padang Sidempuan

Variable costing method is a method of determining the cost of production that classifies costs based on cost behavior. The calculation of the cost of production is an important thing to note because of the increasing competition between companies in producing quality products at quite competitive prices. The purpose of this study was to analyze the calculation of the cost of production using the variable costing method for the selling price of Cigarette Clove Filters at PT. Gudang Garam. Based on the calculation of the cost of production using the company method, it is higher than the calculation using the variable costing method. The cost of production using the company method is IDR 100,704,757,320 and the calculation of the cost of production using the variable costing method is IDR 68,304,757,320. Determining the selling price of the method calculatiion of the cost of production using the company method is higher than the variable costing method of IDR 1,510.57/stick. While the calculation of the cost of production using the variable costing method, the unit selling price of the product is IDR 1,024.57/stick. The difference in the selling price of this product unit occurs because the calculation of the cost of production is also different.

Analyzing The Effect of Body Size and Body Weight of Local Horses on Their Selling Price at The Tolo Horse Market, Jeneponto

Determining the selling price of horses in the Tolo Horse Market has been using the estimated system due to the limitations of weighing equipment. So, it is necessary to research the accuracy of determining the price seen from the body size and body weight of livestock and its effect on the selling price of local horses. This research was conducted in Tolo Horse Market. This research used a mixed method with a convergent parallel design approach. The results showed that the size of body length and chest circumference of horses is relatively more varied than waist height and pelvic height. Chest circumference and body length significantly (p<0.05) affect the selling price of horses in Tolo Horse Market. In conclusion, the selling price of local horses in the Tolo horse market is significantly influenced by body size, namely chest circumference, body length, and body weight. In comparison, the hip height and pelvic height of horses do not affect the selling price of horses. The ability to estimate the price is quite reasonable based on the linearity between the body weight of the research results and the selling price set. However, the use of measuring instruments is still recommended for accuracy.

Microbial Upgrading of Lignin Depolymerization: Enhancing Efficiency with Lignin-First Catalysis.

Chemical depolymerization of lignin is a non-selective process that often generates a wide distribution of product compounds, denoted herein as lignin breakdown products (LBPs). To address this limitation, we developed a hybrid lignin conversion approach that employs a lignin-first catalytic approach on biomass and subsequent microbial upgrading. A Pd/C catalyst was used for reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of poplar biomass, and Rhodococcus opacus PD630 (R. opacus PD630) was then cultivated on the resulting LBPs. This RCF approach increases the total biomass utilization by R. opacus PD630 over base-catalyzed depolymerization (BCD) reactions that were performed in the absence of Pd/C and molecular hydrogen (H2). LBPs generated using RCF resulted in higher cell growth per gram of biomass. Cellulose in the residual biomass after RCF treatment also showed enhanced enzymatic digestibility due to saccharification yields over 40%. Techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle analysis (LCA) of this hybrid lignin conversion scheme, integrated into a cellulosic bioethanol plant, decreased the minimum ethanol selling price from $4.07/gallon (base case) to $3.94/gallon. Global warming potentials ranged from 29 and 30.5 CO2,eq/MJ. These results highlight the potential for an industrial hybrid conversion-based biorefinery scheme that utilizes lignin-first catalytic deconstruction and R. opacus PD630 upgrading.

Optimum pricing decision for the retailer with warranty and price-dependent variable demand

Buying inventory on a credit basis is an effective pricing plan, and trade credit is a popular component of market transactions that increase demand. In a dynamic situation, most businesses offer different rewards and services to their consumers under certain terms and conditions during commodity sales. The accompanying companies provide a warranty period facility to increase consumer demand for products. The holding cost often increases over time. This study determines a production model wherein the production rate is proportionate to the price-warranty period based on the demand rate with time-dependent holding cost and trade credit policy. This work leads to three vital conventions: (I) the rate of product demand is considered to be price-warranty period dependent; (II) the non-linear function is considered for the rate of replacement failure, wherein the capital of the manufacturer depends on the warranty period; and (III) the rate of inflation is constant; moreover, the present time value of money also measured. This study aims to find the selling price, cycle time, and warranty period by using an algorithm to optimize the total profit function of the manufacturer. The results are validated by solving three numerical examples with their graphical representation based on different situations and the major parameters, and sensitivity analysis is analyzed with important decision-making implications.

