Income Of Sellers Research Articles

Damages Caused by the Non-Entitlement of the Seller's Income in the Laws of Iran and England

This research examines the concept of seller's warranty in transferring ownership of goods during a sale contract. In Iranian law (Article 362 of the Civil Code), a seller guarantees ownership of the sold item and the right price. However, ambiguity exists regarding compensation for the buyer if the seller lacks ownership. A landmark court decision (consensus decision of 811) allowed the buyer to claim the difference in price due to inflation (in cases of seller ignorance) based on similar goods. This decision considered principles outside the Civil Code and the 2000 General and Revolutionary Law of Civil Affairs. In English law (Sale of Goods Act 1979, Section 12(1)), the seller has a primary obligation to transfer ownership to the buyer. The aim of this research (descriptive-analytical method) is to compare remedies for a seller's wrongful transfer under Iranian law, particularly considering decision 811.The research seeks to establish a clear basis for seller liability in compensating the buyer. This would create a unified and consistent legal system for compensating damages suffered by wronged parties. Ultimately, the research aims to identify the most effective method of compensation that restores the buyer's position to pre-damage conditions. Based on the research findings, determining damages based on the price at the time of sale is found to be a suitable solution for compensating the buyer.

Simultaneous consideration of consumer preferences and seller revenue as a smart retail sales and management strategy

PurposeThe authors propose a dairy bundle, integrating strategies to jointly maximise producer revenue and consumer utility according to the latter's preferences.Design/methodology/approachAn algorithm based on a nested logit model identifies the bundle maximising producer revenue based on factors affecting consumer purchase behaviour. The data are drawn from a mall-intercept survey administered in Iran, with consumers stating a hypothetical choice among a comprehensive set of dairy products.FindingsDemographic characteristics and marketing mix elements significantly affect consumers' preferences. An algorithm based on the estimated dissimilarity parameter determines the best bundle of dairy products, simultaneously obtaining the highest utility and the highest expected revenue.Originality/valueConsumer preference and maximum producer or retail seller income are considered simultaneously. The bundling promotion strategy is widely used for food offerings and fresh foods and can be extended to other products.

Monetizing Spare Bandwidth

Residential Internet speeds have been rapidly increasing, reaching averages of ~100 Mbps in most developed countries. Several studies have shown that users have way more bandwidth than they need, only using about 20-30% on a regular day. Several systems exploit this trend by enabling users to monetize their spare bandwidth, e.g., by sharing their WiFi connection or by participating in distributed proxy or VPN (dVPN) services. Despite the proliferation of such systems, little is known on how such marketplaces operate, what are the key factors that determine the price of the spare bandwidth, and how such prices differ worldwide. In this work, we shed some light on this topic using dVPNs as a use-case. We start by formalizing the problem of bandwidth monetization as an optimization between a buyer's cost and seller's income. Next, we explore three popular dVPNs (Mysterium, Sentinel, and Tachyon) using both active and passive measurements. We find that dVPNs have a large and growing footprint, and offer comparable performance to their centralized counterpart. We identify Mysterium (in the US) as the most concrete realization of a bandwidth marketplace, for which we derive a value of spare Internet bandwidth ranging between 11 and 14 cents per GB. We also show that both buyers and sellers utilize ad-hoc "rules-of-thumb" when choosing their prices, which results in a sub-optimal marketplace. By applying our optimization, a seller's income can be tripled by setting a price lower than the default one which allows to attract more buyers. These observations motivate us to create RING, a first and concrete system which helps sellers to automatically adjust their prices and traffic volumes across multiple marketplaces.