Training on Calculation of Production Cost and Determination of Product Selling Price to Increase Competitiveness of MSMEs in Alai Village

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in the Indonesian economy, including in job creation, improving people's welfare, and strengthening the national economic structure. One effective solution to address these challenges is through training on cost of goods produced (COGS) calculation and selling price determination. This study focuses on the training provided to MSMEs in Alai Village, with the aim of improving the understanding of business actors regarding the components of COGS and effective selling price setting strategies. The method used in this research is the field practice method which goes through three stages, namely preparation, implementation and evaluation. The results showed that participants gained better knowledge about COGS calculations and were able to set competitive selling prices, thereby increasing operational efficiency and profit margins. This was proven when researchers conducted periodic research at 2 stages, namely before the presentation of the material (pretest) and after the presentation of the material (posttest). Thus, this training makes a positive contribution to business sustainability and the economic welfare of local communities, increases the competitiveness of MSMEs, and has a positive impact on local economic growth

Pengaruh Tipe Mobil Terhadap Harga dan Kapasitas Mesin di Belarus Dengan Pendekatan Metode Manova

Belarus is a country on the European Continent that continues to develop modern technology, especially in the field of the transportation industry. Supported by people's consumption patterns that tend to be consumptive where the demand for goods can affect the country's economy if not controlled properly, one of which is the use of cars. The high interest of the public in the use of cars is influenced by the design of the body type. Body type plays an important role in determining consumer preferences. The design of the car body type also affects the selling price. Engine capacity is also closely related, where larger vehicles typically have larger tanks. Therefore, it is important to analyze the influence between car body type and price and car engine capacity in Belarus using the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) method. Data analysis starts from describing the characteristics of variables, then conducting MANOVA assumption testing starting from multivariate normality testing with Q-Q plot and T-proportion test, independence correlation test test with barlet test, and homogeneity test with box's m test. Followed by the MANOVA test on the body variable on the price and capacity of the car engine and after that the LSD test. The results of the price characteristics and the capacity of the car engine were obtained by one and two outliers, respectively, and the shape of the boxplot was asymmetrical The most observed type of car was the universal type. The results of the MANOVA assumption test show that the data is normally distributed multivariate, dependent, and has a homogeneous covariance variance matrix. The results of the MANOVA test show that there is at least one type of car that has a significant influence on the price and capacity of the car engine. The LSD test results show the type of car based on the price of the car that there is no difference between the average car type 1, 2, 3, 4.

Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Serta Harga Pokok Penjualan Terhadap Laba Penjualan: Studi Kasus pada UMKM Cilok Wonogiri

This research aims to determine the effect of production costs and cost of goods sold on profits generated by MSMEs in Cilok Wonogiri. The elements that form production costs are production costs, including: raw material costs, direct and indirect labor costs, general production costs and inventory of goods in process, including: inventory of goods in process and inventory of goods. ongoing. Meanwhile, the cost of goods sold factor includes total production costs and finished product inventory (initial finished product inventory and final finished product inventory). These factors will influence the selling price of the product. Primary and secondary data are the types of data used in research. Primary data was taken from direct observation of subjects to obtain accurate data along with the results of company interviews. Secondary data was collected through company records regarding data relating to production costs and cost of goods sold which will affect the profits obtained from sales of Wonogiri cilok. Researchers examine production costs using company calculations and production cost data for 2022. The analysis technique used by the author is a quantitative descriptive analysis method. Quantitative descriptive analysis is used to explain the calculation of production costs according to the full cost method, then this information is used as a basis for determining product selling prices to determine MSME profits.

Strategi Meningkatkan Brand Awareness Mazda di Indonesia melalui Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran

Mazda is a Japanese car manufacturer that has been in Indonesia for a long time. Mazda had changed APM (Brand Holder Agent) several times, however, since being under the direction of PT Eurokars Motor Indonesia, Mazda's development in Indonesia has been increasingly positive. The research method used is qualitative, with data collection through interviews, observation, and documentation. The research subject is Mazda, and the object of research is Mazda's marketing communication strategy in increasing brand awareness in Indonesia. Researchers concluded that there are four categorizations of Mazda marketing carried out in Indonesia to increase brand awareness, including building customer trust, promotion through digital marketing, marketing communication, and building brand awareness through Mazda's philosophy. However, Mazda also has obstacles in marketing its products due to the small number of dealers it has in Indonesia and the high selling price of products compared to other Japanese car brands. This is because Mazda is aiming for a more exclusive target market which makes dealers only exist in big cities. The high selling price of Mazda products is also proportional to what is obtained in the product and the quality of the materials used above other Japanese car brands. This study suggests that Mazda collaborate more with a more premium nature so that it is comparable to the image Mazda has built

Strategi Diferensiasi Produk dalam Mencapai Keunggulan Bersaing CV Tirta Emas

This study discusses the differentiation strategy that has been carried out at CV Tirta Emas. The differentiation strategy is an effort made by the company by providing a differentiator between its products and market products. Businesses have different characteristics so that they are easily recognized by the public. CV Tirta Emas has a distinctive feature in its products, namely comfortable noodle products which are one of the healthy foods. The results of the observation show that one of the factors in the differentiation strategy carried out is still not optimal, which results in a less stable sales turnover received in 2023. This study aims to analyze the product differentiation strategies carried out in achieving competitive advantage. In this study, the author uses the theory put forward by Feranita that there are six factors that can be done in carrying out a differentiation strategy to achieve competitive advantage. Excellence can be measured from the uniqueness, quality and selling price of the product. The method used is a qualitative descriptive case study method by producing data from competent sources. Data collection is carried out by conducting observation, interview and documentation techniques. The essence of this study is to maintain the differentiation strategy that has been implemented and analyze the differentiation strategy in achieving the competitive advantage of CV Tirta Emas.

Analisis Harga Pokok Produksi untuk Menentukan Harga Jual

This study aims to determine the calculation of the cost of goods produced using the Full Costing method, to determine the calculation of the cost of goods produced using the Variable Costing method, and to calculate the difference between the two methods on the cost of goods produced and its effect on the selling price. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. This research has three elements of the social situation, namely CV. Nj Food Industries jl.cikiray kaler, sukamanah, kec. Cisaat, sukabumi district 43152 (place), CV. Nj Foods Finance Department (Actors), and Analysis of the cost of production to determine the selling price (Activities). Data collection techniques in this study are observation, interviews, documentation and literature study. The data analysis techniques used in this research are data reduction, data display, and Conclusing Drawing / verification. The results of this study indicate that in determining the cost of goods produced at CV Nj. Food Industries there are still costs that he has not included such as depreciation costs, transportation costs and others. Then there are differences in the calculation of the cost of goods manufactured by CV Nj Food Industries using the full costing and variable costing methods.

Machine learning-based techno-econo-environmental analysis of CO2-to-olefins process for screening the optimal catalyst and hydrogen color

CO2 to light olefins (CTLO) is an attractive strategy for CO2 fixation to obtain high-value-added chemical products. Selecting the optimal catalyst and hydrogen source for the process has become increasingly challenging due to the wide range of developed catalysts and diverse hydrogen sources available. Herein, this study proposes a machine learning-based techno-econo-environmental analysis framework for screening catalysts and hydrogen colors for the CTLO process. The preferred machine learning model is employed to screen the most promising catalyst for the CTLO process, which is then applied to accomplish the conceptual design of the entire process to obtain essential material and energy balance results by process modeling and simulation. Finally, the techno-econo-environmental performance of the CTLO processes using various colored hydrogen are compared to provide more informed choices. The results indicate the extreme gradient boosting model exhibits superior predictive accuracy, making it suitable for integrating with the genetic algorithm to screen the optimal catalyst for the CTLO process. After multi-objective optimization, an optimal Fe-based catalyst is screened and used for the modeling and simulation of the CTLO process due to its highest light olefins yield (36.43%). The carbon, hydrogen, and exergy utilization efficiencies of the CTLO process considering solely the target light olefins are 59.58%, 21.71%, and 40.41%, respectively. After evaluating the impact of different H2 colors on the total operating cost, unit production cost, and minimum selling price of the CTLO process, it was found the CTLO process using gray H2 generated by coke oven gas and coal gasification technologies exhibits the most favorable cost-effectiveness and optimal market price compared to alternative production scenarios. However, using green H2 proves highly advantageous for the CTLO process in attaining comprehensive negative carbon emissions throughout its lifecycle. Moreover, it anticipates the influence of technological advancements and market fluctuations on the market competitiveness of CTLO processes with diverse hydrogen colors.