The Effect of Dishonest Sellers on E-commerce: An Agent-Based Modeling Approach

Abstract This paper studies dishonest sellers in the e-commerce market, specifically their impact on the market under different conditions. We consider the role of consumers’ social and individual learning and social network branches on the market. We rely on a quality uncertainty market model (Izquierdo et al., 2007) and a trust game model (Wierzbicki et al., 2014) to establish an agent-based model. Our approach considers the proportion of honest and dishonest sellers, the reputation of sellers, and the expectation of quality among consumers after purchasing the goods. The results of the study reveal that when dishonest sellers appear in a market with a high degree of quality uncertainty, there is a negative impact on the market, including a decline in consumer expected quality of products in the market, a decrease in commodity transaction volume and market price, and a decrease in seller income. The impact is more pronounced in markets with a higher proportion of dishonest sellers. JEL classification numbers: C15, C63, D21, B82, B83. Keywords: Agent-Based modeling, E-commerce market, Dishonest sellers, Trust game, Reputation of sellers.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENDAPATAN PEDAGANG DI PASAR KECAMATAN PANGKATAN

Many factors influence the income of sellers. This research was aimed to examine the possible factors that affected the amount of income obtained by sellers of Pangkatan Market on Labuhanbatu Regency. This research was categorized as a descriptive research using quantitative method. This research was conducted in Pangkatan Market with 146 population of sellers. The samples in this research were 95 respondents taken by using Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling technique. Meanwhile the method of data collection were using questionnaires and conducting interview. The variables used included business capital (X1), education level (X2), the duration of business practice(X3), working hours (X4) and sellers’ income (Y). The data analysis used was Multiple Linear Regression (OLS) with level of significance of 5%. The result of the research showed that partially the variables of business capital (X1) and working hours (X4) had significant effect to the income of sellers in Pangkatan Market. Meanwhile the variables of education level (X2) and the duration of business practice (X3) partially did not give significant effect to sellers’ income in Pangkatan Market on Labuhanbatu Regency. Next, the variables of business capital, education level, and working hours similarly gave significant influence towards the sellers’ income in Pangkatan Market. The influence was in the percentage of 52,6% and the remaining 47,4% is affected by the other variables.

Effect of Product Design in Attracting Customers

This study aims to determine the impact on design product in attracting customer with the use of E-commerce or marketplace technology. This research method used qualitative methods by relying on existing data or theories. The results of this study indicated that online product marketing was expected to have an impact on increasing the seller's income. Every product maker almost always struggles to market the products they will sell. Most sellers only sell the products they sell at their place of business. Even though on this day, technology can be very utilized to market the products they will sell. The development of technology is now very possible to create opportunities for them to be able to maximize the marketing of their products easily and inexpensively.

ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP PENDAPATAN PEDAGANG PASAR MANGLI KABUPATEN JEMBER

Many factors influence the income of sellers. This research was aimed to examine the possible factors that affected the amount of income obtained by sellers of Mangli Market. This research was categorized as a descriptive research using quantitative method. This research was conducted in Mangli Market with 163 population of sellers. The samples in this research were 62 respondents taken by using slovin formula technique. Meanwhile the method of data collection were using questionnaires and conducting interview. The variables used included business capital, the duration of business practice, working hours and sellers’ income. The data analysis used was Multiple Linear Regression (OLS) with level of significance of 5%. The result show that the variable of capital significant positive effect of .021 the duration of business practice significant positive effect of .029 ) and working hours significant positive effect of .006 has simultaneously positive effect and significant to income. For individual, capital variable has no effect and significant at the income influence in Mangli Market Mangli Village. Kaliwates sub district, Jember districts

INCOME ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS REVENUE IN KENDARI CITY (Revenue analysis of Meatballs in Kendari)

This research is supposed to know meatballs seller income in Kendari City and to analyze the balance of the income of cost. This research held from May until June 2013 in Kendari City Southeast Province. This research is applying with the survey method and determination location with purposive sampling. The research location consists of Mandongga District, Kadia District, Baruga District, and West Kendari Discrete. The respondent's determination is using census method meatball sellers as a respondent is a seller only sell the meatball without the other type of it. The total of respondents is 13 people. Data that wed to research is classified include two types are primer data and secondary data. Data analyze is used to count the income π = TR-TC meanwhile to count the balance of cost income is R/C ratio = income totally and outcome the result of the research shows us that average of outcome still issued by meatball sellers Kendari City Rp 1.780.564,00/mouth/ seller, variable cost is 9.040.584,00 /mouth/seller and the total cost is 10.821.130,00 mouth/seller. On the other hand, the seller income is 13.594.000,00/mouth/seller, income is 2.789.500/mouth/seller and the balance of the income of cost is 1,2 it means that the seller meatballs business in Kendari city is suitable to develop.