Exploring the Role of Community Organisations as Environmental Vulnerability Insurance for Cacao Smallholders in Colombia

The future of replacing illicit crops with cacao in the South Pacific region of Colombia transcends the economic viability of these plantations. The process of social-ecological restoration is intrinsically linked to the role of local organisations and the support of international non-governmental organisations (NGOs), which introduce the main technical improvements conditional on the achievement of social improvements. The situation in the South Pacific region of Colombia, a territory historically characterised by illicit crop cultivation and inhabited by vulnerable Afro-Colombian communities, is analysed. This region is particularly significant for post-conflict agreements due to its high level of violence. This study analyses the determinants of differences in the selling price of cacao, assuming that the decision to sell dry cacao and access international markets is related to the support and assistance provided to farmers and their families than to their monetary value. The sustainable production of high-quality dry cacao, which is a main requirement for accessing international market prices, depends on access to adequate infrastructure. Inadequate access to high-quality production neutralises the substitution of illicit crops, and thus the environmental sustainability and social cohesion of the territory. The determinants of farmers’ ability to sell dry cacao are explored using a spatial econometric model that accounts for the influence of neighbouring areas. The findings indicate that enhancing producers' participation in community councils, supported by international NGOs, is crucial for addressing environmental risks.

Technoeconomic analysis of supercritical water gasification of canola straw for hydrogen production

Production of hydrogen from renewable sources is gaining popularity to reduce our dependency on non-renewable fossil fuels to meet growing hydrogen demand. However, despite the great prospect of production of hydrogen from sustainable sources such as lignocellulosic biomass via supercritical water gasification (SCWG), it has not been commercialized at a large industrial scale. This is due to the lack of detailed economic analysis of SCWG of lignocellulosic biomass, owing to the complexity of the SCWG process and the heterogeneous nature of biomass. Therefore, to address this knowledge gap, in this study, a detailed technoeconomic analysis (TEA) of a conceptual SCWG pilot having the capacity to process 200 tons/day of canola straw for the production of green hydrogen was conducted. Mass and energy balance of conceptual pilot was performed using Aspen Plus ® simulation by utilizing experimental data and hydrogen yield of 41.62 mmol/g was obtained at optimized reaction conditions of 500 °C, 23 MPa, and 10 wt%. Economic analysis based on calculated mass and energy balance was performed using SuperPro software. Cash flow analysis for capital expenses (CAPEX) of 81 Million USD showed a high internal rate of return (IRR) of 38.9% and an undiscounted net present value (NPV) of 548 million USD. A minimum selling price (MSP) of 3.38 USD/kg H2 for produced hydrogen was estimated, which is lower than other renewable hydrogen production processes and comparable to non-renewable hydrogen production technologies. A high positive IRR and NPV, while a lower MSP showed that despite having a low technological readiness level (TRL) of 4, SCWG of lignocellulosic biomass is a technically feasible and economically viable process for the production of hydrogen. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis also revealed that capital expenses (CAPEX) and canola straw price had the highest influence on net present value (NPV) and MSP. However, overall NPV and MSP were highly stable to changes in parameters highlighting the robustness of the economic analysis.

Techno-economic analysis and process simulation of alkoxylated surfactant production in a circular carbon economy framework

Successfully transitioning to a net-zero and circular carbon economy requires adopting innovative technologies and business models to capture CO2 and convert it into valuable chemicals and materials. Given the high economic costs and limited funding available for this transition, robust economic modelling of potential circular carbon pathways is essential to identify economically viable routes. This study introduces a novel techno-economic analysis (TEA) of producing alcohol ethoxylate (AE7), a valuable surfactant, from industrial flue gas. Traditionally, AE7 is produced by reacting fatty alcohols with ethylene oxide derived from fossil or bio-based sources. This research explores a method using CO2 captured from steel industry flue gas to produce AE7, addressing a notable gap in the literature. It evaluates a thermo-catalytic pathway involving Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis with syngas generated by the reverse-water gas-shift reaction, where CO2 reacts with H2. CO2 conversion rates range around 3% across processing capacities of 25 kt/a, 100 kt/a, and 1000 kt/a. The study finds that the CO2 mass fraction concentration in the process emission is 2.47 × 10–5, compared to 0.13 in the incoming flue gas, highlighting the system's positive environmental impact. A radial basis function neural network was built to forecast the long-term average price of fossil-based and bio-based surfactants to benchmark the results against. Economic analysis reveals that the cost of green hydrogen significantly impacts the minimum selling price (MSP), making cost parity with existing fossil-based surfactants challenging. The lowest MSP of $8.77/kg remains above the long-term forecasted price of $3.75/kg for fossil-based C12–14 AE7. However, Monte Carlo simulations show a 21% probability of achieving a positive net present value (NPV) compared to leading bio-based surfactant alternatives. Sensitivity analyses identify capital costs, the price of low-carbon hydrogen (LCOH), and diesel prices as the most influential factors affecting the MSP. Continued advancements in Fischer-Tropsch catalyst technologies, reductions in green hydrogen costs and growing consumer demand for environmentally friendly products could significantly enhance the economic feasibility of this sustainable approach, paving the way for broader adoption and contributing to a circular carbon economy.