PENGARUH MODAL DAN LAMA USAHA TERHADAP PENDAPATAN PEDAGANG DI PASAR TRADISIONAL PASAR MINGGU

Indonesia memiliki tingkat pertumbuhan relatif tinggi, jumlah penduduk yang besar, kemiskinan, struktur umur yang muda, dan penyebaran penduduk yang tidak merata. jumlah penduduk yang besar merupakan modal dasar dalam mencapai tujuan pembangunan nasional,jika pengelolaan yang tidak tepat akan menimbulkan masalah di bidang ketenagakerjaan. Tingkat penganguran yang tinggi berdampak pada sektor informal yang dapat mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Kegiatan sektor informal biasanya terjadi di kawasan yang sangat padat penduduknya yang terpusat di daerah perkotaan. Kurang pendidikan formal, tidak terlatih dan kurangnya akses modal, mengakibat pendapatan rendah pada sektor formal. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhi pendapatan penjual yang memiliki pengaruh dominan terhadap pendapatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer yang diambil dari 50 responden dengan metode sensus dan dianalisis menggunakan regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengalaman bisnis dan modal sangat mempengaruhi pendapatan penjual. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa pengalaman bisnis merupakan faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan para penjual dibandingkan dengan faktor-faktor lain. Untuk meningkatkan pendapatan para penjual tradisional diperlukan strategi bisnis yang tepat dengan diberikannya pelatihan, pembinaan dan konseling sehingga penjual tradisional dapat memberikan layanan yang sangat baik kepada pembeli.

Modeli kvantitativne analize elastičnosti

This paper describes models of price elasticity using quantitative indicators. By observing the interdependence between the elasticity of the demand for some goods and the total consumption expenditure for this commodity, which can be equated with the total income of producers who place those goods on the market, the elasticity can be expressed as a function. Accordingly, the elasticities of prices and demand have been calculated and analyzed for different product categories. The obtained results indicate that the higher the price of these goods, the higher the costs of customers, and thus the higher the sales revenue. On the other hand, the lower the price - the lower the expenses of customers, and therefore the lower the income of sellers. The elasticity of total costs in relation to the supply of goods was also analyzed and it has been shown that the coefficients of elasticity for average and total costs differ from one another by one.

Aplikasi Penjualan Pulsa Elektronik Berbasis Android

Nowadays, a mobile phone has transformed into a smartphone and not only used for communication. Further, then that, the mobile phone becomes a versatile item. You can use a mobile phone for browsing on the internet, you can pay something you buy using a mobile phone, you can order something you want via mobile phone, etc. everything gets easier because we can use mobile phone wherever and whenever we need. And to support the use of mobile phones, we need credit as a payment. Mobile credit transaction application for Android Devices is an application with user-friendly design and can make the credit’s seller easier to top up customer’s credit. This application can be used on an Android smartphone with minimal version android KitKat. The benefit of this application is to facilitate and accelerate the transaction credit delivery by the seller. This application is expected to facilitate the credit’s seller doing transaction by providing a transaction history, mark the customer’s debt and reports a valid seller's income as well as provide a report format the transaction automatically after the user do some settings at the beginning of the use of the application.

Analisis Pengaruh Toko Ritel Modern Terhadap Pendapatan Pedagang Tradisional dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

The aim of this research isto find out the influence of retail modern existence through traditional retail seller income at Subdistrict Ngawi Regency Ngawi and discover its solution in islamic economic. And giving some sugestion for retial traditional seller to evolving their business. This research is quantitativefield research, by obtaining primary source from questioner which had devided to traditional retail seller in subdistric Ngawi. The result is showing that, Sig in Coefficient table are about 0,433>0,05 which tell that Ho is rejected, which mean is, there is some effect between the existence of modern retailwith traditional retail seller income in subdistrict Ngawi. And with T-Test also showed that Ho is rejectedwith t-count<t table (-0,031<2,093). Then, we can conclude regresion equation Y’ = 4,539 - 0,031X + e, which means, if the exixtence of modern retail is valued 0, then the income of traditional retail seller is valued 4,539. Because of regresion coefficient the existence of modern retail is about -0,031, then every additional one unit of modern retail will affect to decrease of traditional retail seller income about Rp 0,031.

The Clock Proxy Auction for Allocating Radio Spectrum Licenses

The combinatorial clock-proxy auction is analyzed as a selling mechanism of a portion of the digital dividend in an European country. We assumed bidders with bounded rationality making their bidding decisions based on a system of recommendation that learns from the environment. The auction outcome when all bidders follow the proposed strategies was compared with the efficient outcome of the auction. Although significant differences were found in the seller's income, no significant variations were found in the distribution of spectrum licenses among bidders.

The Effect of Seller Income Taxes on Acquisition Price: Evidence from Purchases of Taxable and Tax-Exempt Hospitals

This paper investigates the impact of the seller's tax liability on the price paid in hospital acquisitions. Lock-in theory predicts that for a given asset, asset holders with larger tax liabilities demand a higher price to compensate for income tax liabilities generated on the sale. We apply this theory to a sample of hospital acquisitions by for-profit firms where the primary difference among target hospitals is the seller's tax status—either taxable or tax-exempt. Consistent with the predicted lock-in effect, the evidence indicates that purchase prices are higher when the seller is taxable than when the seller is tax-exempt. Thus, our findings suggest that seller tax liabilities are positively related to purchase prices.

The Effects of Fair Trade: Fact and Fiction in the Statistical Findings

OVEER the past fifteen or twenty years price maintenance-the fixing by manufacturers of minimum or (occasionally) stipulated resale prices for their products-has been the subject of extensive empirical inquiry. Economists, interested trade and business groups, government agencies, and private research organizations all have participated. The intensive interest shown by these diverse groups results from at least three circumstances. First, price maintenance has been and is an important public policy issue. Second, the subject is directly concerned with prices-the prices which constitute the income of sellers as well as the cost-of-living of consumers and which serve as a focal point of interest for economists. Finally, the price maintenance field is of such a character as to invite statistical investigation. Price data promise a ready answer to many of the important questions on the effects of price maintenance, the collection of these data is seemingly an easy task, and the complexities of sampling procedure are readily overlooked. Because of this wide interest and because of the considerable attention which has been given to certain statistical studies, notably in connection with proposed legislative action, an evaluation of them seems warranted. The pages that follow attempt such an evaluation. I. TYPES OF STUDIES ATTEMPTED

Shifting the Burden of Income Taxes by Contract

Income tax consequences are a material aspect of many financial transactions. Such transactions are frequently encouraged or discouraged because of the income tax consequences assumed to flow from them. An owner of land, for example, may be willing to sell at a gain if he feels certain that there will result a long-term capital gain, but may be unwilling to sell at the same price if he feels that the result will be a short-term gain. Yet guaranties of expected income tax consequences are rarely obtainable from the Federal Government. The availability of a closing agreement is severely limited.' The avenue of declaratory relief is closed.2 Where one party to a transaction is uncertain as to the tax consequences, he may endeavor to shift his income tax risk to the other. Whether such a tax-shifting covenant can be arranged depends primarily on the bargaining positions of the parties. Whenever such tax-shifting covenants become a part of the bargain, the practical effect is to substitute the financial ability of the obligor for the uncertain tax risk. Thus, for example, a buyer may induce a recalcitrant seller to sell his land if the buyer is willing to assume the seller's income tax burden. Such tax-shifting covenant may give the parties the impression that one of them, the seller, has concluded a transaction wherein he is tax-free. But a look beneath the surface will show that many a problem lurks below.