Quality assessment of spent laying hens and analysis of influencing factors

In China, a considerable number of spent laying hens are disposed annually, with the majority being processed into various food products. The sale of spent laying hens has become a significant revenue stream within the poultry industry. We selected spent laying hens at 100 weeks of age as the research subjects to explore the factors influencing their market price. Information was gathered through product and enterprise investigations. Thereafter, 90 Rhode Island Red laying hens, also at 100 weeks old, were acquired for slaughter. The carcass evaluation was conducted utilizing the methodology prescribed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Tibial specimens were procured for the purpose of quantifying their length, mass, diameter, maximum breaking strength, maximum breaking distance, as well as for determining the concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and ash content. Through comprehensive market research and industry surveys, this study found that the primary factor affecting the selling price of spent laying hens is body weight, with 1.5 to 2 kg of chickens being preferred. The USDA quality assessment standards for post-slaughter evaluation, it was found that the incidence of dislocation was 11.1 %, which emerged as a primary factor affecting carcass quality, directly resulting in a decline in quality. The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between the bone health status and dislocation in laying hens. Dislocations occur mainly due to direct external forces during the culling process caused by the injuries during the slaughter process. Surveys show that the main factor affecting the selling price of spent laying hens is body weight, and the optimal weight range is where farmers gain price advantages during the culling process. The principal factor impacting the carcass quality of spent laying hens is dislocation, which are mainly caused by excessive culling and have no obvious correlation with bone health.

Simultaneous optimization of simulated moving bed adsorption and distillation for 2,3‐butanediol recovery

AbstractA combined simulated moving bed (SMB) and distillation separation scheme is developed to recover 2,3‐butanediol (BDO) from a dilute fermentation broth. The scheme was integrated into a lignocellulosic biorefinery that produces hydrocarbon fuels from corn stover with BDO as an intermediate. BDO recovery is one of the most challenging processes in this biorefinery; and given the high associated energy duties, direct distillation is considered cost‐prohibitive. An alternative separation is SMB adsorption in nanoporous materials, which can reject 90% of the water and reduce subsequent distillation costs. Rigorous models were used to optimize the SMB and distillation simultaneously. The separation can be added to the biorefinery while keeping the projected minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) below $0.66 USD (US dollars) per liter gasoline‐equivalent ($2.50/GGE, gallon gasoline equivalent). Finally, sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the effects of cost and lifetime of the adsorbent, titer concentration, and BDO purity.

Modelling and optimisation of low-indirect land used change biomass supply chains

Biofuels derived from biomass feedstocks produced following the implementation of measures that avoid indirect land used change (ILUC) have the potential of reducing dependency on fossil-based fuels without competing with food value chain. This work develops a model- and optimisation-based methodologies that address challenges related to the production of low-ILUC biomass feedstocks. Case studies investigated include planning of Iow-ILUC biomass feedstock production, biomethane production using low-ILUC biomass feedstocks, integrated production of first generation (1G) and second generation (2G) bioethanol using Miscanthus, and production of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) using castor seeds. Analysis of results show that farmers interested in these models are recommended to sell low-ILUC biomass such as soybean, wheat and brassica above the breakeven price to avoid losses. The estimated selling price for the three crops are 362 €/t, 321 €/t and 381 €/t respectively. To meet the demand of 40,000 t/yr of 2G bioethanol in the UK, approximately 17,094 ha of underutilised land is required. Policy makers should consider options to support alternatives such as retrofitting, and inter-cropping to avoid or mitigate ILUC.

Process synthesis, design and techno-economic assessment of bio-succinic acid production

This work investigates the potential of different fermentation feedstocks towards succinic acid production. Three alternative flowsheets were constructed and modelled in SuperPro Designer™, utilizing different fermentation substrates: crude glycerol (a by-product of the biodiesel industry), a commercial 95 % glucose syrup and pure glycerol. Techno-economic analysis of the modelled plants showed that all three potential investments can be economically profitable, with the crude glycerol case as the most promising one. The succinic acid production cost for the crude glycerol scenario is estimated at 3.57 $/kg, while a thorough study of the capacity effect to the economics showed that it could drop as low as $2.6 $/kg. Parametric analysis and optimization performed on a flowsheet level, indicated opportunities for lowering the production cost down to 3 $/kg, a value that could pave the framework for a further potential decrease in the selling price of the product.